第45周-多點取樣的WES看腫瘤內部異質性文章合輯

weixin_33978044發表於2018-12-13

多點取樣的WES看腫瘤內部異質性文章合輯

腫瘤內部異質性問題已經是老生常談了,在NGS如日中天的這些年,已經有非常多的多位點取樣進行WES測序探索腫瘤異質性的(不同癌症研究的列表見文末),但是這個技術的可靠性並沒有進行系統的評價,技術噪音,技術誤差是可觀存在的,所以就有了本研究:bioRxiv preprint first posted online Jan. 24, 2018; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/253195. 雖然並沒有正式釋出在SCI期刊,但是也值得解讀。

3種不同的WES找somatic變異的策略

因為WES價格還是不低,所以很多研究並不好納入腫瘤病人的配對正常組織進行測序,所以很有必要測試是否納入腫瘤病人的配對正常組織進行測序的影響,所以作者測試了3個流程,包括:

  • (i) the tumor DNA alone (i.e. tumor-only)
  • (ii) tumor DNA and pooled unrelated normal DNA (i.e. cohort-normal)
  • (iii) tumor DNA and patient matched normal DNA(i.e. matched-normal)

同時選擇了6個乳腺癌病人,每個病人拿到3個腫瘤組織樣品,同時也收集他們的normal組織進行測序,也就是比較標準的多位點取樣進行WES測序探索腫瘤異質性的實驗設計。流程圖如下:

11316862-360f836641e639f5.png
workflow

WES測序基本是: 160x (range 70x to 220x), 作者選擇了所有流程找到的somatic變異位點合集再實驗Iro torrent 平臺的AmpliSeq方法進行平均605X的測序深度結果作為進標準。

根據金標準可以把突變進行分類,如下:

  • true somatic
  • absent
  • germline-like (incorporating genuine germline variants and artifactual variant alleles caused by alignment biases and/or the sequencing technology)
  • low-depth (i.e. technical failure with amplicon sequencing)

WES和高深度捕獲測序的一致性

11316862-fdc03fcdd0eb08c4.png
concordance

可以看到兩個平臺的一致性還不錯。

技術重複的一致性

11316862-f2b29b7fdcea33e8.png
image

可以看到同一個病人的2個技術重複的突變一致性很好,而且95% (range 73%-97%) 一致性的突變位點都是被證實的somatic位點,與之相比,那些不一致的位點,平均33% (range 14%-48%) 是somatic位點。

每個病人的somatic的SNV分類數量分佈如下:

11316862-b949b4ef31d66802.png
image

重要的結論是:一般測序深度下的WES其實是不足以完全檢測到ITGH,尤其是在腫瘤純度不夠的時候。

3種資料處理流程的比較

首先從數量上看看這些流程的效果,開看到如果僅僅是使用tumor樣品,得到的大多是germline位點,是很難找到真正的somatic突變的,如果使用一個normal資料集來進行過濾,效果會好一點,只有使用真正的配對的正常組織來進行過濾germline位點,最後得到的效果才最後!

11316862-f6d940370ba2b496.png
image

因為每個病人都是有3個部分的腫瘤樣品進行測序,所以可以畫韋恩圖看看它們之間的overlap情況,如下:

11316862-844763511c1ae463.png
image

可以看到大部分病人的不同部位的腫瘤樣品之間的一致性非常好,但是有例外,作者並沒有解釋為什麼。

從測序深度來比較

這裡作者選取了variant allele frequency (VAF) 和coverage來進行比較,圖畫的不錯,首先看total coverage in the tumor (bottom) is plotted against the coverage in the matched normal sample of somatic mutations identified in all the specimens.

11316862-c212b0b25a861507.png
image

然後看 WES alternative allele coverage (all log10 scale) is plotted against VAF

11316862-171a0cafb12f51f1.png
image

區分真正的ITGH和WES技術誤差

異質性很高的腫瘤含有很多亞克隆,它們決定著ITGH,所以作者使用 ABSOLUTE 來探索 WES的克隆,

11316862-054cca5b26f09026.png
image

需要考慮到4點才能識別真正的異質性突變位點,包括:

  • VAF
  • alternate allele depth
  • total depth in tumor and normal
  • mappability質量值

定義好真正造成腫瘤內部異質性的突變就可以跟那些假陽性的突變區分開來,然後就可以從6鹼基突變形式和96鹼基突變形式來比較這兩群突變位點是否有特徵區別,有非常顯著的差異,如下:

11316862-3bca8bc5621afcdc.png
image

同樣,96鹼基突變情況差異很顯著:

11316862-1cdb0678fbde56c0.png
image

討論及展望

首先,本研究只納入了6個病人的18個樣品,而且iron torrent平臺和illumina平臺也有本質的區別,但仍然可以合理的得到結論,測序深度需要大於250X,可以一定程度的緩和假陽性和假陰性,尤其是在腫瘤純度低於50%的情況下。總之,作者的研究,說明了平均測序深度184的時候腫瘤異質性被高估了,WES的技術誤差被引入了ITGH。 然後就是去除那些位於比對質量值低的基因組區域的變異位點, 去除某些突變特徵的是可以一定程度的降低假陽性假陰性,但是純粹的執行測序深度的過濾是無效的。

最後是使用了多位點區域WES技術的文章列表:

1.Gerlinger, M. et al. Intratumor heterogeneity and branched evolution revealed by multiregion sequencing. N. Engl. J. Med.366, 883–892 (2012).
PubMed Central

2.Gerlinger, M. et al. Genomic architecture and evolution of clear cell renal cell carcinomas defined by multiregion sequencing. Nat. Genet. 46, 225–233 (2014).
PubMed Central

3.Yates, L. R. et al. Subclonal diversification of primary breast cancer revealed by multiregion sequencing. Nat. Med. 21, 751–759 (2015). 樣本量很可觀:50 patients’ tumors (total 303) 有WGS和捕獲panel測序兩種形式。
PubMed Central

4.Stachler, M. D. et al. Paired exome analysis of Barrett’s esophagus and adenocarcinoma. Nat. Genet. 47, 1047–1055 (2015).
PubMed Central

5.Murugaesu, N. et al. Tracking the genomic evolution of esophageal adenocarcinoma through neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Cancer Discov. 5, 821–831 (2015).
PubMed Central

6.Zhang, J. et al. Intratumor heterogeneity in localized lung adenocarcinomas delineated by multiregion sequencing. Science346, 256–259 (2014).
PubMed Central

7.de Bruin, E. C. et al. Spatial and temporal diversity in genomic instability processes defines lung cancer evolution. Science 346, 251–256 (2014).
PubMed Central

8.Schwarz, R. F. et al. Spatial and temporal heterogeneity in high-grade serous ovarian cancer: a phylogenetic analysis. PLoS Med.12, e1001789 (2015).
PubMed Central

9.Haffner, M. C. et al. Tracking the clonal origin of lethal prostate cancer. J. Clin. Invest. 123, 4918–4922 (2013).
PubMed Central

10.Gundem, G. et al. The evolutionary history of lethal metastatic prostate cancer. Nature 520, 353–357 (2015).PubMed Central

11.Makohon-Moore, A. P. et al. Limited heterogeneity of known driver gene mutations among the metastases of individual patients with pancreatic cancer. Nat. Genet. 49, 358–366 (2017). PubMed Central

12.Volume 19, May 2017, Intratumor Heterogeneity in Primary Kidney Cancer Revealed by Metabolic Profiling of Multiple Spatially Separated Samples within Tumors

還有:Published: 23 July 2018 A temporal shift of the evolutionary principle shaping intratumor heterogeneity in colorectal cancer 日本研究團隊成果,

還有:April 2017 Multi-Region Exome Sequencing Reveals the Clonal Evolution of Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer

首先是文章列表:

1.Gerlinger, M. et al. Intratumor heterogeneity and branched evolution revealed by multiregion sequencing. N. Engl. J. Med.366, 883–892 (2012).
PubMed Central

2.Gerlinger, M. et al. Genomic architecture and evolution of clear cell renal cell carcinomas defined by multiregion sequencing. Nat. Genet. 46, 225–233 (2014).
PubMed Central

3.Yates, L. R. et al. Subclonal diversification of primary breast cancer revealed by multiregion sequencing. Nat. Med. 21, 751–759 (2015). 樣本量很可觀:50 patients’ tumors (total 303) 有WGS和捕獲panel測序兩種形式。
PubMed Central

4.Stachler, M. D. et al. Paired exome analysis of Barrett’s esophagus and adenocarcinoma. Nat. Genet. 47, 1047–1055 (2015).
PubMed Central

5.Murugaesu, N. et al. Tracking the genomic evolution of esophageal adenocarcinoma through neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Cancer Discov. 5, 821–831 (2015).
PubMed Central

6.Zhang, J. et al. Intratumor heterogeneity in localized lung adenocarcinomas delineated by multiregion sequencing. Science346, 256–259 (2014).
PubMed Central

7.de Bruin, E. C. et al. Spatial and temporal diversity in genomic instability processes defines lung cancer evolution. Science 346, 251–256 (2014).
PubMed Central

8.Schwarz, R. F. et al. Spatial and temporal heterogeneity in high-grade serous ovarian cancer: a phylogenetic analysis. PLoS Med.12, e1001789 (2015).
PubMed Central

9.Haffner, M. C. et al. Tracking the clonal origin of lethal prostate cancer. J. Clin. Invest. 123, 4918–4922 (2013).
PubMed Central

10.Gundem, G. et al. The evolutionary history of lethal metastatic prostate cancer. Nature 520, 353–357 (2015).PubMed Central

11.Makohon-Moore, A. P. et al. Limited heterogeneity of known driver gene mutations among the metastases of individual patients with pancreatic cancer. Nat. Genet. 49, 358–366 (2017). PubMed Central

  1. Volume 19, May 2017, Intratumor Heterogeneity in Primary Kidney Cancer Revealed by Metabolic Profiling of Multiple Spatially Separated Samples within Tumors

還有:Published: 23 July 2018 A temporal shift of the evolutionary principle shaping intratumor heterogeneity in colorectal cancer 日本研究團隊成果,

還有:April 2017 Multi-Region Exome Sequencing Reveals the Clonal Evolution of Colitis-Associated Colorectal Cancer

(文章轉自jimmy的2018年閱讀文獻筆記)

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