列印 Python 的一切 —— pprint & beeprint

戴德滿發表於2019-02-28
列印,是所有程式設計師從小白時期就具備的神技,遇事不決列印一下,是 DEBUG 最簡單且不依賴 IDE 的方式,自定義各種日誌輸出,也是專案成型後必備功能。
但是為了優雅的列印格式,往往需要對各種物件進行特殊格式化,可遇到字典和大段字串也不好處理。
這篇文章介紹兩個庫模組,可以快速有效的解決所有 Python 物件的列印輸出,沒錯,所有。

pprint

這是 Python 標準庫模組,全稱 pretty printer,可以讓各種資料結構更美觀地輸出。

>>> print(game)
{'players': [{'name': 'player_1', 'hp': 3}, {'name': 'player_2', 'hp': 5}]}
>>> pprint.pprint(game, width=4)
{'players': [{'hp': 3,
              'name': 'player_1'},
             {'hp': 5,
              'name': 'player_2'}]}
複製程式碼


pprint.pprint(object, stream=None, indent=1, width=80, depth=None, *, compact=False)

  • stream:輸出流,預設是 sys.stdout ,也就是螢幕輸出。
  • indent:縮排空格數。
  • width:每行最大寬度,預設為80個字元,超過寬度會換行,但如果單個物件超過不會被換行,比如一段長字串。
  • depth:限制資料的層級,設定後可以限制過多的巢狀。
  • compact:3.4版本新加入的引數,若設為 True ,則輸出會在接近 width 限制才進行換行。
>>> pprint.pprint(stuff, indent=4)
[   ['spam', 'eggs', 'lumberjack', 'knights', 'ni'],
    'spam',
    'eggs',
    'lumberjack',
    'knights',
    'ni']
>>> pprint.pprint(stuff, width=41, compact=True)
[['spam', 'eggs', 'lumberjack',
  'knights', 'ni'],
 'spam', 'eggs', 'lumberjack', 'knights',
 'ni']
複製程式碼


pprint.pformat(object, indent=1, width=80, depth=None, *, compact=False)

pprint.pprint 的區別是,該函式不會列印到輸出流,而是返回一個格式化字串。

>>> stuff = ['spam', 'eggs', 'lumberjack', 'knights', 'ni']
>>> stuff.insert(0, stuff)
>>> pprint.pprint(stuff)
[<Recursion on list with id=...>,
 'spam',
 'eggs',
 'lumberjack',
 'knights',
 'ni']
複製程式碼


classpprint.PrettyPrinter(indent=1, width=80, depth=None, stream=None, *, compact=False)

上文兩個函式,實際都是構建一個 PrettyPrinter 物件,並呼叫對應的方法,所以當需要複用格式化的時候,我們可以提前構建該物件。

>>> pp = pprint.PrettyPrinter(width=40, compact=True)
>>> pp.pprint(game)
{'players': [{'hp': 3,
              'name': 'player_1'},
             {'hp': 5,
              'name': 'player_2'}]}
>>> pp.pprint(stuff)
['spam', 'eggs', 'lumberjack',
 'knights', 'ni']
複製程式碼


更多用法可以參考官方文件:

8.11. pprint - Data pretty printer - Python 3.5.6 documentation​
docs.python.org

pprint 對字典 列表這類資料結構確實很好用,但遇到類、字串仍然和 print 差別不大,因此這裡有一個國人寫的第三方庫介紹給大家。


beeprint

除了和 pprint 一樣支援 dict, list, tuple 等常規變數的格式化輸出,還支援 object 變數列印、長文字自動剪下。

下面是作者 README 中和 pprint 的對比:

pprint:

{'entities': {'hashtags': [],
              'urls': [{'display_url': 'tumblr.com/xnr37hf0yz',
                        'expanded_url': 'http://tumblr.com/xnr37hf0yz',
                        'indices': [107, 126],
                        'url': 'http://t.co/cCIWIwg'}],
              'user_mentions': []}}
複製程式碼

beeprint:

{
  'entities': {
    'hashtags': [],
    'urls': [
      {
        'display_url': 'tumblr.com/xnr37hf0yz',
        'expanded_url': 'http://tumblr.com/xnr37hf0yz',
        'indices': [107, 126],
        'url': 'http://t.co/cCIWIwg',
      },
    ],
    'user_mentions': [],
  },
}
複製程式碼


pprint:

<class 'definition.NormalClassNewStyle'>
複製程式碼

beeprint:

class(NormalClassNewStyle):
  dicts: {
  },
  lists: [],
  static_props: 1,
  tuple: (1, 2)
複製程式碼


pprint:

<definition.NormalClassNewStyle object at 0x7f338e5a9dd0>
複製程式碼

beeprint:

instance(NormalClassNewStyle):
  dicts: {
  },
  lists: [],
  say_hi: 'hello world',
  static_props: 1,
  tuple: (1, 2)
複製程式碼


pprint:

[['\nThe sky and the earth were at first one blurred entity like an egg. Pangu was born into it.\n \n\tThe separation of the sky and the earth took eighteen thousand years-the yang which was light and pure rose to become the sky, \tand the yin which was heavy and murky\xef\xbc\x88\xe6\x9c\xa6\xe8\x83\xa7\xe7\x9a\x84\xef\xbc\x89 sank to form the earth. Between them was Pangu, who went through nine \tchanges every day, his wisdom greater than that of the sky and his ability greater than that of the earth. Every day the sky rose ten feet higher, the earth became ten feet thicker, and Pangu grew ten feet taller.\n \nAnother eighteen thousand years passed, and there was an extremely high sky, an extremely thick earth, and an extremely tall Pangu. After Pangu died, his head turned into the Five Sacred Mountains (Mount Tai, Mount Heng, Mount Hua, Mount Heng, Mount Song), his eyes turned into the moon and the sun, his blood changed into water in river and sea, his hair into grass.\n \nIn all, the universe and Pangu combine in one.\n',
  '\n\xe6\x8d\xae\xe6\xb0\x91\xe9\x97\xb4\xe7\xa5\x9e\xe8\xaf\x9d\xe4\xbc\xa0\xe8\xaf\xb4\xe5\x8f\xa4\xe6\x97\xb6\xe7\x9b\x98\xe5\x8f\xa4\xe7\x94\x9f\xe5\x9c\xa8\xe9\xbb\x91\xe6\x9a\x97\xe5\x9b\xa2\xe4\xb8\xad\xef\xbc\x8c\xe4\xbb\x96\xe4\xb8\x8d\xe8\x83\xbd\xe5\xbf\x8d\xe5\x8f\x97\xe9\xbb\x91\xe6\x9a\x97\xef\xbc\x8c\xe7\x94\xa8\xe7\xa5\x9e\xe6\x96\xa7\xe5\x8a\x88\xe5\x90\x91\xe5\x9b\x9b\xe6\x96\xb9\xef\xbc\x8c\xe9\x80\x90\xe6\xb8\x90\xe4\xbd\xbf\xe5\xa4\xa9\xe7\xa9\xba\xe9\xab\x98\xe8\xbf\x9c\xef\xbc\x8c\xe5\xa4\xa7\xe5\x9c\xb0\xe8\xbe\xbd\xe9\x98\x94\xe3\x80\x82\n\t\xe4\xbb\x96\xe4\xb8\xba\xe4\xb8\x8d\xe4\xbd\xbf\xe5\xa4\xa9\xe5\x9c\xb0\xe4\xbc\x9a\xe9\x87\x8d\xe6\x96\xb0\xe5\x90\x88\xe5\xb9\xb6\xef\xbc\x8c\xe7\xbb\xa7\xe7\xbb\xad\xe6\x96\xbd\xe5\xb1\x95\xe6\xb3\x95\xe6\x9c\xaf\xe3\x80\x82\xe6\xaf\x8f\xe5\xbd\x93\xe7\x9b\x98\xe5\x8f\xa4\xe7\x9a\x84\xe8\xba\xab\xe4\xbd\x93\xe9\x95\xbf\xe9\xab\x98\xe4\xb8\x80\xe5\xb0\xba\xef\xbc\x8c\xe5\xa4\xa9\xe7\xa9\xba\xe5\xb0\xb1\xe9\x9a\x8f\xe4\xb9\x8b\xe5\xa2\x9e\xe9\xab\x98\xe4\xb8\x80\xe5\xb0\xba\xef\xbc\x8c\n\t\xe7\xbb\x8f\xe8\xbf\x871.8\xe4\xb8\x87\xe5\xa4\x9a\xe5\xb9\xb4\xe7\x9a\x84\xe5\x8a\xaa\xe5\x8a\x9b\xef\xbc\x8c\xe7\x9b\x98\xe5\x8f\xa4\xe5\x8f\x98\xe6\x88\x90\xe4\xb8\x80\xe4\xbd\x8d\xe9\xa1\xb6\xe5\xa4\xa9\xe7\xab\x8b\xe5\x9c\xb0\xe7\x9a\x84\xe5\xb7\xa8\xe4\xba\xba\xef\xbc\x8c\xe8\x80\x8c\xe5\xa4\xa9\xe7\xa9\xba\xe4\xb9\x9f\xe5\x8d\x87\xe5\xbe\x97\xe9\xab\x98\xe4\xb8\x8d\xe5\x8f\xaf\xe5\x8f\x8a\xef\xbc\x8c\xe5\xa4\xa7\xe5\x9c\xb0\xe4\xb9\x9f\xe5\x8f\x98\xe5\xbe\x97\xe5\x8e\x9a\xe5\xae\x9e\xe6\x97\xa0\xe6\xaf\x94\xe3\x80\x82\xe7\x9b\x98\xe5\x8f\xa4\xe7\x94\x9f\xe5\x89\x8d\xe5\xae\x8c\xe6\x88\x90\xe5\xbc\x80\xe5\xa4\xa9\xe8\xbe\x9f\xe5\x9c\xb0\xe7\x9a\x84\xe4\xbc\x9f\xe5\xa4\xa7\xe4\xb8\x9a\xe7\xbb\xa9\xef\xbc\x8c\xe6\xad\xbb\xe5\x90\x8e\xe6\xb0\xb8\xe8\xbf\x9c\xe7\x95\x99\xe7\xbb\x99\xe5\x90\x8e\xe4\xba\xba\xe6\x97\xa0\xe7\xa9\xb7\xe6\x97\xa0\xe5\xb0\xbd\xe7\x9a\x84\xe5\xae\x9d\xe8\x97\x8f\xef\xbc\x8c\xe6\x88\x90\xe4\xb8\xba\xe4\xb8\xad\xe5\x8d\x8e\xe6\xb0\x91\xe6\x97\x8f\xe5\xb4\x87\xe6\x8b\x9c\xe7\x9a\x84\xe8\x8b\xb1\xe9\x9b\x84\xe3\x80\x82\n']]
複製程式碼

beeprint:

[
  [
    '\nThe sky and the earth were at first one blurred entity like an egg. Pangu
     was born into it.\n \n\tThe separation of the sky and the earth took
     ...(12 hidden lines)',
    '\n據民間神話傳說古時盤古生在黑暗團中,他不能忍受黑暗,用神斧劈向四方,逐漸
     使天空高遠,大地遼闊。\n\t他為不使天地會重新合併,繼續施展法術。每當盤古的
     ...(3 hidden lines)',
  ],
]
複製程式碼


beeprint.pp(o, output=True, max_depth=5, indent=2, width=80, sort_keys=True, config=None, **kwargs):

引數和 pprint 類似,多出了 sort_keys可以列印字典時是否按 key 排序( pprint 是預設排序,不可選),另外還有控制文字裁剪等行為的引數,可以從 beeprint.Config 裡檢視。


該庫的 Github:github.com/panyanyany/…



歡迎關注

列印 Python 的一切 —— pprint & beeprint

微信公眾號:面向人生程式設計

程式設計思維不應只存留在程式碼之中,更應伴隨於整個人生旅途,這個公眾號不只聊技術,還會聊產品/網際網路/經濟學等廣泛話題,所以也歡迎非程式設計師關注。


相關文章