瞭解了這些才能開始發揮jQuery的威力

謙行發表於2013-10-08

由於當前jQuery如此的如雷貫耳,相信不用介紹什麼是jQuery了,公司程式碼中廣泛應用了jQuery,但我在看一些小朋友的程式碼時發現一個問題,小朋友們使用的僅僅是jQuery的皮毛,只是使用id選擇器與attr方法,還有幾個動畫,如果只是如此,相比於其帶來的開銷,其實還不如不使用,下面介紹幾個jQuery常用的方法,來讓jQuery的威力發揮出來,否則只用有限的幾個方法,相對於執行速度問題,真不如不用jQuery。

jQuery如此之好用,和其在獲取物件時使用與CSS選擇器相容的語法有很大關係,畢竟CSS選擇器大家都很熟悉(關於CSS選擇器可以看看十分鐘搞定CSS選擇器),但其強大在相容了CSS3的選擇器,甚至多出了很多。

選擇器

有了CSS選擇器基礎後,看jQuery的選擇器就很簡單了,不再詳細一一說明

基本選擇器  
$(‘*’) 匹配頁面所有元素
$(‘#id’) id選擇器
$(‘.class’) 類選擇器
$(‘element’) 標籤選擇器
   
組合/層次選擇器  
$(‘E,F’) 多元素選擇器,用”,分隔,同時匹配元素E或元素F
$(‘E F’) 後代選擇器,用空格分隔,匹配E元素所有的後代(不只是子元素、子元素向下遞迴)元素F
$(E>F) 子元素選擇器,用”>”分隔,匹配E元素的所有直接子元素
$(‘E+F’) 直接相鄰選擇器,匹配E元素之後相鄰同級元素F
$(‘E~F’) 普通相鄰選擇器(弟弟選擇器),匹配E元素之後同級元素F(無論直接相鄰與否)
$(‘.class1.class2’) 匹配類名中既包含class1又包含class2的元素
基本過濾選擇器  
$("E:first") 所有E中的第一個
$("E:last") 所有E中的最後一個
$("E:not(selector)") 按照selector過濾E
$("E:even")             所有E中index是偶數
$("E:odd")              所有E中index是奇數
$("E:eq(n)")           所有E中index為n的元素
$("E:gt(n)")           所有E中index大於n的元素
$("E:ll(n)")            所有E中index小於n的元素
$(":header") 選擇h1~h7 元素
$("div:animated") 選擇正在執行動畫效果的元素
內容過濾器  
$(‘E:contains(value)’) 內容中包含value值的元素
$(‘E:empty’) 內容為空的元素
$(‘E:has(F)’) 子元素中有F的元素,$(‘div:has(a)’):包含a標籤的div
$(‘E: parent’) 父元素是E的元素,$(‘td: parent’):父元素是td的元素
視覺化選擇器  
$(‘E:hidden’) 所有被隱藏的E
$(‘E:visible’) 所有可見的E
屬性過濾選擇器  
$(‘E[attr]’) 含有屬性attr的E
$(‘E[attr=value]’) 屬性attr=value的E
$(‘E[attr !=value]’) 屬性attr!=value的E
$(‘E[attr ^=value]’) 屬性attr以value開頭的E
$(‘E[attr $=value]’) 屬性attr以value結尾的E
$(‘E[attr *=value]’) 屬性attr包含value的E
$(‘E[attr][attr *=value]’) 可以連用
子元素過濾器  
$(‘E:nth-child(n)’) E的第n個子節點
$(‘E:nth-child(3n+1)’) E的index符合3n+1表示式的子節點
$(‘E:nth-child(even)’) E的index為偶數的子節點
$(‘E:nth-child(odd)’) E的index為奇數的子節點
$(‘E:first-clild’) 所有E的第一個子節點
$(‘E:last-clild’) 所有E的最後一個子節點
$(‘E:only-clild’) 只有唯一子節點的E的子節點
表單元素選擇器  
$(‘E:type’) 特定型別的input
$(‘:checked’) 被選中的checkbox或radio
$(‘option: selected’) 被選中的option

篩選方法

.find(selector) 查詢集合每個元素的子節點

Get the descendants(子節點) of each element in the current set of matched elements, filtered by a selector, jQuery object, or element.

$('li.item-ii').find('li').css('background-color', 'red');

 

.filter(selector) 過濾當前集合內元素

Reduce(減少) the set of matched elements to those that match the selector or pass the function's test.

$('li').filter(':even').css('background-color', 'red');

基本方法

.ready(handler) 文件載入完成後執行的方法,區別於window.onload

Specify a function to execute when the DOM is fully loaded.

$(document).ready(function() {
  // Handler for .ready() called.
});

 

.each(function(index,element)) 遍歷集合內每個元素

Iterate over a jQuery object, executing a function for each matched element.

$("li" ).each(function( index ) {
  console.log( index + ": " + $(this).text() );
});

 

jQuery.extend( target [, object1 ] [, objectN ] ) 合併物件

Merge the contents of two or more objects together into the first object.

var object = $.extend({}, object1, object2);

獲取元素

.eq(index) 按index獲取jQuery物件集合中的某個特定jQuery物件

Reduce the set of matched elements to the one at the specified index.

.eq(-index) 按逆序index獲取jQuery物件集合中的某個特定jQuery物件

  • An integer indicating the position of the element, counting backwards from the last element in the set.

$( "li" ).eq( 2 ).css( "background-color", "red" );

 

.get(index) 獲取jQuery集合物件中某個特定index的DOM物件(將jQuery物件自動轉換為DOM物件)

Retrieve one of the DOM elements matched by the jQuery object.

console.log( $( "li" ).get( -1 ) );

.get() 將jQuery集合物件轉換為DOM集合物件並返回

Retrieve the DOM elements matched by the jQuery object.

console.log( $( "li" ).get() );

 

.index() / .index(selector)/ .index(element) 從給定集合中查詢特定元素index

Search for a given element from among the matched elements.

1. 沒引數返回第一個元素index

2.如果引數是DOM物件或者jQuery物件,則返回引數在集合中的index

3.如果引數是選擇器,返回第一個匹配元素index,沒有找到返回-1

var listItem = $( "#bar" );
alert( "Index: " + $( "li" ).index( listItem ) );

 

.clone([withDataAndEvents][,deepWithDataAndEvents]) 建立jQuery集合的一份deep copy(子元素也會被複制),預設不copy物件的shuju和繫結事件

Create a deep copy of the set of matched elements.

$( ".hello" ).clone().appendTo( ".goodbye" );

 

.parent([selector]) 獲取jQuery物件符合selector的元素

Get the parent of each element in the current set of matched elements, optionally filtered by a selector.

$( "li.item-a" ).parent('ul').css( "background-color", "red" );

 

.parents([selector]) 獲取jQuery物件符合選擇器的祖先元素

Get the ancestors of each element in the current set of matched elements, optionally filtered by a selector.

$( "span.selected" ) .parents( "div" ) .css( "border", "2px red solid" )

插入元素

.append(content[,content]) / .append(function(index,html)) 向物件尾部追加內容

Insert content, specified by the parameter, to the end of each element in the set of matched elements.

1. 可以一次新增多個內容,內容可以是DOM物件、HTML string、 jQuery物件

2. 如果引數是function,function可以返回DOM物件、HTML string、 jQuery物件,引數是集合中的元素位置與原來的html值

$( ".inner" ).append( "<p>Test</p>" );
$( "body" ).append( $newdiv1, [ newdiv2, existingdiv1 ] );
$( "p" ).append( "<strong>Hello</strong>" );
$( "p" ).append( $( "strong" ) );
$( "p" ).append( document.createTextNode( "Hello" ) );

 

.appendTo(target) 把物件插入到目標元素尾部,目標元素可以是selector, DOM物件, HTML string, 元素集合,jQuery物件;

Insert every element in the set of matched elements to the end of the target.

$( "h2" ).appendTo( $( ".container" ) );
$( "<p>Test</p>" ).appendTo( ".inner" );

 

.prepend(content[,content]) / .prepend(function(index,html)) 向物件頭部追加內容,用法和append類似

Insert content, specified by the parameter, to the beginning of each element in the set of matched elements.

$( ".inner" ).prepend( "<p>Test</p>" );

 

.prependTo(target) 把物件插入到目標元素頭部,用法和prepend類似

Insert every element in the set of matched elements to the beginning of the target.

$( "<p>Test</p>" ).prependTo( ".inner" );

 

.before([content][,content]) / .before(function) 在物件前面(不是頭部,而是外面,和物件並列同級)插入內容,引數和append類似

Insert content, specified by the parameter, before each element in the set of matched elements.

$( ".inner" ).before( "<p>Test</p>" );
$( ".container" ).before( $( "h2" ) );
$( "p" ).first().before( newdiv1, [ newdiv2, existingdiv1 ] );
$( "p" ).before( "<b>Hello</b>" );
$( "p" ).before( document.createTextNode( "Hello" ) );

 

.insertBefore(target) 把物件插入到target之前(同樣不是頭部,是同級)

Insert every element in the set of matched elements before the target.

$( "h2" ).insertBefore( $( ".container" ) );

 

.after([content][,content]) / .after(function(index)) 和before相反,在物件後面(不是尾部,而是外面,和物件並列同級)插入內容,引數和append類似

Insert content, specified by the parameter, after each element in the set of matched elements.

$( ".inner" ).after( "<p>Test</p>" );
$( "p" ).after( document.createTextNode( "Hello" ) );

 

.insertAfter(target) 和insertBefore相反,把物件插入到target之後(同樣不是尾部,是同級)

Insert every element in the set of matched elements after the target.

$( "<p>Test</p>" ).insertAfter( ".inner" );
$( "p" ).insertAfter( "#foo" );

包裹元素

.wrap(wrappingElement) / .wrap(function(index)) 為每個物件包裹一層HTML結構,可以是selector, element, HTML string, jQuery object

Wrap an HTML structure around each element in the set of matched elements.

<div class="container">
  <div class="inner">Hello</div>
  <div class="inner">Goodbye</div>
</div>
$( ".inner" ).wrap( "<div class='new'></div>" );
<div class="container">
  <div class="new">
    <div class="inner">Hello</div>
  </div>
  <div class="new">
    <div class="inner">Goodbye</div>
  </div>
</div>

 

.wrapAll(wrappingElement) 把所有匹配物件包裹在同一個HTML結構中

Wrap an HTML structure around all elements in the set of matched elements.

<div class="container">
  <div class="inner">Hello</div>
  <div class="inner">Goodbye</div>
</div>
$( ".inner" ).wrapAll( "<div class='new' />");
<div class="container">
  <div class="new">
    <div class="inner">Hello</div>
    <div class="inner">Goodbye</div>
  </div>
</div>

 

.wrapInner(wrappingElement) / .wrapInner(function(index)) 包裹匹配元素內容,這個不好說,一看例子就懂

Wrap an HTML structure around the content of each element in the set of matched elements.

<div class="container">
  <div class="inner">Hello</div>
  <div class="inner">Goodbye</div>
</div>
$( ".inner" ).wrapInner( "<div class='new'></div>");
<div class="container">
  <div class="inner">
    <div class="new">Hello</div>
  </div>
  <div class="inner">
    <div class="new">Goodbye</div>
  </div>
</div>

.unwap() 把DOM元素的parent移除

Remove the parents of the set of matched elements from the DOM, leaving the matched elements in their place.

pTags = $( "p" ).unwrap();

屬性方法

.val() 獲取元素的value值

Get the current value of the first element in the set of matched elements.

$( "input:checkbox:checked" ).val();

.val(value) /.val(function(index,value)) 為元素設定值,index和value同樣是指在為集合中每個元素設定的時候該元素的index和原value值

Set the value of each element in the set of matched elements.

$( "input" ).val( ‘hello’ );
$( "input" ).on( "blur", function() {
  $( this ).val(function( i, val ) {
    return val.toUpperCase();
  });
});

 

.attr(attributeName) 獲取元素特定屬性的值

Get the value of an attribute for the first element in the set of matched elements.

var title = $( "em" ).attr( "title" );

.attr(attributeName,value) / .attr(attributesJson) / .attr( attributeName, function(index, attr) ) 為元素屬性賦值

Set one or more attributes for the set of matched elements.

$( "#greatphoto" ).attr( "alt", "Beijing Brush Seller" );

$( "#greatphoto" ).attr({
  alt: "Beijing Brush Seller",
  title: "photo by Kelly Clark"
});

$( "#greatphoto" ).attr( "title", function( i, val ) {
  return val + " - photo by Kelly Clark";
});

 

.prop( propertyName ) 獲取元素某特性值

Get the value of a property for the first element in the set of matched elements.

$( elem ).prop( "checked" )

.prop(propertyName,value) / .prop(propertiesJson) / .prop(propertyName,function(index,oldPropertyValue)) 為元素特性賦值

Set one or more properties for the set of matched elements.

$( "input" ).prop( "checked", true );

$( "input[type='checkbox']" ).prop( "checked", function( i, val ) {
  return !val;
});

$( "input[type='checkbox']" ).prop({
  disabled: true
});

關於attribute 和 property區別可以看看 jQuery的attr與prop

 

.data(key,value) / .value(json) 為HTML DOM元素新增資料,HTML5元素 已有data-*屬性

Store arbitrary data associated with the matched elements.The .data() method allows us to attach data of any type to DOM elements in a way that is safe from circular references and therefore from memory leaks.

$( "body" ).data( "foo", 52 );
$( "body" ).data( "bar", { myType: "test", count: 40 } );
$( "body" ).data( { baz: [ 1, 2, 3 ] } );

 

.data(key) / .data() 獲取獲取data設定的資料或者HTML5 data-*屬性中的資料

Return the value at the named data store for the first element in the jQuery collection, as set by data(name, value) or by an HTML5 data-* attribute.

alert( $( "body" ).data( "foo" ) );
alert( $( "body" ).data() );

alert( $( "body" ).data( "foo" ) ); // undefined
$( "body" ).data( "bar", "foobar" );
alert( $( "body" ).data( "bar" ) ); // foobar

CSS方法

.hasClass(calssName) 檢查元素是否包含某個class,返回true/false

Determine whether any of the matched elements are assigned the given class.

$( "#mydiv" ).hasClass( "foo" )

 

.addClass(className) / .addClass(function(index,currentClass)) 為元素新增class,不是覆蓋原class,是追加,也不會檢查重複

Adds the specified class(es) to each of the set of matched elements.

$( "p" ).addClass( "myClass yourClass" );

$( "ul li" ).addClass(function( index ) {
  return "item-" + index;
});

 

removeClass([className]) / ,removeClass(function(index,class)) 移除元素單個/多個/所有class

Remove a single class, multiple classes, or all classes from each element in the set of matched elements.

$( "p" ).removeClass( "myClass yourClass" );

$( "li:last" ).removeClass(function() {
  return $( this ).prev().attr( "class" );
});

 

.toggleClass(className) /.toggleClass(className,switch) /  .toggleClass([switch]) / .toggleClass( function(index, class, switch) [, switch ] ) toggle是切換的意思,方法用於切換,switch是個bool型別值,這個看例子就明白

Add or remove one or more classes from each element in the set of matched elements, depending on either the class's presence or the value of the switch argument.

<div class="tumble">Some text.</div>

第一次執行

$( "div.tumble" ).toggleClass( "bounce" )
<div class="tumble bounce">Some text.</div>

第二次執行

$( "div.tumble" ).toggleClass( "bounce" )
<div class="tumble">Some text.</div>

 

$( "#foo" ).toggleClass( className, addOrRemove );

// 兩種寫法意思一樣

if ( addOrRemove ) {
  $( "#foo" ).addClass( className );
} else {
  $( "#foo" ).removeClass( className );
}

 

$( "div.foo" ).toggleClass(function() {
  if ( $( this ).parent().is( ".bar" ) ) {
    return "happy";
  } else {
    return "sad";
  }
});

 

.css(propertyName) / .css(propertyNames) 獲取元素style特定property的值

Get the value of style properties for the first element in the set of matched elements.

var color = $( this ).css( "background-color" );

 var styleProps = $( this ).css([
    "width", "height", "color", "background-color"
  ]);

.css(propertyName,value) / .css( propertyName, function(index, value) ) / .css( propertiesJson ) 設定元素style特定property的值

Set one or more CSS properties for the set of matched elements.

$( "div.example" ).css( "width", function( index ) {
  return index * 50;
});

$( this ).css( "width", "+=200" );


$( this ).css( "background-color", "yellow" );

   $( this ).css({
      "background-color": "yellow",
      "font-weight": "bolder"
    });

 

事件方法

.bind( eventType [, eventData ], handler(eventObject) ) 繫結事件處理程式,這個經常用,不多解釋

Attach a handler to an event for the elements.

$( "#foo" ).bind( "click", function() {
  alert( "User clicked on 'foo.'" );
});

.delegate( selector, eventType, handler(eventObject) ) 這個看官方解釋吧

Attach a handler to one or more events for all elements that match the selector, now or in the future, based on a specific set of root elements.

$( "table" ).on( "click", "td", function() {//這樣把td的click事件處理程式綁在table上
  $( this ).toggleClass( "chosen" );
});

.on( events [, selector ] [, data ], handler(eventObject) ) 1.7後推薦使用,取代bind、live、delegate

Attach an event handler function for one or more events to the selected elements.

$( "#dataTable tbody" ).on( "click", "tr", function() {
  alert( $( this ).text() );
});

關於bind、live、delegate、on的區別可以看看 jQuery三種事件繫結方式.bind(),.live(),.delegate()

 

.trigger( eventType [, extraParameters ] ) JavaScript出發元素繫結事件

Execute all handlers and behaviors attached to the matched elements for the given event type.

$( "#foo" ).trigger( "click" );

 

.toggle( [duration ] [, complete ] ) / .toggle( options ) 隱藏或顯示元素

Display or hide the matched elements.

$( ".target" ).toggle();
$( "#clickme" ).click(function() {
  $( "#book" ).toggle( "slow", function() {
    // Animation complete.
  });
});

動畫/Ajax

這兩部分內容比較多,不是簡單的一個function就可以的,這裡只是列舉一下常用方法名,關於其使用可以看看 jQuery API animation ajax ,或者 jQuery的動畫處理總結ASP.NET 使用Ajax

動畫

queue/dequeue/clearQueue

delay/stop

fadeIn/fadeOut/fadeTo/fadeToggle

slideUp/slideDown/slideToggle

show/hide

 

Ajax

$.ajax

$.load

$.get

最後

瞭解了上面這些內容,使用jQuery進行web開發的時候就可以體驗到jQuery的威力了。本文不是jQuery學習指南,僅僅是個常用方法介紹,如果大家想學習jQuery,最好的教材還是jQuery API,本文中示例與英文解釋全部來源於jQuery API。 另外文中介紹內容遠遠不是jQuery全部,但是首先掌握了這些可以對jQuery有一個比較全面的認識,然後再學習其他內容的時候就可以遊刃有餘了。

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