ThreadPoolExecutor機制
一、概述
1、ThreadPoolExecutor作為java.util.concurrent包對外提供基礎實現,以內部執行緒池的形式對外提供管理任務執行,執行緒排程,執行緒池管理等等服務;
2、Executors方法提供的執行緒服務,都是通過引數設定來實現不同的執行緒池機制。
3、先來了解其執行緒池管理的機制,有助於正確使用,避免錯誤使用導致嚴重故障。同時可以根據自己的需求實現自己的執行緒池
二、核心構造方法講解
下面是ThreadPoolExecutor最核心的構造方法
- public ThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
- int maximumPoolSize,
- long keepAliveTime,
- TimeUnit unit,
- BlockingQueue<Runnable> workQueue,
- ThreadFactory threadFactory,
- RejectedExecutionHandler handler) {
- if (corePoolSize < 0 ||
- maximumPoolSize <= 0 ||
- maximumPoolSize < corePoolSize ||
- keepAliveTime < 0)
- throw new IllegalArgumentException();
- if (workQueue == null || threadFactory == null || handler == null)
- throw new NullPointerException();
- this.corePoolSize = corePoolSize;
- this.maximumPoolSize = maximumPoolSize;
- this.workQueue = workQueue;
- this.keepAliveTime = unit.toNanos(keepAliveTime);
- this.threadFactory = threadFactory;
- this.handler = handler;
- }
構造方法引數講解
引數名 | 作用 |
corePoolSize | 核心執行緒池大小 |
maximumPoolSize | 最大執行緒池大小 |
keepAliveTime | 執行緒池中超過corePoolSize數目的空閒執行緒最大存活時間;可以allowCoreThreadTimeOut(true)使得核心執行緒有效時間 |
TimeUnit | keepAliveTime時間單位 |
workQueue | 阻塞任務佇列 |
threadFactory | 新建執行緒工廠 |
RejectedExecutionHandler | 當提交任務數超過maxmumPoolSize+workQueue之和時,任務會交給RejectedExecutionHandler來處理 |
重點講解:
其中比較容易讓人誤解的是:corePoolSize,maximumPoolSize,workQueue之間關係。
1.當執行緒池小於corePoolSize時,新提交任務將建立一個新執行緒執行任務,即使此時執行緒池中存在空閒執行緒。
2.當執行緒池達到corePoolSize時,新提交任務將被放入workQueue中,等待執行緒池中任務排程執行
3.當workQueue已滿,且maximumPoolSize>corePoolSize時,新提交任務會建立新執行緒執行任務
4.當提交任務數超過maximumPoolSize時,新提交任務由RejectedExecutionHandler處理
5.當執行緒池中超過corePoolSize執行緒,空閒時間達到keepAliveTime時,關閉空閒執行緒
6.當設定allowCoreThreadTimeOut(true)時,執行緒池中corePoolSize執行緒空閒時間達到keepAliveTime也將關閉
執行緒管理機制圖示:
三、Executors提供的執行緒池配置方案
1、構造一個固定執行緒數目的執行緒池,配置的corePoolSize與maximumPoolSize大小相同,同時使用了一個無界LinkedBlockingQueue存放阻塞任務,因此多餘的任務將存在再阻塞佇列,不會由RejectedExecutionHandler處理
- public static ExecutorService newFixedThreadPool(int nThreads) {
- return new ThreadPoolExecutor(nThreads, nThreads,
- 0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
- new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>());
- }
2、構造一個緩衝功能的執行緒池,配置corePoolSize=0,maximumPoolSize=Integer.MAX_VALUE,keepAliveTime=60s,以及一個無容量的阻塞佇列 SynchronousQueue,因此任務提交之後,將會建立新的執行緒執行;執行緒空閒超過60s將會銷燬
- public static ExecutorService newCachedThreadPool() {
- return new ThreadPoolExecutor(0, Integer.MAX_VALUE,
- 60L, TimeUnit.SECONDS,
- new SynchronousQueue<Runnable>());
- }
3、構造一個只支援一個執行緒的執行緒池,配置corePoolSize=maximumPoolSize=1,無界阻塞佇列LinkedBlockingQueue;保證任務由一個執行緒序列執行
- public static ExecutorService newSingleThreadExecutor() {
- return new FinalizableDelegatedExecutorService
- (new ThreadPoolExecutor(1, 1,
- 0L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS,
- new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>()));
- }
4、構造有定時功能的執行緒池,配置corePoolSize,無界延遲阻塞佇列DelayedWorkQueue;有意思的是:maximumPoolSize=Integer.MAX_VALUE,由於DelayedWorkQueue是無界佇列,所以這個值是沒有意義的
- public static ScheduledExecutorService newScheduledThreadPool(int corePoolSize) {
- return new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(corePoolSize);
- }
- public static ScheduledExecutorService newScheduledThreadPool(
- int corePoolSize, ThreadFactory threadFactory) {
- return new ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(corePoolSize, threadFactory);
- }
- public ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor(int corePoolSize,
- ThreadFactory threadFactory) {
- super(corePoolSize, Integer.MAX_VALUE, 0, TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS,
- new DelayedWorkQueue(), threadFactory);
- }
四、定製屬於自己的非阻塞執行緒池
- import java.util.concurrent.ArrayBlockingQueue;
- import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
- import java.util.concurrent.RejectedExecutionHandler;
- import java.util.concurrent.ThreadFactory;
- import java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor;
- import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
- import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
- public class CustomThreadPoolExecutor {
- private ThreadPoolExecutor pool = null;
- /**
- * 執行緒池初始化方法
- *
- * corePoolSize 核心執行緒池大小----10
- * maximumPoolSize 最大執行緒池大小----30
- * keepAliveTime 執行緒池中超過corePoolSize數目的空閒執行緒最大存活時間----30+單位TimeUnit
- * TimeUnit keepAliveTime時間單位----TimeUnit.MINUTES
- * workQueue 阻塞佇列----new ArrayBlockingQueue<Runnable>(10)====10容量的阻塞佇列
- * threadFactory 新建執行緒工廠----new CustomThreadFactory()====定製的執行緒工廠
- * rejectedExecutionHandler 當提交任務數超過maxmumPoolSize+workQueue之和時,
- * 即當提交第41個任務時(前面執行緒都沒有執行完,此測試方法中用sleep(100)),
- * 任務會交給RejectedExecutionHandler來處理
- */
- public void init() {
- pool = new ThreadPoolExecutor(
- 10,
- 30,
- 30,
- TimeUnit.MINUTES,
- new ArrayBlockingQueue<Runnable>(10),
- new CustomThreadFactory(),
- new CustomRejectedExecutionHandler());
- }
- public void destory() {
- if(pool != null) {
- pool.shutdownNow();
- }
- }
- public ExecutorService getCustomThreadPoolExecutor() {
- return this.pool;
- }
- private class CustomThreadFactory implements ThreadFactory {
- private AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger(0);
- @Override
- public Thread newThread(Runnable r) {
- Thread t = new Thread(r);
- String threadName = CustomThreadPoolExecutor.class.getSimpleName() + count.addAndGet(1);
- System.out.println(threadName);
- t.setName(threadName);
- return t;
- }
- }
- private class CustomRejectedExecutionHandler implements RejectedExecutionHandler {
- @Override
- public void rejectedExecution(Runnable r, ThreadPoolExecutor executor) {
- // 記錄異常
- // 報警處理等
- System.out.println("error.............");
- }
- }
- // 測試構造的執行緒池
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- CustomThreadPoolExecutor exec = new CustomThreadPoolExecutor();
- // 1.初始化
- exec.init();
- ExecutorService pool = exec.getCustomThreadPoolExecutor();
- for(int i=1; i<100; i++) {
- System.out.println("提交第" + i + "個任務!");
- pool.execute(new Runnable() {
- @Override
- public void run() {
- try {
- Thread.sleep(3000);
- } catch (InterruptedException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- System.out.println("running=====");
- }
- });
- }
- // 2.銷燬----此處不能銷燬,因為任務沒有提交執行完,如果銷燬執行緒池,任務也就無法執行了
- // exec.destory();
- try {
- Thread.sleep(10000);
- } catch (InterruptedException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- }
- }
方法中建立一個核心執行緒數為30個,緩衝佇列有10個的執行緒池。每個執行緒任務,執行時會先睡眠3秒,保證提交10任務時,執行緒數目被佔用完,再提交30任務時,阻塞佇列被佔用完,,這樣提交第41個任務是,會交給CustomRejectedExecutionHandler 異常處理類來處理。
提交任務的程式碼如下:
- public void execute(Runnable command) {
- if (command == null)
- throw new NullPointerException();
- /*
- * Proceed in 3 steps:
- *
- * 1. If fewer than corePoolSize threads are running, try to
- * start a new thread with the given command as its first
- * task. The call to addWorker atomically checks runState and
- * workerCount, and so prevents false alarms that would add
- * threads when it shouldn't, by returning false.
- *
- * 2. If a task can be successfully queued, then we still need
- * to double-check whether we should have added a thread
- * (because existing ones died since last checking) or that
- * the pool shut down since entry into this method. So we
- * recheck state and if necessary roll back the enqueuing if
- * stopped, or start a new thread if there are none.
- *
- * 3. If we cannot queue task, then we try to add a new
- * thread. If it fails, we know we are shut down or saturated
- * and so reject the task.
- */
- int c = ctl.get();
- if (workerCountOf(c) < corePoolSize) {
- if (addWorker(command, true))
- return;
- c = ctl.get();
- }
- if (isRunning(c) && workQueue.offer(command)) {
- int recheck = ctl.get();
- if (! isRunning(recheck) && remove(command))
- reject(command);
- else if (workerCountOf(recheck) == 0)
- addWorker(null, false);
- }
- else if (!addWorker(command, false))
- reject(command);
- }
注意:41以後提交的任務就不能正常處理了,因為,execute中提交到任務佇列是用的offer方法,如上面程式碼,這個方法是非阻塞的,所以就會交給CustomRejectedExecutionHandler 來處理,所以對於大資料量的任務來說,這種執行緒池,如果不設定佇列長度會OOM,設定佇列長度,會有任務得不到處理,接下來我們構建一個阻塞的自定義執行緒池
五、定製屬於自己的阻塞執行緒池
- package com.tongbanjie.trade.test.commons;
- import java.util.concurrent.ArrayBlockingQueue;
- import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
- import java.util.concurrent.RejectedExecutionHandler;
- import java.util.concurrent.ThreadFactory;
- import java.util.concurrent.ThreadPoolExecutor;
- import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
- import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicInteger;
- public class CustomThreadPoolExecutor {
- private ThreadPoolExecutor pool = null;
- /**
- * 執行緒池初始化方法
- *
- * corePoolSize 核心執行緒池大小----1
- * maximumPoolSize 最大執行緒池大小----3
- * keepAliveTime 執行緒池中超過corePoolSize數目的空閒執行緒最大存活時間----30+單位TimeUnit
- * TimeUnit keepAliveTime時間單位----TimeUnit.MINUTES
- * workQueue 阻塞佇列----new ArrayBlockingQueue<Runnable>(5)====5容量的阻塞佇列
- * threadFactory 新建執行緒工廠----new CustomThreadFactory()====定製的執行緒工廠
- * rejectedExecutionHandler 當提交任務數超過maxmumPoolSize+workQueue之和時,
- * 即當提交第41個任務時(前面執行緒都沒有執行完,此測試方法中用sleep(100)),
- * 任務會交給RejectedExecutionHandler來處理
- */
- public void init() {
- pool = new ThreadPoolExecutor(
- 1,
- 3,
- 30,
- TimeUnit.MINUTES,
- new ArrayBlockingQueue<Runnable>(5),
- new CustomThreadFactory(),
- new CustomRejectedExecutionHandler());
- }
- public void destory() {
- if(pool != null) {
- pool.shutdownNow();
- }
- }
- public ExecutorService getCustomThreadPoolExecutor() {
- return this.pool;
- }
- private class CustomThreadFactory implements ThreadFactory {
- private AtomicInteger count = new AtomicInteger(0);
- @Override
- public Thread newThread(Runnable r) {
- Thread t = new Thread(r);
- String threadName = CustomThreadPoolExecutor.class.getSimpleName() + count.addAndGet(1);
- System.out.println(threadName);
- t.setName(threadName);
- return t;
- }
- }
- private class CustomRejectedExecutionHandler implements RejectedExecutionHandler {
- @Override
- public void rejectedExecution(Runnable r, ThreadPoolExecutor executor) {
- try {
- // 核心改造點,由blockingqueue的offer改成put阻塞方法
- executor.getQueue().put(r);
- } catch (InterruptedException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- }
- }
- // 測試構造的執行緒池
- public static void main(String[] args) {
- CustomThreadPoolExecutor exec = new CustomThreadPoolExecutor();
- // 1.初始化
- exec.init();
- ExecutorService pool = exec.getCustomThreadPoolExecutor();
- for(int i=1; i<100; i++) {
- System.out.println("提交第" + i + "個任務!");
- pool.execute(new Runnable() {
- @Override
- public void run() {
- try {
- System.out.println(">>>task is running=====");
- TimeUnit.SECONDS.sleep(10);
- } catch (InterruptedException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- }
- });
- }
- // 2.銷燬----此處不能銷燬,因為任務沒有提交執行完,如果銷燬執行緒池,任務也就無法執行了
- // exec.destory();
- try {
- Thread.sleep(10000);
- } catch (InterruptedException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- }
- }
解釋:當提交任務被拒絕時,進入拒絕機制,我們實現拒絕方法,把任務重新用阻塞提交方法put提交,實現阻塞提交任務功能,防止佇列過大,OOM,提交被拒絕方法在下面
- public void execute(Runnable command) {
- if (command == null)
- throw new NullPointerException();
- int c = ctl.get();
- if (workerCountOf(c) < corePoolSize) {
- if (addWorker(command, true))
- return;
- c = ctl.get();
- }
- if (isRunning(c) && workQueue.offer(command)) {
- int recheck = ctl.get();
- if (! isRunning(recheck) && remove(command))
- reject(command);
- else if (workerCountOf(recheck) == 0)
- addWorker(null, false);
- }
- else if (!addWorker(command, false))
- // 進入拒絕機制, 我們把runnable任務拿出來,重新用阻塞操作put,來實現提交阻塞功能
- reject(command);
- }
總結:
1、用ThreadPoolExecutor自定義執行緒池,看執行緒是的用途,如果任務量不大,可以用無界佇列,如果任務量非常大,要用有界佇列,防止OOM
2、如果任務量很大,還要求每個任務都處理成功,要對提交的任務進行阻塞提交,重寫拒絕機制,改為阻塞提交。保證不拋棄一個任務
3、最大執行緒數一般設為2N+1最好,N是CPU核數
4、核心執行緒數,看應用,如果是任務,一天跑一次,設定為0,合適,因為跑完就停掉了,如果是常用執行緒池,看任務量,是保留一個核心還是幾個核心執行緒數
5、如果要獲取任務執行結果,用CompletionService,但是注意,獲取任務的結果的要重新開一個執行緒獲取,如果在主執行緒獲取,就要等任務都提交後才獲取,就會阻塞大量任務結果,佇列過大OOM,所以最好非同步開個執行緒獲取結果