Future 模式之 CompletableFuture

來醉一場發表於2019-03-04

CompletableFuture 是Java 8 新增加的Api,該類實現,Future和CompletionStage兩個介面,提供了非常強大的Future的擴充套件功能,可以幫助我們簡化非同步程式設計的複雜性,提供了函數語言程式設計的能力,可以通過回撥的方式處理計算結果,並且提供了轉換和組合CompletableFuture的方法。

一、主動完成計算

  • public T get()

    該方法為阻塞方法,會等待計算結果完成

  • public T get(long timeout,TimeUnit unit)

    有時間限制的阻塞方法

  • public T getNow(T valueIfAbsent)

    立即獲取方法結果,如果沒有計算結束則返回傳的值

  • public T join()

    和 get() 方法類似也是主動阻塞執行緒,等待計算結果。和get() 方法有細微的差別

public class ThreadUtil {
    public static void sleep(long ms) {
        try {
            Thread.sleep(ms);
        } catch (InterruptedException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
            throw new RuntimeException(e.getMessage());
        }
    }
}

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public static void main(String[] args) {

     CompletableFuture<Integer> future = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            ThreadUtil.sleep(200);
            return 10 / 0;
    });
//       System.out.println(future.join());
//       System.out.println(future.get());
    System.out.println(future.getNow(10));
}
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  • public boolean complete(T value)

    立即完成計算,並把結果設定為傳的值,返回是否設定成功

    如果 CompletableFuture 沒有關聯任何的Callback、非同步任務等,如果呼叫get方法,那會一直阻塞下去,可以使用complete方法主動完成計算

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
    CompletableFuture<Integer> future = new CompletableFuture<>();
//        future.get();
    future.complete(10);
}
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  • public boolean completeExceptionally(Throwable ex) 立即完成計算,並丟擲異常

二、執行非同步任務

建立一個非同步任務

  • public static <U> CompletableFuture<U> completedFuture(U value)

    建立一個有初始值的CompletableFuture

  • public static CompletableFuture runAsync(Runnable runnable)

  • public static CompletableFuture runAsync(Runnable runnable, Executor executor)

  • public static <U> CompletableFuture<U> supplyAsync(Supplier<U> supplier)

  • public static <U> CompletableFuture<U> supplyAsync(Supplier<U> supplier, Executor executor)

    以上四個方法中,以 Async 結尾並且沒有 Executor 引數的,會預設使用 ForkJoinPool.commonPool() 作為它的執行緒池執行非同步程式碼。 以run開頭的,因為以 Runable 型別為引數所以沒有返回值。示例:

    public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
        CompletableFuture<Void> future1 = CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> System.out.println("runAsync"));
        CompletableFuture<String> future2 = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> "supplyAsync");
        
        System.out.println(future1.get());
        System.out.println(future2.get());
    }
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結果:

runAsync
null
supplyAsync
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三、計算完成時對結果的處理 whenComplete/exceptionally/handle

當CompletableFuture的計算結果完成,或者丟擲異常的時候,我們可以執行特定的Action。主要是下面的方法:

  • public CompletableFuture whenComplete(BiConsumer<? super T,? super Throwable> action)
  • public CompletableFuture whenCompleteAsync(BiConsumer<? super T,? super Throwable> action)
  • public CompletableFuture whenCompleteAsync(BiConsumer<? super T,? super Throwable> action, Executor executor)

引數型別為 BiConsumer<? super T, ? super Throwable> 會獲取上一步計算的計算結果和異常資訊。以Async結尾的方法可能會使用其它的執行緒去執行,如果使用相同的執行緒池,也可能會被同一個執行緒選中執行,以下皆相同。

   public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
    CompletableFuture<Integer> future = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
        ThreadUtil.sleep(100);
        return 20;
    }).whenCompleteAsync((v, e) -> {
        System.out.println(v);
        System.out.println(e);
    });
    System.out.println(future.get());
}
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  • public CompletableFuture exceptionally(Function<Throwable,? extends T> fn)

    該方法是對異常情況的處理,當函式異常時應該的返回值

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
        CompletableFuture<Integer> future = CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
            ThreadUtil.sleep(100);
            return 10 / 0;
        }).whenCompleteAsync((v, e) -> {
            System.out.println(v);
            System.out.println(e);
        }).exceptionally((e) -> {
            System.out.println(e.getMessage());
            return 30;
        });
        System.out.println(future.get());
    }
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  • public <U>CompletableFuture<U> handle(BiFunction<? super T,Throwable,? extends U> fn)
  • public <U>CompletableFuture<U> handleAsync(BiFunction<? super T,Throwable,? extends U> fn)
  • public <U> CompletableFuture<U> handleAsync(BiFunction<? super T,Throwable,? extends U> fn, Executor executor)

handle 方法和whenComplete方法類似,只不過接收的是一個 BiFunction<? super T,Throwable,? extends U> fn 型別的引數,因此有 whenComplete 方法和 轉換的功能 (thenApply)

    public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
        CompletableFuture<Integer> future = CompletableFuture
                .supplyAsync(() -> 10 / 0)
                .handle((t, e) -> {
                    System.out.println(e.getMessage());
                    return 10;
                });

        System.out.println(future.get());
    }
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四、結果處理轉換 thenApply

CompletableFuture 由於有回撥,可以不必等待一個計算完成而阻塞著呼叫縣城,可以在一個結果計算完成之後緊接著執行某個Action。我們可以將這些操作串聯起來。

  • public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenApply(Function<? super T,? extends U> fn)
  • public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenApplyAsync(Function<? super T,? extends U> fn)
  • public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenApplyAsync(Function<? super T,? extends U> fn, Executor executor)
 public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
        CompletableFuture<Integer> future = CompletableFuture
                .supplyAsync(() -> 1)
                .thenApply((a) -> {
                    System.out.println(a);//1
                    return a * 10;
                }).thenApply((a) -> {
                    System.out.println(a);//10
                    return a + 10;
                }).thenApply((a) -> {
                    System.out.println(a);//20
                    return a - 5;
                });
        System.out.println(future.get());//15
    }
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這些方法不是馬上執行的,也不會阻塞,而是前一個執行完成後繼續執行下一個。

和 handle 方法的區別是,handle 會處理正常計算值和異常,不會丟擲異常。而 thenApply 只會處理正常計算值,有異常則丟擲。

五、純消費 thenAccept/thenAcceptBoth/thenRun

單純的去消費結果而不會返回新的值,因些計算結果為 Void;

  • public CompletableFuture thenAccept(Consumer<? super T> action)
  • public CompletableFuture thenAcceptAsync(Consumer<? super T> action)
  • public CompletableFuture thenAcceptAsync(Consumer<? super T> action, Executor executor)
    public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
        
        CompletableFuture<Void> future = CompletableFuture
                .supplyAsync(() -> 1)
                .thenAccept(System.out::println) //消費 上一級返回值 1
                .thenAcceptAsync(System.out::println); //上一級沒有返回值 輸出null
                
        System.out.println(future.get()); //消費函式沒有返回值 輸出null
    }
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  • public <U> CompletableFuture thenAcceptBoth(CompletionStage<? extends U> other, BiConsumer<? super T,? super U> action)
  • public <U> CompletableFuture thenAcceptBothAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other, BiConsumer<? super T,? super U> action)
  • public <U> CompletableFuture thenAcceptBothAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other, BiConsumer<? super T,? super U> action, Executor executor)

和 thenAccept 相比,引數型別多了一個 CompletionStage<? extends U> other,以上方法會接收上一個CompletionStage返回值,和當前的一個。

    public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
        CompletableFuture
                .supplyAsync(() -> 1)
                .thenAcceptBoth(CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> 2), (a, b) -> {
                    System.out.println(a);
                    System.out.println(b);
                }).get();
    }
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  • public CompletableFuture runAfterBoth(CompletionStage<?> other, Runnable action)

    runAfterBoth 和以上方法不同,傳一個 Runnable 型別的引數,不接收上一級的返回值


更徹底的:

  • public CompletableFuture thenRun(Runnable action)
  • public CompletableFuture thenRunAsync(Runnable action)
  • public CompletableFuture thenRunAsync(Runnable action, Executor executor)

以上是徹底的純消費,完全忽略計算結果

六、組合 thenCompose/thenCombine

  • public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenCompose(Function<? super T,? extends CompletionStage<U>> fn)
  • public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenComposeAsync(Function<? super T,? extends CompletionStage<U>> fn)
  • public <U> CompletableFuture<U> thenComposeAsync(Function<? super T,? extends CompletionStage<U>> fn, Executor executor)

以上接收型別為 Function<? super T,? extends CompletionStage<U>> fn ,fn 接收上一級返回的結果,並返回一個新的 CompletableFuture

   public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {

        CompletableFuture<Integer> future = CompletableFuture
                .supplyAsync(() -> 1)
                .thenApply((a) -> {
                    ThreadUtil.sleep(1000);
                    return a + 10;
                })
                .thenCompose((s) -> {
                    System.out.println(s); //11
                    return CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> s * 5);
                });

        System.out.println(future.get());//55
    }
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  • public <U,V> CompletableFuture thenCombine(CompletionStage<? extends U> other, BiFunction<? super T,? super U,? extends V> fn)
  • public <U,V> CompletableFuture thenCombineAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other, BiFunction<? super T,? super U,? extends V> fn)
  • public <U,V> CompletableFuture thenCombineAsync(CompletionStage<? extends U> other, BiFunction<? super T,? super U,? extends V> fn, Executor executor)

兩個CompletionStage是並行執行的,它們之間並沒有先後依賴順序,other並不會等待先前的CompletableFuture執行完畢後再執行。

public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {

        Random random = new Random();
        CompletableFuture<Integer> future = CompletableFuture
                .supplyAsync(() -> {
                    ThreadUtil.sleep(random.nextInt(1000));
                    System.out.println("supplyAsync");
                    return 2;
                }).thenApply((a) -> {
                    ThreadUtil.sleep(random.nextInt(1000));
                    System.out.println("thenApply");
                    return a * 3;
                })
                .thenCombine(CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
                    ThreadUtil.sleep(random.nextInt(1000));
                    System.out.println("thenCombineAsync");
                    return 10;
                }), (a, b) -> {
                    System.out.println(a);
                    System.out.println(b);
                    return a + b;
                });

        System.out.println(future.get());
    }
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thenCombine 和 supplyAsync 不一定哪個先哪個後,是並行執行的。

七、acceptEither / applyToEither

  • public CompletableFuture acceptEither(CompletionStage<? extends T> other, Consumer<? super T> action)
  • public CompletableFuture acceptEitherAsync(CompletionStage<? extends T> other, Consumer<? super T> action)
  • public CompletableFuture acceptEitherAsync(CompletionStage<? extends T> other, Consumer<? super T> action, Executor executor)

先看示例:

    public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
        Random random = new Random();
        CompletableFuture
                .supplyAsync(() -> {
                    ThreadUtil.sleep(random.nextInt(1000));
                    return "A";
                })
                .acceptEither(CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
                    ThreadUtil.sleep(random.nextInt(1000));
                    return "B";
                }), System.out::println)
                .get();
    }
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以上程式碼有時輸出A,有時輸出B,哪個Future先執行完就會根據它的結果計算。

acceptEither方法是當任意一個 CompletionStage 完成的時候,action 這個消費者就會被執行。這個方法返回 CompletableFuture


  • public <U> CompletableFuture<U> applyToEither(CompletionStage<? extends T> other, Function<? super T,U> fn)
  • public <U> CompletableFuture<U> applyToEitherAsync(CompletionStage<? extends T> other, Function<? super T,U> fn)
  • public <U> CompletableFuture<U> applyToEitherAsync(CompletionStage<? extends T> other, Function<? super T,U> fn, Executor executor)

applyToEither 方法是當任意一個 CompletionStage 完成的時候,fn會被執行,它的返回值會當作新的CompletableFuture<U>的計算結果。

acceptEither 沒有返回值,applyToEither 有返回值

八、allOf / anyOf

  • public static CompletableFuture allOf(CompletableFuture<?>... cfs)

這個方法的意思是把有方法都執行完才往下執行,沒有返回值

   public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {

        Random random = new Random();
        CompletableFuture.allOf(
                CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> {
                    ThreadUtil.sleep(random.nextInt(1000));
                    System.out.println(1);
                }),
                CompletableFuture.runAsync(() -> {
                    ThreadUtil.sleep(random.nextInt(1000));
                    System.out.println(2);
                }))
                .get();

    }
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有時輸出1 2 有時輸出 2 1


  • public static CompletableFuture anyOf(CompletableFuture<?>... cfs)

    任務一個方法執行完都往下執行,返回一個Object型別的值

      public static void main(String[] args) throws ExecutionException, InterruptedException {
            Random random = new Random();
    
            Object obj = CompletableFuture.anyOf(
                    CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
                        ThreadUtil.sleep(random.nextInt(1000));
                        return 1;
                    }),
                    CompletableFuture.supplyAsync(() -> {
                        ThreadUtil.sleep(random.nextInt(1000));
                        return 2;
                    })).get();
    
            System.out.println(obj);
        }
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    輸出結果有時為1 有時間為 2

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