碩士英語課後翻譯(unit 2 text B)

2-b-1

Local climate changes can impact on a number of factors, including air pollution, that have been shown to influence both the development and attacks of allergic respiratory diseases, and they thus represent an important consideration for the allergist. Migration in-volves exposure（接觸） to a new set of pollutants and allergens and changes in housing conditions, diet and accessibility to medical services, all of which are likely to affect migrants’ health. This review provides an update on climate change, migration, and allergy and discusses factors for consid-eration when making recommendations for local allergy service provision, and for assessing an individual patient’s environmental exposures（影響）.

allergic respiratory diseases:過敏性呼吸系統疾病
allergist：過敏醫師  同根詞allergen  allergy

當地氣候變化能夠影響到包括空氣汙染在內的很多因素，這些因素表明影響過敏性呼吸系統疾病的形成和發作，因此氣候變化受到過敏專科醫師的格外關注。移民勢必會接觸一系列新的汙染物和過敏原，會改變居住環境，飲食和醫療服務的便捷性，這些都有可能影響移民者的健康。這篇文章提供了氣候變化,遷移和過敏的最新研究，並討論了為地域性過敏服務提供建議時，評估環境對個體患者影響時，需要考慮的因素。

2-b-2

Migration studies provide useful information on the role of environmental factors, including climate changes on the development of atopy and asthma. Migration involves exposure to a new set of pollutants and allergens and changes in housing conditions, diet and accessibility to medical services, all of which are likely to affect migrants' health. Atopy and asthma are more prevalent in developed and industrialized countries as compared with undeveloped and less affluent countries, and the affect of migration is age and time-dependent: early age and longer time spent in the new environment increase the likelihood of developing allergenic symptoms such as asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis or eczema. Migrants should, therefore, be aware of the potential for developing allergies, asthma, or both.

atopy 遺傳性過敏
asthma 哮喘
pollutants 汙染物
allergens 過敏原

移民研究提供了有關環境因素作用的有用資訊，包括氣候變化對患遺傳性過敏和哮喘的影響。移民可能接觸到全新的汙染物、過敏原以及住房條件、飲食和醫療服務方面的變化，所有這些都可能影響到移民的健康。相對比那些不發達的國家，遺傳性過敏和哮喘在發達的工業化國家更為普遍；遷移則取決於年齡和時間：在新環境中處的時間越早、越長，感染過敏症的可能性就越大，包括哮喘、鼻炎或溼疹。因此，移民應該注意潛在的可能患上的過敏和哮喘。

2-b-3(未整理)

The key determinants of greenhouse gas emissions are energy production, transportation, agriculture, food production and waste management, and attempts at mitigating climate change will need to address each of these. However, while there is some uncertainty about predicting future meteorological trends, whatever interventions may be put in place to ameliorate climate change, it is likely that the world will experience more hot days, fewer frost days, and more periods of heavy rain and consequent flooding. Paradoxically it is likely that there will be more periods of drought.

emission [ɪ'mɪʃ(ə)n]:n.發射，散發，排放
meteorological [,miːtɪərə'lɒdʒɪkəl]:adj.氣象，氣候
intervention [ɪntə'venʃ(ə)n]:n.干涉，干預
be put in place to:被安置在，用來
ameliorate[ə'miːlɪəreɪt]:vt.改善，緩解
consequent ['kɒnsɪkw(ə)nt]:adj.隨之發生的，作為結果的
paradoxically [,pærə'dɔksikəli]:adv.自相矛盾地，反常地

溫室氣體排放的關鍵決定因素是能源生產，交通運輸，農業，食品生產和廢物管理，要想緩解氣候變化需要努力解決這些問題。 然而，雖然在預測未來氣象趨勢中存在一些不確定性，但可以採取任何干預措施來緩解氣候變化，世界可能會經歷更多的炎熱天氣，更少的霜凍天數以及更多的暴雨期和隨之而來的洪水。 反常的是，可能會有更多的乾旱時期。

2-b-4

Studies on plant responses to elevated CO2 concentrations indicate that plants exhibit enhanced photosynthesis and reproductive effects and produce more pollen. An earlier start and peak of the pollen season is more pronounced in species that start flowering early in the year. Futhermore, plants flower earlier in urban areas than in the corresponding rural areas with earlier pollination of about 2-4 days. Meteorological factors(temperature, wind speed, humidity, thunderstorms, and so forth)along with their climatic regimes(warm or cold anomalies and dry or wet periods, and so forth), can affect both biologic and chemical components of this interaction. In addition, by inducing airway inflammation, air pollution overcomes the mucosal barrier, leading to the priming of allergen-induced responses. Climate changes might induce negative effects on respiratory allergic diseases favoring the increased length and severity of the pollen season, the higher occurrence of heavy precipitation events and the increasing frequency of urban air pollution episodes.

photosynthesis [,fəʊtə(ʊ)'sɪnθɪsɪs]:n.光合作用
pollen ['pɒlən]:n.花粉
pollination  [ˌpɒləˈneɪʃn]:n. [農學] 授粉（作用）
humidity[hjʊ'mɪdɪtɪ]:n. [氣象] 溼度
climatic[klaɪ'mætɪk]:adj. 氣候的；氣候上的
regime[reɪ'ʒiːm]:n.社會制度；管理體制;狀況
anomaly [ə'nɒm(ə)lɪ]:n.異常，反常的事物
airway inflammation:n.[醫學]氣道炎症
mucosal [,mju:'kəʊ'səl]:adj. 粘膜的
respiratory[rɪˈspɪrət(ə)ri]:adi.呼吸的
allergic[ə'lɜːdʒɪk]:adj.對···過敏的
episode ['epɪsəʊd]:n. 插曲；一段情節；一段時期

植物對二氧化碳濃度升高的反應研究表明，植物表現出增強的光合作用和繁殖效應，併產生更多的花粉。花粉季節的提前開始和高峰在年初開始開花的物種中更為明顯。此外，城市地區的植物早於相應的農村地區開花，早期授粉約2-4天。氣象因素（溫度，風速，溼度，雷暴等）以及它們的氣候狀況（溫暖或寒冷的異常以及乾燥或潮溼時期等）都會影響這種相互作用的生物和化學成分。此外，通過誘導氣道炎症，空氣汙染克服了粘膜屏障，導致引發過敏原誘導的反應。氣候變化有利於增加花粉季節長度和嚴重程度，強降水事件的發生率增加以及城市空氣汙染事件發生頻率的增加，可能會對呼吸道過敏性疾病有負面的影響。

2-b-5

Thunderstorms occurring during the pollen season have been observed to induce severe asthma attacks in pollinosis patients. Associations between thunderstorms and asthma morbidity have been identified in multiple locations around the world. The most prominent hypotheses for thunderstorm-related asthma are linked with bioaerosols, and involve the role of rainwater in promoting the release of respirable particulate matter. After hydratation and rupture by osmotic shock during the beginning of a thunderstorm, pollen grains release part of their cytoplasmic content into the atmosphere, including inhalable, allergen-carrying paucimicronic particles such as starch granules and other cytoplasmic components.

induce vt. 誘導；引起 
prominent adj. 突出的，顯著的
bioaerosols n. 生物氣膠                 
respirable adj. 可呼吸的，能呼吸的
particulate adj. 微粒的                   
starch granules 澱粉顆粒

人們已經觀察到在花粉期出現的雷暴會引起花粉症患者的嚴重哮喘發作。世界多地已經證實了雷暴與哮喘發病率的聯絡。其中最突出的雷暴引起的哮喘假說是與生物氣膠密不可分，而且該假說還涉及雨水在促進可吸入顆粒釋放時的重要作用。在雷雨開始時，由於滲透性衝擊所引起的水化和破裂作用，花粉粒會釋放部分細胞內容物到大氣中，其中包括可吸入的、帶有致敏原的微小顆粒，比如澱粉顆粒和其它細胞質成分。

2-b-6

A combined approach comprises primary prevention by greenhouse gas mitigation to stabilize the climate, and secondary prevention by clinical intervention to minimize climate change-related increases in asthma and allergic disease. Climate changes in the future may depend on how rapidly and successfully global mitigation and adaptation strategies are deployed. The effect of human intervention and efforts to minimize changes in vegetation and aeroallergen exposure remains to be seen.

mitigation：[ˌmɪtɪˈgeɪʃn] n.減輕；緩解；緩和 
asthma ：[ˈæsmə] n.氣喘；哮喘
allergic：[əˈlɜ:dʒɪk] ①adj.對…過敏的②adj.對…十分反感的，厭惡的
aeroallergen：[eərəˈælədʒən] n.高空過敏症；[醫]氣源性致敏原
An aeroallergen is any airborne substance, such as pollen or spores, which triggers an allergic reaction.

一套組合性的方案包括第一道預防措施：對溫室氣體進行吸收以用於穩定氣候的變化，第二道預防措施：臨床上進行干預以最小化氣候變化引起的疾病如哮喘和過敏性疾病的發病。在未來，全球變暖情況可能會取決於全球減緩和適應性策略的應用有多麼地迅速和成功。人類干預造成的影響以及減少植物和吸入性過敏源暴露程度變化所做的努力的效果還尚待觀察。