外測度的構造

只会加减乘除發表於2024-11-07

[T241107]\(\mathscr F\) 是一個含空集的子集類, \(\mu\)\(\mathscr F_0\) 上的一個滿足 \(\mu(\varnothing)=0\) 的非負集函式. 對 \(A\subset \Omega\), 定義:

\[\mu^*(A):=\inf\left\{\sum_n\mu(A_n):\{A_n\}\subset\mathscr F_0,~\bigcup_nA_n\supset A\right\}. \]

約定如果 \(\mathscr F_0\) 沒有可列個集合可以覆蓋 \(A\), 那麼 \(\mu^*(A)=+\infty\), 則 \(\mu^*\) 是一個外測度.
Proof: 只需驗證 \(\mu^*\) 符合外測度的定義.
(Step1.) 驗證 \(\mu^*(\varnothing)=0\). 事實上, 注意到 \(\cup_n\varnothing\supset\varnothing\), 於是

\[\begin{aligned} 0\le\mu^*(\varnothing)&=\inf\left\{\sum_n\mu(A_n):\{A_n\}\subset\mathscr F_0,~\bigcup_nA_n\supset\varnothing\right\}\\ &\le\mu(\varnothing)+\mu(\varnothing)+\cdots=0. \end{aligned} \]

從而 \(\mu^*(\varnothing)=0\).
(Step2.) 驗證單調性. 設 \(A\subset B\subset\Omega\), 注意到

\[\begin{aligned} \mu^*(A)&=\inf\left\{\sum_n\mu(A_n):\{A_n\}\subset\mathscr F_0,~\bigcup_nA_n\supset A\right\}\\ &\le\inf\left\{\sum_n\mu(A_n):\{A_n\}\subset\mathscr F_0,~\bigcup_nA_n\supset B\supset A\right\}\\ &=\mu^*(B) \end{aligned} \]

故單調性成立.
(Step3.) 驗證次可列可加性. 設 \(\{A_n\}_{n=1}^{+\infty}\subset \mathscr F_0\).

  • \(\exists n_0,~s.t.~\mu^*(A_{n_0})=+\infty\), 由 \(\mu^*\) 的定義形式可知 \(\mu(A_{n_0})=+\infty\). 注意到 \(\bigcup\limits_n A_n\subset\bigcup\limits_n A_n\), 於是

    \[\begin{aligned} \mu^*\left(\bigcup_nA_n\right)&=\inf\left\{\sum_n\mu(B_n):\{B_n\}\subset\mathscr F_0,~\bigcup_nB_n\supset \bigcup_nA_n\right\}\\ &\le\sum_n\mu(A_n)=+\infty. \end{aligned} \]

    因此

    \[\mu^*\left(\bigcup_nA_n\right)\le+\infty=\mu^*(A_{n_0})\le\sum_n\mu^*(A_n). \]

  • 若對 \(\forall n,~\mu^*(A_n)<+\infty\). 則每個 \(A_n\) 都能被 \(\mathscr F_0\) 中可列個集合覆蓋. \(\forall\varepsilon>0\), 對於每個 \(n=1,2,\cdots\), 取 \(\{A_{n,k}\}_{k=1}^{\infty}\subset\mathscr F_0\) 使 \(\bigcup\limits_kA_{n,k}\supset A_n\), 且

    \[\mu^*(A_n)+\frac{\varepsilon}{2^n}>\sum_k\mu(A_{n,k}), \]

    \(\bigcup\limits_n\bigcup\limits_k A_{n,k}\supset\bigcup\limits_n A_n\), 故

    \[\mu^*\left(\bigcup_nA_n\right)\le\sum_n\sum_k\mu(A_{n,k})<\sum_n\mu^*(A_n)+\varepsilon. \]

    \(\varepsilon\) 的任意性可知

    \[\mu^*\left(\bigcup_nA_n\right)\le\sum_n\mu^*(A_n). \]

    綜上, 次可列可加性也成立. #

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