2002 年考研英語真題 - 閱讀 4 解析
The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering. [1]
翻譯：最高法院關於醫生協助病人自殺的決定，對如何試圖用藥物減輕垂死病人的疼痛和折磨，有極其重要的含義。
1. Supreme Court 最高法院。
2. on physician-assisted suicide, 介詞短語作定語，修飾 The Supreme Court's decisions。
3. physician-assisted 醫生協助的。
4. for (how...), 介詞短語作定語，修飾 important implications。
5. how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients (of...), 是 how 引導的從句，作 for 的賓語。
6. seek to do sth. 試圖做；設法做某事。
7. dying patients 臨終病人。
8. of pain and suffering. 介詞短語作定語，修飾 dying patients。
Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect", a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects--a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen--is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect. [2]
翻譯：儘管最高法院做了如下規定：憲法沒有賦予醫生幫助病人自殺的權利，然而法院實際上卻支援 “雙效” 的醫療原則，這是一個歷史悠久的道德原則，即具有雙重效果——希望達到的好效果和可以預見得到的壞效果——的行為是允許的，前提是行為實施者只是想達到好的效果。
1. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, 是 although 引導的讓步狀語從句。
2. that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, 是 that 引導的從句，作 ruled 的賓語。
3. constitutional right 憲法權利。
4. to physician-assisted suicide, 介詞短語作定語，修飾 constitutional right。
5. physician-assisted 醫生協助的；physician-assisted suicide 醫助自殺。
6. in effect 實際上；生效。
7. of "double effect" 介詞短語作定語，修飾 the medical principle。
8. medical principle 醫學原則；醫療原則。
9. double effect 雙效；雙重效果；雙重影響。
10. a centuries-old moral principle (holding...), 名詞短語作 the medical principle of "double effect" 的同位語，對其解釋說明。
11. centuries-old 悠久的；歷史悠久的。
12. moral principle 道德原則。
13. holding (that...), 是現在分詞短語作定語，修飾 a centuries-old moral principle。
14. that an action...is permissible (if...), 是 that 引導的從句，作 holding 的賓語。
15. having two effects, 是現在分詞短語作定語，修飾 an action。
16. --a good one (that...)and a harmful one(that...)--, 破折號內容作 two effects 的同位語，對其解釋說明。
17. that is intended, 是 that 引導的定語從句，修飾 a good one。
18. that is foreseen, 是 that 引導的定語從句，修飾 a harmful one。
19. if the actor intends only the good effect. 是 if 引導的條件狀語從句。
20. good effect 良好的效果；好的影響。
Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients' pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient. [3]
翻譯：近年來，醫生們一直在使用這項原則來證明給病危患者注射大劑量的嗎啡來鎮痛是正確的，即使不斷增加的劑量最終會導致病人死亡。
1. in recent years, 介詞短語作時間狀語。
2. use sth to do 使用某物做某事。
3. justify doing 證明… 是正確的；為… 辯解。
4. high dose 大劑量；高劑量。
5. terminally ill patient 終末期患者。
6. even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient. 是 even though 引導的讓步狀語從句。
7. increasing dosage 增加劑量。
Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death." [4]
翻譯：Montefiore 醫療中心主任 Nancy Dubler 聲稱這項原則將會保護這些 “直到現在還非常堅持地認為，如果鎮痛藥可能會加速病人的死亡，那麼就不能為了鎮痛而給病人充足的鎮痛藥” 的醫生。
1. director of Montefiore Medical Center, 作 Nancy Dubler 的同位語，對其解釋說明。
2. medical center 醫療中心。
3. that the principle will shield doctors (who...), 是 that 引導的從句，作 contends 的賓語。
4. who "until now have very, very strongly insisted (that...)". 是 who 引導的定語從句，修飾 doctors。
5. until now 至今，直到現在，迄今為止。
6. that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain (if...), 是 that 引導的從句，作 insisted 的賓語。
7. to control their pain, 是 to do 不定式短語作目的狀語。
8. if that might hasten death." 是 if 引導的條件狀語從句。
George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. [5]
翻譯：波士頓大學健康法律系主任 George Annas 堅持認為，只要醫生是出於合法的醫療目的開藥，那麼即使患者服用此藥會加速死亡，醫生的行為也沒有違法。
1. chair of the health law department at Boston University, 作 George Annas 的同位語，對其解釋說明。
2. chair of … 的主席；… 的主任。
3. health law department 衛生法律部門；健康法律系。
4. at Boston University, 介詞短語作定語，修飾 the health law department。
5. that, (as long as...), the doctor has done nothing illegal (even if...), 是 that 引導的從句，作 maintains 的賓語。
6. as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, 是 as long as 引導的條件狀語從句。
7. prescribe a drug, 開藥。
8. for a legitimate medical purpose, 介詞短語作目的狀語。
9. legitimate medical purposes 合法的醫療目的。
10. even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. 是 even if 引導的讓步狀語從句。
"It's like surgery," he says. [6]
翻譯：“這就像做手術，” 他說。
1. 雙引號內容是引語，作 says 的賓語。
"We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. [7]
翻譯：“我們不能稱那些死亡為殺人是因為醫生並沒有想要殺死病人，儘管他們冒著病人的生命危險。
1. 該句子內容也是引語，參照上一句。
2. homicides, 作賓語 those deaths 的補語。
3. because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients, (although...), 是 because 引導的原因狀語從句。
4. intend to do sth 想要做某事；打算做某事。
5. although they risked their death. 是 although 引導的讓步狀語從句。
If you're a physician, you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide." [8]
翻譯：假定你是一名醫生，只要你不是有意讓病人自殺，你就可以冒病人自殺的風險。”
1. 該句子內容也是引語，參照上一句。
2. If you're a physician, 是 if 引導的條件狀語從句。
3. as long as you don't intend their suicide. 是 as long as 引導的讓步狀語從句。
On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying. [9]
翻譯：在另一個層面上，許多醫學界人士承認，致使醫生協助病人自殺這場爭論加劇的部分原因，是病人們的絕望，對這些病人來說，現代醫學延長了臨終前身體的痛苦。
1. On another level 在另一個層面上。
2. in the medical community, 介詞短語作定語，修飾 many。
3. medical community 醫學界。
4. that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair (of patients for whom...), 是 that 引導的從句，作 acknowledge 的賓語。
5. assisted-suicide 協助自殺；幫助自殺。
6. be fueled by 由… 刺激引起；由… 所加劇。
7. in part 部分地；在某種程度上。
8. the despair of 令… 毫無辦法的人或物；令… 絕望。
9. of patients (for whom...), 是介詞短語作定語，修飾 the despair。
10. for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying. 是 for+whom 引導的定語從句，修飾 patients。
11. modern medicine 現代醫學。
12. physical agony 身體的痛苦。
13. of dying, 是介詞短語作定語，修飾 the physical agony。
Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. [10]
翻譯：就在最高法庭對醫生協助病人自殺問題進行裁決的前三週，國家科學院公佈了一份長達兩卷的報告——《臨近死亡：臨終前的護理改進》。
1. Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide, 作時間狀語。
2. rule on 就… 進行裁決。
3. on physician-assisted suicide, 介詞短語作定語，修飾 the Court's ruling。
4. physician-assisted suicide 醫助自殺。
5. National Academy of Science 國家科學院。
6. two-volume 兩卷裝。
7. Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. 作賓語 a two-volume report 的同位語，對其解釋說明。
8. approaching death 垂危；死期臨近。
9. at the end of 在… 盡頭；在… 結束時。
It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care. [11]
翻譯：報告鑑定了臨終護理的兩處問題：對疼痛的處理不當，而且對無效而強制性的醫療過程的使用太激進，這些醫療過程可能會延長死亡時間，甚至會讓死亡過程受辱。
1. 該句子的主幹為：It identifies the undertreatment...and the aggressive use...as the twin problems...；其中 the undertreatment...and the aggressive use 作並列賓語；as the twin problems... 是介詞短語作賓語補語。
2. of pain, 介詞短語作定語，修飾 the undertreatment。
3. of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures (that...)", 介詞短語作定語，修飾 the aggressive use。
4. medical procedure 醫療程式。
5. that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying", 是 that 引導的定語從句，修飾 ineffectual and forced medical procedures。
6. of end-of-life care, 介詞短語作定語，修飾 the twin problems。
7. end-of-life 壽命終止。
8. end-of-life care 臨終關懷；臨終護理。
The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life. [12]
翻譯：醫療行業正在採取措施：要求年輕醫生去療養院接受培訓，對激進的疼痛管理療法的相關知識進行測試，為醫院護理制定一份符合美國醫療保障方案的醫療賬單程式碼，以及為評估和治療臨終痛苦制定新的標準。
1. 該句子的主幹為：The profession is taking steps to require..., to test..., to develop..., and to develop...；其中四個 to do 不定式短語作目的狀語。
2. take steps to do sth 採取行動做某事。
3. require sb to do sth 要求某人做某事。
4. in hospices 介詞短語作地點狀語。
5. of aggressive pain management therapies, 介詞短語作定語，修飾 knowledge。
6. pain management 疼痛管理。
7. billing code 賬單程式碼；計費程式碼。
8. for hospital-based care, 介詞短語作方面（或目的）狀語。
9. hospital-based 以醫院為基礎的。
10. new standard 新標準。
11. for assessing and treating pain, 介詞短語作方面（或目的）狀語。
12. at the end of life, 介詞短語作時間狀語。
Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. [13]
翻譯：Annas 說，律師可以在堅決要求將這些善意的醫療方案變成更好的護理行動方面發揮關鍵性作用。
1. lawyers can play a key role in insisting (that...), 是省略引導詞的從句，作 says 的賓語。
2. play a key role 起關鍵作用。
3. in insisting (that...), 介詞短語作方面狀語。
4. that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. 是 that 引導的從句，作 insisting 的賓語。
5. well-meaning 善意的；好心的。
6. medical initiatives 醫療計劃；醫療倡議。
7. translate into 翻譯成 轉化為。
"Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering," to the extent that it constitutes "systematic patient abuse." [14]
翻譯：“許多醫生似乎對病人遭受的不必要的、可以預見的痛苦漠不關心”，甚至到了 “蓄意虐待病人” 的程度。
1. large numbers of 大量的；許多。
2. unconcerned with 對… 漠不關心。
3. their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering, 是省略引導詞的定語從句，修飾 the pain。
4. to the extent (that...), 介詞短語作程度狀語。
5. that it constitutes "systematic patient abuse." 是 that 引導的同位語從句，修飾 the extent。
6. systematic patient abuse 蓄意虐待病人。
He says medical licensing boards "must make it clear... that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension." [15]
翻譯：他說，醫委執照委員會 “必須搞清楚：滿懷痛苦的死亡可以假定是（醫生）能力不足造成的，因此應該吊銷其從醫資格證。”
1. medical licensing boards "must make it clear... (that...), 是省略引導詞的從句，作 says 的賓語。
2. medical licensing board 醫委執照委員會，作從句主語。
3. make it clear 弄清楚。
4. it 是形式賓語，代指後面的 that 從句。
5. that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension." 是 that 引導的定語從句，修飾 ones；從句中有兩個並列的謂語：are managed...and should result。
5. result in 導致，結果是。
6. license suspension 吊扣駕照；吊銷執照。