3. 投票 案例專案(合集)

HUGBOY發表於2023-02-18

3.投票-1建立專案和子應用

建立專案

  • 命令
    $ python django-admin startproject mysite
    
  • 目錄結構
    
    
    mysite/               # 專案容器、可任意命名
        manage.py         # 命令列工具
        mysite/           # 純 Python 包 # 你引用任何東西都要用到它
            __init__.py   # 空檔案 告訴Python這個目錄是Python包
            settings.py   # Django 專案配置檔案
            urls.py       # URL 宣告  # 就像網站目錄
            asgi.py       # 部署時用的配置 # 執行在ASGI相容的Web伺服器上的 入口
            wsgi.py       # 部署時用的配置 # 執行在WSGI相容的Web伺服器上的 
    
    
  • 初始化資料庫 遷移
    $ python mangae.py makemigrations
    
    $ python manage.py migrate
    

Django 簡易伺服器

  • 用於開發使用,Django 在網路框架方面很NB, 但在網路伺服器方面不行~

    專業的事讓專業的程式做嘛,最後部署到 Nginx Apache 等專業網路伺服器上就行啦。

  • 自動重啟伺服器

    對每次訪問請求、重新載入一遍 Python 程式碼

    新新增檔案等一些操作 不會觸發重啟

  • 命令

    $ python manage.py runserver
    
    E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>
    E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py runserver
    Watching for file changes with StatReloader
    Performing system checks...
    
    System check identified no issues (0 silenced).
    June 29, 2022 - 22:35:10
    Django version 4.0.5, using settings 'mysite.settings'
    Starting development server at http://127.0.0.1:8000/
    Quit the server with CTRL-BREAK.
    
  • 指定埠

    $ python manage.py runserver 8080
    

建立應用


  • 命令
    $ python manage.py startapp polls
    
  • 目錄結構
    polls/
        __init__.py
        admin.py
        apps.py
        migrations/
            __init__.py
        models.py
        tests.py
        views.py
    

編寫應用檢視

  • 檢視函式
    # polls/views.py
    
    from django.shortcuts import render
    
    # Create your views here.
    
    from django.http import HttpRespose
    
    
    def index(rquest):
    
        return HttpResponse("投票應用 -首頁")
    

配置路由

  • 配置路由

    # polls/urls.py  子應用路由
    
    from django.urls import path
    
    from . import views
    
    urlpatterns = [
        path('', views.index, name='index'),
    ]
    
    # mysite/urls.py  全域性路由 include()即插即用
    
    from django.contrib import admin
    from django.urls import include, path
    
    urlpatterns = [
        path('polls/', include('polls.urls')),
        path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
    ]
    
  • 效果

    截圖



path() 引數含義


path('', views.index, name='index'),
path('polls/', include('polls.urls'))
  • route 路徑

    一個匹配URL的規則,類似正規表示式。不匹配GET、POST傳參 、域名

  • view 檢視函式

     Django 呼叫這個函式,預設傳給函式一個 HttpRequest 引數
    
  • kwargs 檢視函式引數

    字典格式

  • name 給這條URL取一個溫暖的名子~

    可以在 Django 的任意地方唯一的引用。允許你只改一個檔案就能全域性地修改某個 URL 模式。

3.投票-2本地化和資料庫API

本地化配置

  • 時區和語言

    # mysite/mysite/settings.py
    
    # Internationalization
    # https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/4.0/topics/i18n/
    
    LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh-hans'   # 'en-us'
    
    TIME_ZONE = 'UTC'
    
    USE_I18N = True
    
    USE_TZ = True
    
    
  • 為啥要在資料庫之前?

    配置時區,資料庫可以以此做相應配置。比如時間的存放是以UTC還是本地時間...


資料庫配置

  • django 支援 sqlite mysql postgresql oracle
  • 預設是sqlite 它是本地的一個檔案name 哪裡直接寫了檔案的絕對路徑
    # mysite/mysite/settings.py
    
    # Database
    # https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/4.0/ref/settings/#databases
    
    DATABASES = {
        'default': {
            'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.sqlite3',
            'NAME': BASE_DIR / 'db.sqlite3',
        }
    }
    
    
  • 遷移 主要為Django預設的模型建表
    python manage.py migrate
    

建立模型


  • 編寫

    # mysite/polls/models.py
    
    from django.db import models
    
    
    class Question(models.Model):
        question_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
        pub_date = models.DateTimeField('date published')
    
    
    class Choice(models.Model):
        question = models.ForeignKey(Question, on_delete=models.CASCADE)
        choice_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
        votes = models.IntegerField(default=0)
    
  • 很多資料庫的知識 都可以用到裡面

    Question Choice 類都是基於models.Model, 是它的子類。

    類的屬性--------表的欄位

    類名-----------表名

    還有pub_date on_delete=models.CASCAD 級聯刪除, pub_date 的欄位描述, vo tes的預設值, 都和資料庫很像。

    而且max_length這個個欄位,讓Django可以在前端自動校驗我們的資料

啟用模型


  • 把配置註冊到專案

    # mysite/mysite/settings.py
    
    # Application definition
    
    INSTALLED_APPS = [
        'polls.apps.PollsConfig',
    
        'django.contrib.admin',
        'django.contrib.auth',
        'django.contrib.contenttypes',
        'django.contrib.sessions',
        'django.contrib.messages',
        'django.contrib.staticfiles',
    ]
    
  • 做遷移-

    僅僅把模型的配置資訊轉化成 Sql 語言

    (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py makemigrations polls
    Migrations for 'polls':
      polls\migrations\0001_initial.py
        - Create model Question
        - Create model Choice
    

    檢視 Sql 語言 (對應我們配的 Sqlite 資料庫的語法)

(venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py sqlmigrate polls 0001
BEGIN;
--
  -- Create model Question
  --
  
  CREATE TABLE "polls_question" ("id" integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, "question_text" varchar(200) NOT NULL, "pub_data" datetime NOT NULL
);
--
  -- Create model Choice
  --
  
  CREATE TABLE "polls_choice" ("id" integer NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT, "choice_text" varchar(200) NOT NULL, "votes" integer NOT NULL, "quest
ion_id" bigint NOT NULL REFERENCES "polls_question" ("id") DEFERRABLE INITIALLY DEFERRED);
CREATE INDEX "polls_choice_question_id_c5b4b260" ON "polls_choice" ("question_id");
COMMIT;
  

  • 執行遷移
    (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py migrate
    Operations to perform:
      Apply all migrations: admin, auth, contenttypes, polls, sessions
    Running migrations:
      Applying polls.0001_initial... OK
    
    (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>
    
    

API 的初體驗


  • 進入shell
    python manage.py shell
    

  • - (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py shell
    Python 3.9.1 (tags/v3.9.1:1e5d33e, Dec  7 2020, 17:08:21) [MSC v.1927 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32
    Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
    (InteractiveConsole)
    >>>
    >>> from polls.models import Question, Choice
    >>> from django.utils import timezone
    >>>
    >>> q = Question( question_text = "what's up ?", pub_date=timezone.now() )
    >>>
    >>> q.save()
    >>>
    
    
  • 檢視欄位
    >>> q.id
    1
    >>> q.question_text
    "what's up ?"
    >>>
    >>> q.pub_date
    datetime.datetime(2022, 7, 6, 5, 46, 10, 997140, tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc)
    >>>
    
  • >>> q.question_text = 'are you kidding me ?'
    >>> q.save()
    >>>
    >>> q.question_text
    'are you kidding me ?'
    >>>
    
    >>>
    >>>
    >>> Question.objects.all()
    <QuerySet [<Question: Question object (1)>]>
    >>>
    >>>
    

下面寫點更人性化的方法


  • __str__方法

    預設列印自己的text欄位,便於檢視

    後臺展示物件資料也會用這個欄位

    class Question(models.Model):
        ...
        
        def __str__(self):
            return self.question_text
    
    
    class Choice(models.Model):
        ...
        
        def __str__(self):
            return self.choice_text
    

  • 自定義方法
    class Question(models.Model):
        ...
    
        def was_published_recently(self):
            return self.pub_date >= timezone.now()-datetime.timedelta(days=1)
    

  • __str__方法效果

    (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py shell
    Python 3.9.1 (tags/v3.9.1:1e5d33e, Dec  7 2020, 17:08:21) [MSC v.1927 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32
    Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
    (InteractiveConsole)
    >>>
    >>> from polls.models import Question, Choice
    >>>
    >>> Question.objects.all()
    <QuerySet [<Question: are you kidding me ?>]>
    >>>
    >>> Question.objects.filter(id=1)
    <QuerySet [<Question: are you kidding me ?>]>
    >>>
    
    
  • 按屬性查

    
    >>>
    >>> Question.objects.filter(question_text__startswith='are')
    <QuerySet [<Question: are you kidding me ?>]>
    >>>
    
    
    >>> from django.utils import timezone
    >>>
    >>> current_year = timezone.now().year
    >>> Question.objects.get(pub_date__year=current_year)
    <Question: are you kidding me ?>
    >>>
    
    
    >>> Question.objects.get(id=2)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "<console>", line 1, in <module>
      File "E:\PYTHON\0CODE\StudyBuddy\venv\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\manager.py", line 85, in manager_method
        return getattr(self.get_queryset(), name)(*args, **kwargs)
      File "E:\PYTHON\0CODE\StudyBuddy\venv\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\query.py", line 496, in get
        raise self.model.DoesNotExist(
    polls.models.Question.DoesNotExist: Question matching query does not exist.
    >>>
    >>>
    
  • 更多操作

    用pk找更保險一些,有的model 不以id 為主鍵

    >>> Question.objects.get(pk=1)  
    <Question: are you kidding me ?>
    >>>
    # 自定義查詢條件
    >>> q = Question.objects.get(pk=1)
    >>> q.was_published_recently()
    True
    >>>
    
    # 安主鍵獲取物件
    >>> q = Question.objects.get(pk=1)
    >>> q.choice_set.all()
    <QuerySet []>
    >>>
    
    # 增  問題物件關係到選項物件
    >>> q.choice_set.create(choice_text='Not much', votes=0)
    <Choice: Not much>
    >>>
    >>> q.choice_set.create(choice_text='The sky', votes=0)
    <Choice: The sky>
    >>>
    >>> q.choice_st.create(choice_text='Just hacking agin', votes=0)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "<console>", line 1, in <module>
    AttributeError: 'Question' object has no attribute 'choice_st'
    >>>
    >>> q.choice_set.create(choice_text='Just hacking agin', votes=0)
    <Choice: Just hacking agin>
    >>>
    >>>
    >>> c = q.choice_set.create(choic_text='Oh my god.', votes=0)
    Traceback (most recent call last):
      File "<console>", line 1, in <module>
      File "E:\PYTHON\0CODE\StudyBuddy\venv\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\fields\related_descriptors.py", line 747, in create
        return super(RelatedManager, self.db_manager(db)).create(**kwargs)
      File "E:\PYTHON\0CODE\StudyBuddy\venv\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\manager.py", line 85, in manager_method
        return getattr(self.get_queryset(), name)(*args, **kwargs)
      File "E:\PYTHON\0CODE\StudyBuddy\venv\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\query.py", line 512, in create
        obj = self.model(**kwargs)
      File "E:\PYTHON\0CODE\StudyBuddy\venv\lib\site-packages\django\db\models\base.py", line 559, in __init__
        raise TypeError(
    TypeError: Choice() got an unexpected keyword argument 'choic_text'
    >>>
    
    
    # 選項 關係 到問題
    >>> c = q.choice_set.create(choice_text='Oh my god.', votes=0)
    >>>
    >>> c.question
    <Question: are you kidding me ?>
    >>>
    >>> q.choice_set.all()
    <QuerySet [<Choice: Not much>, <Choice: The sky>, <Choice: Just hacking agin>, <Choice: Oh my god.>]>
    >>>
    >>>
    >>> q.choice_set.count()
    4
    >>>
    >>> Choice.objects.filter(question__pub_date__year=current_year)
    <QuerySet [<Choice: Not much>, <Choice: The sky>, <Choice: Just hacking agin>, <Choice: Oh my god.>]>
    >>>
    >>>
    
    
    
  • >>> c = q.choice_set.filter(choice_text__startswith='Just hacking')
    >>> c.delete()
    (1, {'polls.Choice': 1})
    >>>
    >>> q.choice_set.all()
    <QuerySet [<Choice: Not much>, <Choice: The sky>, <Choice: Oh my god.>]>
    >>>
    >>>
    

管理頁面


  • 建立使用者
    (venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py createsuperuser
    
    
    使用者名稱: admin
    電子郵件地址: admin@qq.com
    Password:
    Password (again):
    密碼長度太短。密碼必須包含至少 8 個字元。
    這個密碼太常見了。
    Bypass password validation and create user anyway? [y/N]: y
    Superuser created successfully.
    
    
  • 啟動 開發伺服器
    python manage.py runserver
    
  • login
    http://localhost:8000/admin/
    
  • 讓我們的polls 投票應用也展示在後臺
    # mysite/polls/admin.py
    
    
    from .models import Question, Choice
    
    admin.site.register(Question)
    admin.site.register(Choice)
    

3.投票-3模板和路由

編寫更多檢視


# polls/views.py

...

def detail(request, question_id):
    
    return HttpResponse(f"當前問題id:{question_id}")


def results(request, question_id):
    
    return HttpResponse(f"問題id:{question_id}的投票結果")


def vote(request, question_id):
    
    return HttpResponse(f"給問題id:{question_id}投票")


新增url

  • 全域性我們已經加過
    
    urlpatterns = [
        path('admin/', admin.site.urls),
        path('polls/', include('polls.urls')),
        
    ]
    

  • 應用程式新增如下
    # polls/urls.py
    
    from django.urls import path
    
    from . import views
    
    urlpatterns = [
        path('', views.index, name='index'),
    
        path('<int:question_id>/', views.detail, name='detail'),
    
        path('<int:question_id>/results/', views.results, name='results'),
    
        path('<int:question_id>/vote/', views.vote, name='vote'),
    ]
    

看看效果

  • path 裡的引數很敏感 結尾含/ 的訪問時也必須含 / 否則404


image

image

image

image

  • 以 /polls/1/ 為例分析匹配過程

    • 從mysite/settings.py 載入 ROOT_URLCONF = 'mysite.urls'
    • 從urls.py 的“polls/”匹配到 polls/ 載入 polls.urls
    • 從polls/urls.py 的“int:question_id/”匹配到 1/ ,獲取int型的 1 轉發給檢視函式 views.details


升級index 檢視 展示近期5個投票問題

  • 編寫檢視

    def index(request):
        latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5]
        output = ','.join([q.question_text for q  in latest_question_list])
    
        return HttpResponse(output)
    
  • 好吧,總共就一個
    image

  • 加點

image


這裡直接把頁面內容,寫到了檢視函式里,寫死的。很不方便,下面用模板檔案來處理這個問題


模板檔案

  • 建立polls存放 模板檔案的 資料夾 為什麼裡面多套了一層polls?沒看出他有區分的作用,第一個polls不已經區分過了?
    polls/templates/polls/
    
  • 主要內容
    # polls/templates/polls/index.html
    
    {% if latest_question_list %}
      <ul>
        {% for question in latest_question_list %}
            <li>
              <a href="/polls/{{ question.id }}/">{{question.question_text}}</a>
            </li>
        {% endfor %}
      </ul>
    {% else %}
        <p>暫時沒有開放的投票。</p>
    {% endif %}
    

  • 修改檢視函式

    這裡函式載入index.html模本,還傳給他一個上下文字典context,字典把模板裡的變數對映成了Python 物件

    # polls/views.py
    
    ...
    from django.template import loader
    
    
    def index(request):
        latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5]
    
        template = loader.get_template('polls/index.html')
        context = {
            'latest_question_list': latest_question_list,
        }
    
        return HttpResponse(template.render(context, request))
        
    ...
    
  • 效果

image


  • 快捷函式 render()

    上面的檢視函式用法很普遍,有種更簡便的函式替代這一過程

    # polls/views.py
    ...
    from django.template import loader
    
    import django.shortcuts import render
    
    def index(request):
        latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5]
    
        #template = loader.get_template('polls/index.html')
        context = {
            'latest_question_list': latest_question_list,
        }
    
        #return HttpResponse(template.render(context, request))
        return render(request, 'polls/index.html', context)
        
    ...
    

優雅的丟擲 404

  • 修改 detail 檢視函式

    # polls/views.py
    
    ...
    
    def detail(request, question_id):
        try:
            question = Question.objects.get(pk=question_id)
    
        except:
            raise Http404("問題不存在 !")
    
        # return HttpResponse(f"當前問題id:{question_id}")
        return render(request, 'polls/detail.html', {'question': question})
    
    
  • 編寫模板

    # polls/templates/polls/detail.html
    
    
    {{ question }}
    
    
  • 效果
    image

  • 快捷函式 get_object_or_404()

    # polls/views.py
    from django.shortcuts import render, get_object_or_404
    
    ...
    
    def detail(request, question_id):
        
        question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id)
        return render(request, 'polls/detail.html', {'question': question})
    

  • 效果
    image

使用模板系統

  • 對detail.html獲取的question變數進行分解 展示
    • 模板系統用.來訪問變數屬性

    • question.question_text先對question用字典查詢nobj.get(str)------>屬性查詢obj.str---------->列表查詢obj[int]當然在第二步就成功的獲取了question_text屬性,不在繼續進行。

    • 其中 question.choice_set.all解釋為Python程式碼question.choice_set.all()


    # polls/templates/polls/detail.html
    
    <h1>{{ question.question_text }}</h1>
    <ul>
        {% for choice in question.choice_set.all %}
            <li>{{ choice.choice_text }}</li>
        {% endfor %}
    </ul>
    
  • 效果
    image


去除 index.html裡的硬編碼


  • 其中的'detail' 使我們在urls.py 定義的名稱
    # polls/urls.py
    
    path('<int:question_id>/', views.detail, name='detail'),
    
    # polls/templates/polls/index.html
    
    <!--<li>-->
    <!--       <a href="/polls/{{ question.id }}/">{{question.question_text}}</a>-->
    <!--</li>-->
    
    <li>
           <a href="{% url 'detail' question.id %}">{{question.question_text}}</a>
    </li>
    
  • 有啥用?
    • 簡單明瞭 書寫方便

    • 我們修改.html 的真實位置後, 只需在urls.py 同步修改一條記錄, 就會在所有模板檔案的無數個連線中生效

      大大的節省時間


為URL新增名稱空間


  • 為什麼?

    上面去除硬連結方便了我們。我們只有1個應用polls有自己的detail.html模板,但有多個應用同時有名字為detail.html的模板時呢?

    Django看到{% url %} 咋知道是哪個應用呢?

  • 怎麼加 ?

    # polls/urls.py
    
    app_name = 'polls'
    
    ...
    
  • 修改.html模板檔案

    # polls/templates/polls/index.html
    
    <!--<li>-->
    <!--       <a href="/polls/{{ question.id }}/">{{question.question_text}}</a>-->
    <!--</li>-->
    
    <!--<li>-->
    <!--       <a href="{% url 'detail' question.id %}">{{question.question_text}}</a>-->
    <!--</li>-->
    
    <li>
           <a href="{% url 'polls:detail' question.id %}">{{question.question_text}}</a>
    </li>
    

3.投票-4投票結果儲存 和 Django通用模板

投票結果儲存


前端


# polls/templates/polls/detail.html

{#<h1>{{ question.question_text }}</h1>#}
{#<ul>#}
{#    {% for choice in question.choice_set.all %}#}
{#        <li>{{ choice.choice_text }}</li>#}
{#    {% endfor %}#}
{#</ul>#}


<form action="{% url 'polls:vote' question.id %}" method="post">
    {% csrf_token %}
    <fieldset>
    
        ...
        
    </fieldset>
    <input type="submit" value="投票">
</form>
# polls/templates/polls/detail.html


<form action="{% url 'polls:vote' question.id %}" method="post">
    {% csrf_token %}
    <fieldset>

        <legend><h1>{{ question.question_text }}</h1></legend>

        {% if error_message  %}
            <strong><p>{{ error_message }}</p></strong>
        {% endif %}

        {% for choice in question.choice_set.all %}
            <input type="radio" name="choice" id="choice{{ forloop.counter }}" value="{{ choice.id }}">
            <label for="choice{{ forloop.counter }}">{{ choice.choice_text }}</label>
        {% endfor %}

    </fieldset>
    <input type="submit" value="投票">
</form>

路由


# polls/urls.py

path('<int:question_id>/vote/', views.vote, name='vote'),



檢視

vote


# polls/views.py¶

# ...

from django.http import HttpResponseRedirect
from django.urls import reverse

# ...


# def vote(request, question_id):
#     return HttpResponse(f"給問題id:{question_id}投票")

def vote(request, question_id):
    question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id)
    try:
        selected_choice = question.choice_set.get(pk=request.POST['choice'])
    except (KeyError, Choice.DoesNotExist):
        return render(request, 'polls/detail.html', {
            'question': question,
            'error_message': "選擇為空, 無法提交 !"
        })
    else:
        selected_choice.votes += 1
        selected_choice.save()
        # 重定向到其他頁面 防止誤觸重複投票
        return HttpResponse(reverse('polls:results', args=(question.id, )))


result


# polls/views.py¶

from django.shortcuts import get_object_or_404, render


def results(request, question_id):
    question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id)
    return render(request, 'polls/results.html', {'question': question})


前端

新建檔案


# polls/templates/polls/results.html¶

<h1>{{ question.question_text }}</h1>

<ul>
    {% for choice in question.choice_set.all %}
        <li>{{ choice.choice_text }} -- {{ choice.votes }} vote {{ choice.votes|pluralize }}</li>
    {% endfor %}
</ul>

<a href="{% url 'polls:detail' question.id %}">繼續投票</a>




降低冗餘 URLConf

修改url

# mysite/polls/urls.py

from django.urls import path

from . import views

app_name = 'polls'

# urlpatterns = [
#
#     path('', views.index, name='index'),
#
#     path('<int:question_id>/', views.detail, name='detail'),
#
#     path('<int:question_id>/results/', views.results, name='results'),
#
#     path('<int:question_id>/vote/', views.vote, name='vote'),
#
#
# ]

urlpatterns = [
    path('', views.IndexView.as_view(), name='index'),
    path('<int:pk>/', views.DeatilView.as_view(), name='detail'),
    path('<int:pl>/results/', views.ResultsViews.as_view(), name='results'),
    path('<int:question_id>/vote/', views.vote, name='vote')
]

修改檢視

ListView 和 DetailView 。這兩個檢視分別抽象“顯示一個物件列表”和“顯示一個特定型別物件的詳細資訊頁面”這兩種概念。

每個通用檢視需要知道它將作用於哪個模型。 這由 model 屬性提供。

template_name 屬性是用來告訴 Django 使用一個指定的模板名字,而不是自動生成的預設名字。

自動生成的 context 變數是 question_list。為了覆蓋這個行為,我們提供 context_object_name 屬性,表示我們想使用 latest_question_list。作為一種替換方案,

# polls/views.py

from django.urls import reverse
# ...

# def index(request):
#     latest_question_list = Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5]
#
#     template = loader.get_template('polls/index.html')
#     context = {
#         'latest_question_list': latest_question_list,
#     }
#
#     return HttpResponse(template.render(context, request))

# 用Django 通用檢視 重寫index, detail, results檢視


class IndexView(generic.ListView):
    template_name = 'polls/index.html'
    context_object_name = 'latest_question_list'
    
    def get_queryset(self):
        """返回最近的 5 個投票問題"""
        return Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5]

    
class DetailView(generic.DetailView):
    model = Question
    template_name = 'polls/detail.html'


class ResultsView(generic.DetailView):
    model = Question
    template_name = 'polls/detail.html'
    
    

# def detail(request, question_id):
#     # try:
#     #     question = Question.objects.get(pk=question_id)
#     #
#     # except:
#     #     raise Http404("問題不存在 !")
# 
#     # return HttpResponse(f"當前問題id:{question_id}")
# 
#     question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id)
#     return render(request, 'polls/detail.html', {'question': question})
# 
# 
# # def results(request, question_id):
# #     return HttpResponse(f"問題id:{question_id}的投票結果")
# 
# def results(request, question_id):
#     question = get_object_or_404(Question, pk=question_id)
#     return render(request, 'polls/results.html', {'question': question})


# def vote(request, question_id):
#     return HttpResponse(f"給問題id:{question_id}投票")

3.投票-5自動化測試 模型


自動化測試


一個bug

當設定釋出時間為很遠的未來的時間時,函式.was_published_recently()竟然返回True


$ python manage.py shell

>>> import datetime
>>> from django.utils import timezone
>>> from polls.models import Question
>>> # create a Question instance with pub_date 30 days in the future
>>> future_question = Question(pub_date=timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=30))
>>> # was it published recently?
>>> future_question.was_published_recently()
True



編寫測試用例

針對上面的bug寫個指令碼,用來測試這個bug


# polls/tests.py

import datetime

from django.test import TestCase
from django.utils import timezone

from .models import Question


class QuestionModelTests(TestCase):

    def test_was_published_recently_with_future_question(self):
        """
        was_published_recently() returns False for questions whose pub_date
        is in the future.
        """
        time = timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=30)
        future_question = Question(pub_date=time)
        self.assertIs(future_question.was_published_recently(), False)


我們建立了一個 django.test.TestCase 的子類,並新增了一個方法,此方法建立一個 pub_date 時未來某天的 Question 例項。然後檢查它的 was_published_recently() 方法的返回值——它 應該 是 False。


執行


# python manage.py test polls

(venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>
(venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py test polls
Found 1 test(s).
Creating test database for alias 'default'...
System check identified no issues (0 silenced).
E
======================================================================
ERROR: test_was_published_recently_with_future_questsion (polls.tests.QuestionModelTests)
當日期為 未來 時間時 was_published_recently() 應該返回 False
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite\polls\tests.py", line 16, in test_was_published_recently_with_future_questsion
    time = timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(day=30)
TypeError: 'day' is an invalid keyword argument for __new__()

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 1 test in 0.001s

FAILED (errors=1)
Destroying test database for alias 'default'...

(venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>


image




修復Bug

限制下界為當前

# mysite/polls/models.py

#...

class Question(models.Model):
    question_text = models.CharField(max_length=200)
    pub_date = models.DateTimeField('date published')

    def __str__(self):
        return self.question_text

    # def was_published_recently(self):
    #
    #     return self.pub_date >= timezone.now()-datetime.timedelta(days=1)
    def was_published_recently(self):
        now = timezone.now()
        # 釋出時間比現在小 比一天之前大 (即最近一天釋出)
        return now - datetime.timedelta(days=1) <= self.pub_date <= now
        
#...


測試其他時間段情況

class QuestionModelTests(TestCase):

    def test_was_published_recently_with_future_question(self):
        """
        當日期為 未來 時間時 was_published_recently() 應該返回 False
        """
        time = timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=30)
        future_question = Question(pub_date=time)
        self.assertIs(future_question.was_published_recently(), False)

    def test_was_published_recently_with_recent_question(self):
        """
        當日期為 最近 時間時 was_published_recently() 應該返回 False
        """
        time = timezone.now() - datetime.timedelta(hours=23, minutes=59, seconds=59)
        future_question = Question(pub_date=time)
        self.assertIs(future_question.was_published_recently(), True)

    def test_was_published_recently_with_old_question(self):
        """
        當日期為 過去(至少一天前) 時間時 was_published_recently() 應該返回 False
        """
        time = timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=1, seconds=1)
        future_question = Question(pub_date=time)
        self.assertIs(future_question.was_published_recently(), False)

執行

Microsoft Windows [版本 10.0.22000.978]
(c) Microsoft Corporation。保留所有權利。
(venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py polls test
Unknown command: 'polls'
Type 'manage.py help' for usage.

(venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py test polls
Found 3 test(s).
Creating test database for alias 'default'...
System check identified no issues (0 silenced).
...
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 3 tests in 0.002s

OK
Destroying test database for alias 'default'...

(venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>

3.投票-6自動化測試 檢視

Client 一個工具

這個很像我之前學過的,requests

但他更細節更貼合Django的檢視,它可以直接捕獲檢視函式傳過來的引數

Microsoft Windows [版本 10.0.22000.978]
(c) Microsoft Corporation。保留所有權利。

(venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py shell
Python 3.9.1 (tags/v3.9.1:1e5d33e, Dec  7 2020, 17:08:21) [MSC v.1927 64 bit (AMD64)] on win32
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
(InteractiveConsole)
>>>
>>>
>>> from django.test.utils import setup_test_environment
>>>
>>> setup_test_environment()
>>>
>>>
>>> from django.test import Client
>>>
>>> client = Client()
>>>
>>> r = client.get('/')
Not Found: /
>>>
>>> r.status_code
404
>>>
>>> from django.urls import reverse
>>>
>>> r = client.get(reverse("polls:index"))
>>>
>>> r .status_code
200
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>> r.content
b'\n  <ul>\n    \n        <li>\n          <a href="/polls/5/">Django is nice?</a>\n        </li>\n    \n        <li>\n          <a href="/polls/4/">I love Lisa.</a>\n        </li>\n    \
n        <li>\n          <a href="/polls/3/">do you lik ch best?</a>\n        </li>\n    \n        <li>\n          <a href="/polls/2/">are you okay?</a>\n        </li>\n    \n        <li
>\n          <a href="/polls/1/">are you kidding me ?</a>\n        </li>\n    \n  </ul>\n\n'
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>> r.context['latest_question_list']
<QuerySet [<Question: Django is nice?>, <Question: I love Lisa.>, <Question: do you lik ch best?>, <Question: are you okay?>, <Question: are you kidding me ?>]>
>>>
>>>



一個 Bug

按照邏輯,當投票釋出時間是未來時,檢視應當忽略這些投票


修復 Bug


# polls/views.py

class IndexView(generic.ListView):
    template_name = 'polls/index.html'
    context_object_name = 'latest_question_list'

    def get_queryset(self):
        """返回最近的 5 個投票問題"""
        #return Question.objects.order_by('-pub_date')[:5]
        return Question.objects.filter(pub_date__lte=timezone.now()).order_by('-pub_date')[:5]

測試用例



寫個投票指令碼,用於產生資料

# polls/test.py

def create_question(question_text, days):
    """
    一個公用的快捷函式用於建立投票問題
    """
    time = timezone.now() + datetime.timedelta(days=days)
    return Question.objects.create(question_text=question_text, pub_date=time)



測試類


class QuestionIndexViewTests(TestCase):
    def test_no_questions(self):
        """
        不存在 questions 時候 顯示
        """
        res = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index'))
        self.assertEqual(res.status_code, 200)
        #self.assertContains(res, "沒有【正在進行】的投票。")  # 是否顯示“沒有【正在進行】的投票。”字樣
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(res.context['latest_question_list'], [])

    def test_past_question(self):
        """
        釋出時間是 past 的 question 顯示到首頁
        """
        question = create_question(question_text="Past question.", days=-30)
        res = self.client.get(reverse("polls:index"))
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
            res.context['latest_question_list'],
            [question],
        )

    def test_future_question(self):
        """
        釋出時間是 future 不顯示
        """
        create_question(question_text="未來問題!", days=30)
        res = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index'))
        #self.assertContains(res, "沒有【可用】的投票")
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(res.context['latest_question_list'], [])

    def test_future_question_and_past_question(self):
        """
        存在 past 和 future 的 questions 僅僅顯示 past
        """
        question = create_question(question_text="【過去】問題!", days=-30)
        create_question(question_text="【未來】問題!", days=30)
        response = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index'))
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
            response.context['latest_question_list'],
            [question],
        )

    def test_two_past_question(self):
        """
        首頁可能展示 多個 questions
        """
        q1 = create_question(question_text="過去 問題 1", days=-30)
        q2 = create_question(question_text="過去 問題 2", days=-5)
        res = self.client.get(reverse('polls:index'))
        self.assertQuerysetEqual(
            res.context['latest_question_list'],
            [q2, q1],
        )


執行


(venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>
(venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>python manage.py test polls
Found 8 test(s).
Creating test database for alias 'default'...
System check identified no issues (0 silenced).
........
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ran 8 tests in 0.030s

OK
Destroying test database for alias 'default'...

(venv) E:\PYTHON\0CODE\mysite>

3.投票-7自動化測試 業務邏輯

一個bug

釋出日期時未來的那些投票不會在目錄頁 index 裡出現,但是如果使用者知道或者猜到正確的 URL ,還是可以訪問到它們。所以我們得在 DetailView 裡增加一些約束:


修復

加強限制,搜尋結果只返回時間小於當前的投票

# polls/views.py

class DetailView(generic.DetailView): 
    ...
    def get_queryset(self):
        """
        Excludes any questions that aren't published yet.
        """
        return Question.objects.filter(pub_date__lte=timezone.now())

測試用例

檢驗

# polls/tests.py

class QuestionDetailViewTests(TestCase):
    def test_future_question(self):
        """
        The detail view of a question with a pub_date in the future
        returns a 404 not found.
        """
        future_question = create_question(question_text='Future question.', days=5)
        url = reverse('polls:detail', args=(future_question.id,))
        response = self.client.get(url)
        self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)

    def test_past_question(self):
        """
        The detail view of a question with a pub_date in the past
        displays the question's text.
        """
        past_question = create_question(question_text='Past Question.', days=-5)
        url = reverse('polls:detail', args=(past_question.id,))
        response = self.client.get(url)
        self.assertContains(response, past_question.question_text)

3.投票-8應用的介面和風格

a 標籤

新建 mysite/polls/static 目錄 ,寫入下面的檔案


static/        #框架會從此處收集所有子應用靜態檔案 所以需要建一個新的polls目錄區分不同應用
  polls/       #所以寫一個重複的polls很必要 否則Django直接使用找到的第一個style.css
    style.css   
   

定義 a 標籤

# /style.css

li a{
    color: green;
}



背景圖

新建 images 目錄


static/        #框架會從此處收集所有子應用靜態檔案 所以需要建一個新的polls目錄區分不同應用
  polls/
    style.css   
    images/
      bg.jpg

定義 背景

# /style.css

li a{
    color: green;
}

body {
    background: white url("images/bg.jpg") no-repeat;
}


效果

image

3.投票-9自定義後臺表單

欄位順序

替換註釋部分

# /mysite/polls/templates/admin.py


# admin.site.register(Question)


class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    fields = ['question_text', 'pub_date']  # 列表裡的順序 表示後臺的展示順序

admin.site.register(Question,QuestionAdmin)

效果

image


欄位集


當欄位比較多時,可以把多個欄位分為幾個欄位集

注意變數 fields 變為 fieldsets


class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
    #fields = ['question_text', 'pub_date']  # 列表裡的順序 表示後臺的展示順序
    fieldsets = [
        (None, {'fields': ['question_text']}),
        ('日期資訊', {'fields': ['pub_date']}),

    ]


效果

image


關聯選項

這樣可以在建立 question 時 同時建立 choice

# /mysite/polls/templates/admin.py

image


效果

image



讓卡槽更緊湊

替換 StackedInline 為 TabularInline


#class ChoiceInline(admin.StackedInline):
class ChoiceInline(admin.TabularInline):
    model = Choice
    extra = 3  # 預設有三個卡槽 後面還可以點選增加

效果

image


展示question的更多欄位


Django預設返回模型的 str 方法裡寫的內容

image



新增欄位 list_display 讓其同時展示更多

方法was_published_recently 和他的返回內容 也可以當做欄位展示

# mysite/polls/templates/admin.py

# class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
#     # fields = ['question_text', 'pub_date']  # 列表裡的順序 表示後臺的展示順序
#     fieldsets = [
#         (None, {'fields': ['question_text']}),
#         ('日期資訊', {'fields': ['pub_date']}),

#     ]
    
#     inlines = [ChoiceInline]  # 引用模型

    list_display = ('question_text', 'pub_date', 'was_published_recently')


效果 點選還可以按照該欄位名排序

image

3.投票-9自定義後臺表單-2

用裝飾器最佳化 方法 的顯示

方法 was_published_recently 預設用空格替換下劃線展示欄位

image


用裝飾器最佳化一下

# /mysite/polls/templates/models.py

from django.contrib import admin  # 裝飾器

class Question(models.Model):
    #....

    @admin.display(
            boolean=True,
            ordering='pub_date',
            description='最近釋出的嗎 ?',
        )
    def was_published_recently(self):
        now = timezone.now()
        # 釋出時間距離現在不超過24小時 比現在小 比一天之前大 (即最近一天釋出)

        return (now - datetime.timedelta(days=1)) <= self.pub_date <= now

效果

image


新增過濾器

新增一個 list_filter 欄位即可

# mysite/polls/templates/admin.py

# class QuestionAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
#     # fields = ['question_text', 'pub_date']  # 列表裡的順序 表示後臺的展示順序
#     fieldsets = [
#         (None, {'fields': ['question_text']}),
#         ('日期資訊', {'fields': ['pub_date']}),

#     ]

#     inlines = [ChoiceInline]  # 引用模型

#     list_display = ('question_text', 'pub_date', 'was_published_recently')

    list_filter = ['pub_date']  # 過濾器
    
    

效果

image



檢索框


同上

#...
search_fields = ['question_text', 'pub_date']  # 檢索框 可新增多個欄位

效果

image

3.投票-10自定義後臺風格介面

改掉 'Django 管理'


自定義工程模板(就是在manage.py的同級目錄哪裡) 再建一個templates

/mysite
  /templates  # 新建

修改 mysite/settings.py DIR是一個待檢索路徑 在django啟動時載入

把所有模板檔案存放在同一個templates中也可以 但分開會方便以後擴充套件複用程式碼

 #...

# TEMPLATES = [
#     {
#         'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
        #'DIRS': [],
        'DIRS': [BASE_DIR / 'templates'],
#         'APP_DIRS': True,
#         'OPTIONS': {
#             'context_processors': [
#                 'django.template.context_processors.debug',
#                 'django.template.context_processors.request',
#                 'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
#                 'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
#             ],
#         },
#     },
# ]

新建一個admin資料夾 複製 base_site.html 複製到裡面

base_site.html 是django預設的模板 它存放在 django/contrib/admin/templatesadmin/base_site.html 裡面

可以用 ...\> py -c "import django; print(django.__path__)"命令查詢原始檔django位置

/mysite
  /templates  # 新建
    /admin   # 新建
      base_site.html  # 本地是到E:\PYTHON\0CODE\StudyBuddy\venv\Lib\site-packages\
                      #     django\contrib\admin\templates\admin            複製
  

修改 base_site.html 內容

<!--{% extends "admin/base.html" %}-->

<!--{% block title %}{% if subtitle %}{{ subtitle }} | {% endif %}{{ title }} | {{ site_title|default:_('Django site admin') }}{% endblock %}-->

<!--{% block branding %}-->
<!--<h1 id="site-name"><a href="{% url 'admin:index' %}">{{ site_header|default:_('Django administration') }}</a></h1>-->
<h1 id="site-name"><a href="{% url 'admin:index' %}">投票 管理</a></h1>
<!--{% endblock %}-->

<!--{% block nav-global %}{% endblock %}-->

效果

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注意,所有的 Django 預設後臺模板均可被複寫。若要複寫模板,像你修改 base_site.html 一樣修改其它檔案——先將其從預設目錄中複製到你的自定義目錄,再做修改


當然 也可以用 django.contrib.admin.AdminSite.site_header 來進行簡單的定製。



自定義 子應用 的模板

機智的同學可能會問: DIRS 預設是空的,Django 是怎麼找到預設的後臺模板的?因為 APP_DIRS 被置為 True,Django 會自動在每個應用包內遞迴查詢 templates/ 子目錄(不要忘了 django.contrib.admin 也是一個應用)。

我們的投票應用不是非常複雜,所以無需自定義後臺模板。不過,如果它變的更加複雜,需要修改 Django 的標準後臺模板功能時,修改 應用 的模板會比 工程 的更加明智。這樣,在其它工程包含這個投票應用時,可以確保它總是能找到需要的自定義模板檔案。

更多關於 Django 如何查詢模板的文件,參見 載入模板文件。


自定義 後臺 首頁的模板

同之前base_site.html

複製 E:\PYTHON\0CODE\StudyBuddy\venv\Lib\site-packages\django\contrib\admin\templates\admin\index.html

mysite/templates/admin/index.html 直接修改


結束 撒花! :)

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