1、原地交換兩個數字
x, y =10, 20 print(x, y) y, x = x, y print(x, y)
10 20
20 10
2、鏈狀比較運算子
n = 10 print(1 < n < 20) print(1 > n <= 9)
True
False
3、使用三元運算子來實現條件賦值
[表示式為真的返回值] if [表示式] else [表示式為假的返回值]
y = 20 x = 9 if (y == 10) else 8 print(x)
8
# 找abc中最小的數
def small(a, b, c): return a if a<b and a<c else (b if b<a and b<c else c) print(small(1, 0, 1)) print(small(1, 2, 2)) print(small(2, 2, 3)) print(small(5, 4, 3))
0
1
3
3
# 列表推導 x = [m**2 if m>10 else m**4 for m in range(50)] print(x)
[0, 1, 16, 81, 256, 625, 1296, 2401, 4096, 6561, 10000, 121, 144, 169, 196, 225, 256, 289, 324, 361, 400, 441, 484, 529, 576, 625, 676, 729, 784, 841, 900, 961, 1024, 1089, 1156, 1225, 1296, 1369, 1444, 1521, 1600, 1681, 1764, 1849, 1936, 2025, 2116, 2209, 2304, 2401]
4、多行字串
multistr = "select * from multi_row \
where row_id < 5"
print(multistr)
select * from multi_row where row_id < 5
multistr = """select * from multi_row
where row_id < 5"""
print(multistr)
select * from multi_row
where row_id < 5
multistr = ("select * from multi_row"
"where row_id < 5"
"order by age")
print(multistr)
select * from multi_rowwhere row_id < 5order by age5、儲存列表元素到新的變數
testList = [1, 2, 3] x, y, z = testList # 變數個數應該和列表長度嚴格一致 print(x, y, z)
1 2 3
6、列印引入模組的絕對路徑
import threading import socket print(threading) print(socket) <module 'threading' from 'd:\\python351\\lib\\threading.py'> <module 'socket' from 'd:\\python351\\lib\\socket.py'>
7、互動環境下的“_”運算子
在python控制檯，不論我們測試一個表示式還是呼叫一個方法，結果都會分配給一個臨時變數“_”
8、字典/集合推導
testDic = {i: i * i for i in range(10)}
testSet = {i * 2 for i in range(10)}
print(testDic)
print(testSet){0: 0, 1: 1, 2: 4, 3: 9, 4: 16, 5: 25, 6: 36, 7: 49, 8: 64, 9: 81}
{0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18}
9、除錯指令碼
用pdb模組設定斷點
import pdb pdb.ste_trace()
10、開啟檔案分享
python允許開啟一個HTTP伺服器從根目錄共享檔案
python -m http.server
11、檢查python中的物件
test = [1, 3, 5, 7] print(dir(test))
['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__delitem__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__iadd__', '__imul__', '__init__', '__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__mul__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__reversed__', '__rmul__', '__setattr__', '__setitem__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'append', 'clear', 'copy', 'count', 'extend', 'index', 'insert', 'pop', 'remove', 'reverse', 'sort']
test = range(10) print(dir(test))
['__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__reversed__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'count', 'index', 'start', 'step', 'stop']
12、簡化if語句
# use following way to verify multi values if m in [1, 2, 3, 4]: # do not use following way if m==1 or m==2 or m==3 or m==4:
13、執行時檢測python版本
import sys
if not hasattr(sys, "hexversion") or sys.version_info != (2, 7):
print("sorry, you are not running on python 2.7")
print("current python version:", sys.version)sorry, you are not running on python 2.7
current python version: 3.5.1 (v3.5.1:37a07cee5969, Dec 6 2015, 01:54:25) [MSC v.1900 64 bit (AMD64)]
14、組合多個字串
test = ["I", "Like", "Python"]
print(test)
print("".join(test))['I', 'Like', 'Python']
ILikePython
15、四種翻轉字串、列表的方式
5
3
1
16、用列舉在迴圈中找到索引
test = [10, 20, 30] for i, value in enumerate(test): print(i, ':', value)
0 : 10
1 : 20
2 : 30
17、定義列舉量
class shapes: circle, square, triangle, quadrangle = range(4) print(shapes.circle) print(shapes.square) print(shapes.triangle) print(shapes.quadrangle)
0
1
2
3
18、從方法中返回多個值
def x(): return 1, 2, 3, 4 a, b, c, d = x() print(a, b, c, d)
1 2 3 4
19、使用*運算子unpack函式引數
def test(x, y, z):
print(x, y, z)
testDic = {'x':1, 'y':2, 'z':3}
testList = [10, 20, 30]
test(*testDic)
test(**testDic)
test(*testList)z x y
1 2 3
10 20 30
20、用字典來儲存表示式
stdcalc = {
"sum": lambda x, y: x + y,
"subtract": lambda x, y: x - y
}
print(stdcalc["sum"](9, 3))
print(stdcalc["subtract"](9, 3))12
6
21、計算任何數的階乘
import functools result = (lambda k: functools.reduce(int.__mul__, range(1, k+1), 1))(3) print(result)
6
22、找到列表中出現次數最多的數
test = [1, 2, 3, 4, 2, 2, 3, 1, 4, 4, 4, 4] print(max(set(test), key=test.count))
4
23、重置遞迴限制
python限制遞迴次數到1000，可以用下面方法重置
import sys x = 1200 print(sys.getrecursionlimit()) sys.setrecursionlimit(x) print(sys.getrecursionlimit())
1000
1200
24、檢查一個物件的記憶體使用
import sys x = 1 print(sys.getsizeof(x)) # python3.5中一個32位元的整數佔用28位元組
28
25、使用slots減少記憶體開支
import sys # 原始類 class FileSystem(object): def __init__(self, files, folders, devices): self.files = files self.folder = folders self.devices = devices print(sys.getsizeof(FileSystem)) # 減少記憶體後 class FileSystem(object): __slots__ = ['files', 'folders', 'devices'] def __init__(self, files, folders, devices): self.files = files self.folder = folders self.devices = devices print(sys.getsizeof(FileSystem))
1016
888
26、用lambda 來模仿輸出方法
import sys
lprint = lambda *args: sys.stdout.write(" ".join(map(str, args)))
lprint("python", "tips", 1000, 1001)python tips 1000 1001
27、從兩個相關序列構建一個字典
t1 = (1, 2, 3) t2 = (10, 20, 30) print(dict(zip(t1, t2)))
{1: 10, 2: 20, 3: 30}
28、搜尋字串的多個前字尾
print("http://localhost:8888/notebooks/Untitled6.ipynb".startswith(("http://", "https://")))
print("http://localhost:8888/notebooks/Untitled6.ipynb".endswith((".ipynb", ".py")))True
True
29、不使用迴圈構造一個列表
import itertools import numpy as np test = [[-1, -2], [30, 40], [25, 35]] print(list(itertools.chain.from_iterable(test)))
[-1, -2, 30, 40, 25, 35]
30、實現switch-case語句
def xswitch(x):
return xswitch._system_dict.get(x, None)
xswitch._system_dict = {"files":10, "folders":5, "devices":2}
print(xswitch("default"))
print(xswitch("devices"))None