2002 年考研英語真題 - 翻譯題解析
Almost all our major problems involve human behavior, and they cannot be solved by physical and biological technology alone. [1]
翻譯：幾乎我們所有主要問題都涉及到人類行為，而這些問題僅靠物理和生物技術手段是無法解決的。
1. and 連線兩個並列句。
2. major problem 主要問題。
3. human behavior 人類行為；人的行為。
4. be solved 得到解決。
5. by physical and biological technology alone. 介詞短語作方式狀語。
6. physical technology 物理技術。
7. biological technology 生物技術。
What is needed is a technology of behavior, but we have been slow to develop the science from which such a technology might be drawn. [2]
翻譯：我們所需的是一種行為技術；但是，我們在發展一門可以提煉這種技術的科學方面，卻一直進展很緩慢。
1. but 連線兩個並列句。
2. What is needed, 是 what 引導的從句，作第一個並列句的主語。
3. 第二個並列句是 be adj to do sth 結構。
4. from which such a technology might be drawn. 是 from+which 引導的定語從句，修飾 the science。
5. draw from 從… 中得到；從… 提取；此處使用被動形式。
One difficulty is that almost all of what is called behavioral science continues to trace behavior to states of mind, feelings, traits of character, human nature, and so on. [3]
翻譯：難題之一在於所謂的行為科學幾乎全部都依舊從心態、情感、性格特徵、人性等等方面去找行為的根源。
1. that almost all of (what...) continues to trace..., 是 that 引導的從句，作表語。
2. what is called behavioral science, 是 what 引導的從句，作 almost all of 的賓語；兩者一起作 that 從句的主語。
3. behavioral science 行為科學。
4. trace to 上溯；追查到。
5. states of mind 心態；意識狀態。
6. traits of character 性格特徵。
7. human nature 人性；人類本性。
8. and so on. 等等；諸如此類。
Physics and biology once followed similar practices and advanced only when they discarded them. [4]
翻譯：物理學和生物學曾經沿用類似的方法，只有當它們拋棄這些方法後才得到發展。
1. and（第二個 and）連線兩個並列的謂語：followed...and advanced。
2. only when they discarded them. 是 only when 引導的條件狀語從句。
The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed and partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find. [5]
翻譯：行為科學之所以發展緩慢，部分原因是用來解釋行為的依據似乎往往是直接觀察得到的，部分原因是其他的解釋一直很難找到。
1. behavioral science 行為科學。
2. been slow to change..., 是 be adj to do 結構。
3. partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed / partly because other kinds of explanations have been hard to find., 是 because 引導的兩個並列的原因狀語從句。
4. explanatory items 解釋的依據。
5. seem to do sth 似乎要做某事。
6. be observed 觀察；留心。
7. been hard to find, 是 be adj to do 結構。
The environment is obviously important, but its role has remained obscure. [6]
翻譯：環境很重要，但其角色仍然模糊不清。
1. but 連線兩個並列句。
It does not push or pull, it selects, and this function is difficult to discover and analyze. [7]
翻譯：環境並不具備推動或拉動的作用；它具有選擇的作用，而這一作用很難發現也很難對其進行分析。
1. 兩個逗號（一個 and）連線三個並列句。
2. is difficult to discover and analyze. 是 be adj to do 結構。
The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied. [8]
翻譯：自然選擇在進化中的作用僅在一百多年前才被闡明，而環境在塑造和保持個體行為時的選擇作用才剛剛開始被認可和研究。
1. and 連線兩個並列句。
2. the role of … 的作用，… 的角色。
3. of natural selection, 介詞短語作定語，修飾 the role。
4. natural selection 自然選擇；物競天擇說。
5. in evolution, 介詞短語作定語，修飾 The role of natural selection。
6. only a little more than a hundred years ago, 作時間狀語。
7. more than 多於；超出；比… 多。
8. of the environment, 介詞短語作定語，修飾 the selective role。
9. in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual, 介詞短語作定語，修飾 the selective role of the environment。
10. begin to do sth. 開始做某事。
11. be recognized 得到肯定；被認出；被認可。
As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, however, effects once assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits are beginning to be traced to accessible conditions, and a technology of behavior may therefore become available. [9]
翻譯：隨著人們逐漸瞭解有機體與環境之間的相互作用，曾經被認為是心態、情感和性格特徵所造成的影響逐漸開始從便利的環境中被溯源，因此行為技術才可能應運而生。
1. As the interaction between organism and environment has come to be understood, 是 as 引導的時間狀語從句。
2. between organism and environment, 介詞短語作定語，修飾 the interaction。
3. 主句是 and 連線的兩個並列句。
4. (once) assigned to states of mind, feelings, and traits, 是過去分詞短語作定語，修飾 effects。
5. assign to 指定到；分配給。
6. state of … 的狀態。
7. be traced to 追溯到…。
8. of behavior, 介詞短語作定語，修飾 a technology。
It will not solve our problems, however, until it replaces traditional prescientific views, and these are strongly entrenched. [10]
翻譯：但是，如果它（行為技術）代替不了傳統的科學發展以前的觀點，那它將無法解決我們的難題，而這些傳統的觀點是根深蒂固的。
1. until 和 and 連線三個並列句。
2. solve problem 解決問題。
3. traditional view 傳統的觀點，傳統觀念。
Freedom and dignity illustrate the difficulty. [11]
翻譯：自由和尊嚴闡明瞭這個難題。
They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, and they are essential to practices in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. [12]
翻譯：他們（自由和尊嚴）是傳統理論定義的自主（自我管理的）人所擁有的；他們是要求一個人對自己的行為負責並因其成就而獲得肯定的必要前提。
1. of the autonomous (self-governing) man /of traditional theory, 介詞短語作定語，修飾 the possessions/ autonomous (self-governing) man。
2. self-governing 自治的；自我管理的。
3. traditional theory 傳統理論。
4. be essential to 對… 必不可少的；對… 必要的。
5. in which a person is held responsible for his conduct and given credit for his achievements. 是 in+which 引導的定語從句，修飾 practices。
6. hold responsible for 為… 承擔責任。
7. give credit for 把… 歸功於；認為有。
A scientific analysis shifts both the responsibility and the achievement to the environment. [13]
翻譯：科學分析將責任和成就轉向了環境。
1. scientific analysis 科學分析。
2. shift to 轉入；轉向。
It also raises questions concerning "values". [14]
翻譯：同時，它也提出了價值觀的問題。
1. raise question, 提出問題。
2. concerning "values", 是現在分詞短語作定語，修飾 questions。
Who will use a technology and to what ends? [15]
翻譯：誰將使用一項技術，目的是什麼？
1. to what ends, 是介詞短語作目的狀語，其與 and 之間有省略：use technology to what ends。
Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems. [16]
翻譯：如果這些問題得不到解決，行為技術將會繼續受到排斥，解決問題的唯一方法可能也隨之繼續受到排斥。
1. until 連線兩個並列句。
2. be resolved 被解決。
3. of behavior, 介詞短語作定語，修飾 a technology。
4. continue to do sth 繼續做某事。
5. be rejected 被拒絕；被反對。
6. (and) with it possibly the only way to solve our problems, 是介詞短語作伴隨狀語，it 代指 a technology of behavior；完整表達為：the only way to solve our problems will possibly continue to be rejected with it。
7. to solve our problems, 是 to do 不定式短語作定語，修飾 the only way。
8. solve problem 解決問題。