[譯] Dweb: 什麼是 Dweb?(中英)

西樓聽雨發表於2018-08-18
原文hacks.mozilla.org/2018/07/int…
作者Dietrich Ayala 發表時間:July 31, 2018
譯者:西樓聽雨  發表時間:2018/8/18
原文是 Mozilla 開發者網站釋出的關於 Dweb 的概念、應用及使用案例介紹的系列文章中的第一篇。(轉載請註明出處)

本系列各篇章的翻譯連結如下:

  1. [譯] Dweb: 什麼是 Dweb?(中英)
  2. [譯] Dweb: 基於 Secure Scuttlebutt 的社交訊息流 (中英)
  3. [譯] Dweb: 用 WebTorrent 搭建一個可復原的 Web (中英)
  4. [譯] Dweb: 基於 Beaker 的去中心化 Web (中英)
  5. [譯] Dweb: 基於 IPFS 的去中心化 Web 檔案系統 (中英)
  6. 待發布······

什麼是 Dweb?

The web is the most successful programming platform in history, resulting in the largest open and accessible collection of human knowledge ever created. So yeah, it’s pretty great. But there are a set of common problems that the web is not able to address.

Web 可以說是史上最成功的程式設計平臺,它產生了人類歷史上最大規模的開放、便捷的知識庫。這很好,很不錯。不過現在它還存在一系列普遍的問題無法解決。

Have you ever…

  • Had a website or app you love get updated to a new version, and you wished to go back to the old version?
  • Tried to share a file between your phone and laptop or tv or other device while not connected to the internet? And without using a cloud service?
  • Gone to a website or service that you depend on, only to find it’s been shut down? Whether it got bought and enveloped by some internet giant, or has gone out of business, or whatever, it was critical for you and now it’s gone.

比如,你是不是也面臨過以下這些情形?

  • 你喜歡的一個網站或應用升級到了一個新的版本,而你卻想回到之前的舊版本。
  • 在沒有聯網的情況下想在你的手機和筆記本、電視等其他裝置之間分享檔案。或者即便聯網了,但他們又沒安裝雲服務。(譯註:這裡應該指雲同步或者檔案分享類軟體或服務)
  • 前往某個網站或服務,就為了驗證它是否已經停止服務了。不管它是被某個網際網路巨頭收購後封閉了,還是破產了,或者其他原因,總之它對你來說非常重要,但現在它不在了。

Additionally, the web is facing critical internet health issues, seemingly intractable due to the centralization of power in the hands of a few large companies who have economic interests in not solving these problems:

  • Hate speech, harassment and other attacks on social networks
  • Repeated attacks on Net Neutrality by governments and corporations
  • Mass human communications compromised and manipulated for profit or political gain
  • Censorship and whole internet shutdowns by governments

另外一方面,Web 也正面臨嚴重的網際網路(環境)健康問題,而且看上去這個問題難以解決,因為權利集中在少數的大公司手中,出於經濟利益的考慮,他們不願解決這些問題:

  • 社交網路上的詆譭性言論、(資訊)騷擾,等其他攻擊
  • 政府和企業對網路中立性的反覆傷害
  • 為了利益或政治目的的輿論操縱和造謠
  • 正_攵_廣_付實施的(內容)審查和全面斷網

These are some of the problems and use-cases addressed by a new wave of projects, products and platforms building on or with web technologies but with a twist: They’re using decentralized or distributed network architectures instead of the centralized networks we use now, in order to let the users control their online experience without intermediaries, whether government or corporate. This new structural approach gives rise to the idea of a ‘decentralized web’, often conveniently shortened to ‘dweb’.

現在新出現的一波基於 Web 技術的專案、產品和平臺已經解決了其中的一些問題和使用場景——雖然力量還很薄弱:他們使用的是去中心化和分散式的網路架構,而不是現在我們使用的中心式的網路,以此來讓使用者擁有線上體驗的自主權,無需中間人(不管是政府還是企業)的參與。隨著這種新式的結構浮現的便是“decentrailized web”(去中心化的 Web)的概念,習慣簡稱為“dweb”。

You can read a number of perspectives on centralization, and why it’s an important issue for us to tackle, in Mozilla’s Internet Health Report, released earlier this year.

在 Mozilla 今年早些時候釋出的網際網路健康報告中,你可以瞭解到關於中心式(網路)的許多方面,以及為何解決這個問題對我們來說是如此的重要。

Dweb 中的這個 “D” 是什麼?

The “d” in “dweb” usually stands for either decentralized or distributed.
What is the difference between distributed vs decentralized architectures? Here’s a visual illustration:

“dweb”中的這個“d”通常指的是 decentralized (去中心化的) 或者 distributed (分散式的)。這兩種架構之間的區別又是什麼呢?這裡有一張視覺化的說明:

[譯] Dweb: 什麼是 Dweb?(中英)

(Image credit: Openclipart.org, your best source for technical clip art with animals)

(圖片來源:Openclipart.org——最好的技術類動物剪貼畫作品素材網站)

In centralized systems, one entity has control over the participation of all other entities. In decentralized systems, power over participation is divided between more than one entity. In distributed systems, no one entity has control over the participation of any other entity.

在中心化的(Centralized)系統中,一個實體擁有所有其他所有參與者的控制權;在去中心化的系統中,參與者的權利被分發到超過一個以上的實體上;而在分散式系統中,沒有任何一個實體擁有任何其他一個參與者的控制權。

Examples of centralization on the web today are the domain name system (DNS), servers run by a single company, and social networks designed for controlled communication.

在現今的 Web 中,中心化的例子包括域名系統(DNS)、由一家公司運營的服務,以及通訊可受控制的社交網路。

A few examples of decentralized or distributed projects that became household names are Napster, BitTorrent and Bitcoin.

而去中心化和分散式的例子則較少,具體專案有 NapsterBitTorrentBitcoin (比特幣)。

Some of these new dweb projects are decentralizing identity and social networking. Some are building distributed services in or on top of the existing centralized web, and others are distributed application protocols or platforms that run the web stack (HTML, JavaScript and CSS) on something other than HTTP. Also, there are blockchain-based platforms that run anything as long as it can be compiled into WebAssembly.

這些 dweb 專案,其中一些旨在對身份和社交網路去中心化,另外一些旨在在現有的中心式網路之上/之中構建分散式的服務,其他的則是可以無需 HTTP 來執行 Web 棧(HTML、JavaScript、CSS)的分散式應用協議和平臺。除此之外,還有可以執行任何東西的基於區塊鏈的平臺——只要它可以被編譯為 WebAssembly

進入正題(Here We Go)

Mozilla’s mission is to put users in control of their experiences online. While some of these projects and technologies turn the familiar on its head (no servers! no DNS! no HTTP(S)!), it’s important for us to explore their potential for empowerment.

Mozilla 的使命就是讓使用者擁有對自己的線上體驗的控制權。雖然某些專案和技術還只是頭腦中的概念(無伺服器!無 DNS!無 HTTP/HTTPs!) ,不過這對我們認識到它們在權利分配方面的潛力非常重要。

This is the first post in a series. We’ll introduce projects that cover social communication, online identity, file sharing, new economic models, as well as high-level application platforms. All of this work is either decentralized or distributed, minimizing or entirely removing centralized control.

本文是系列文章中的第一篇。接下來我們還會介紹涉及到社交通訊、線上身份、檔案分享、新經濟模型,以及高階應用程式平臺等的專案。所有這些工作(專案)都是去中心化或分散式的,旨在最小化或者徹底擺脫中心式的控制。

You’ll meet the people behind these projects, and learn about their values and goals, the technical architectures used, and see basic code examples of using the project or platform.

你也將接觸到這些專案背後的人員,瞭解他們的價值觀和理想、使用的技術架構,以及瀏覽一些使用這些專案和平臺的基礎程式碼示例。

So leave your assumptions at the door, and get ready to learn what a web more fully in users’ control could look like.

所以,請在進入正題前留下你的設想,然後準備好去了解一個使用者自己更全面地擁有控制權的 Web 的樣子。

Note: This post is the introduction. The following posts in the series are listed below.

注意:這篇貼文是簡介篇。本系列隨後的貼文如下。(譯註:以下,中文為翻譯連結,英文為原文連結)

關於 Dietrich Ayala

Dietrich Ayala is a developer advocate at Mozilla, the non-profit makers of the Firefox web browser, where he's been working for internet freedom and shipping open source software to hundreds of millions of people for over a decade.

Dietrich Ayala 是 Mozilla ——Firefox 瀏覽器背後的非盈利的開發方——的一名開發人員倡導者,在這裡,他已經為網路自由及為數億人帶來開源軟體工作了10年之久了。

他的主頁metafluff.com/

他的Twitter@dietrich


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