瑕瑜互見
然而,許多醫療行業的專家擔心,基於AI的產品,將無法與這樣的評價相提並論。一些醫生和消費者權益團體擔心,“快速失敗,隨後修復”(fail fast and fix it later)的方式,會將患者置於風險之中。相關人士認為,監管機構並未採取足夠的措施,來確保消費者的安全。
去年在7月,調研結構Gartner公司釋出的一份報告中表示,僅在第三季度,醫療人工智慧就吸引了16億美元的風投資金,“幾乎處於預期炒作的高峰期……隨著現實的考驗,可能會陷入泡沫幻滅後的低谷。”
“黑箱”
即便是開發人員,往往也不知道AI系統如何得出結論,這樣的學習識別資料模式的AI系統,通常被稱為AI“黑箱”。威斯康星大學麥迪遜分校法學與生物倫理學教授Pilar Ossorio博士表示,鑑於AI有許多風險未知,相關的AI醫學領域,需要仔細監督。但是,大多數AI器械,並不需要FDA批准。2016年底,美國國會通過的《21世紀治癒法案》(The 21st Century Cures Act)。該法案第3060節,對醫用軟體監管做出澄清,使多個型別的醫療軟體免於接受聯邦機構審評,其中包括某些健身應用、電子病歷記錄,以及可幫助醫生做出醫療決策的工具。依據該法案,2019年9月27日,FDA釋出依據《21世紀治癒法案》第3060節,對相應的醫用軟體政策做出變更的指南檔案。
缺乏針對性研究?
去年12月,美國國家科學院釋出題為《醫療人工智慧:希望、炒作、承諾、危險》的報告(Artificial Intelligence in Health Care: The Hope, the Hype, the Promise, the Peril)。依據該報告披露,目前正在使用的約32萬種醫療應用程式,尚無這些應用程式能否真正改善健康狀況的針對性研究。
但是,西雅圖艾倫人工智慧研究所(the Allen Institute for AI)執行長Oren Etzioni博士表示,人工智慧開發商有經濟動因,來確保其醫療產品安全。“如果快速失敗,意味著很多人會喪生。我認為,我們不需要快速失敗。如果發生使用者死亡,或受到嚴重傷害,包括投資者在內,沒有誰會感到輕鬆。”
近年來,由於允許銷售危險醫療器械,FDA受到抨擊。根據國際調查記者同盟(International Consortium of Investigative Journalists)披露,在過去十年中,使用存在危險的醫療器械,與8萬例死亡和170萬例傷害存在關聯。這些器械中的很多,通過有爭議的510(k)通道流程獲批,根據相關規定,只要公司認為與現有器械類似,就可以讓公司銷售未經臨床測試的存在“中度風險”的產品。2011年,美國國家醫學科學院委員會得出結論,認為510(k)程式存在根本性缺陷,因此FDA應該將其淘汰,重起爐灶。但取而代之的是,FDA正在使用該流程來批准AI器械。
監管重點:“在於評估公司,而不是產品”
紐約西奈山醫院(Mount Sinai Hospital)的醫生們,希望藉助AI,幫助使用胸部X光片來預測哪些患者有患上肺炎的高風險。儘管該系統可以根據在該醫院拍攝的X光片做出準確預測,但使用同樣的技術,對其他醫院拍攝的影像進行測試,結果卻失敗了。最終,研究人員意識到,計算機只是學會了辨別該醫院在病床邊用行動式胸部X機拍攝的片子,與放射科所拍攝X光片之間,存在差別。對於那些病重而無法離開房間的患者,醫生傾向於使用行動式胸部X光檢查,既然如此,這些患者發生肺部感染的風險更高,也就不足為奇。
本文題圖:Pixabay
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