前言
想必handler這個東西已經被討論的天花亂墜了,也經常被我們用在實際開發中,但是其中很多細節知識還是值得我們去學習深究的,比如,每個執行緒是怎麼保證只有一個looper的,Message訊息佇列是通過什麼實現的,handler.sendMessage()和handler.post()有什麼區別,handler是怎麼實現跨執行緒的訊息傳遞等等。本篇也僅在原始碼的角度來探討下其中的問題,水平有限,錯誤請及時指出。
文章可能比較長,請耐心閱讀~
1.基本用法
private Handler mHandler = new Handler(){
@Override
public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
//doSomething
super.handleMessage(msg);
}
};
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Message message = Message.obtain();
message.what=1;
message.obj=new Object();
mHandler.sendMessage(message);
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第二種就是post方式
new Handler().post(new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
//doSomething
}
});
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這裡涉及的記憶體洩漏,先暫不討論,我們先來看看Handler最基本的構造方法有哪些:
- Handler()
- Handler(Callback callback)
- Handler(Looper looper)
- Handler(Looper looper, Callback callback)
- Handler(boolean async)
- Handler(Callback callback, boolean async)
- Handler(Looper looper, Callback callback, boolean async)
我們看過載的最後兩個構造方法就行,因為前面的幾個也是依次呼叫到後的方法
public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) {
if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {
final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass();
if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
(klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " +
klass.getCanonicalName());
}
}
mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
if (mLooper == null) {
throw new RuntimeException(
"Can't create handler inside thread " + Thread.currentThread()
+ " that has not called Looper.prepare()");
}
mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
mCallback = callback;
mAsynchronous = async;
}
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一進來就是一個判斷,眼尖的同學們可能看到了這個log,咦。。這個我好像見過...是的,當這個標誌位位True的時候,這裡會有一個校驗的過程,如果不是靜態的匿名,本地或成員類, 這類可能會產生洩漏,會有一個黃色的警告
接下來是mlooper的賦值,從Looper.myLooper()取出looper,如果為空的話,丟擲一個異常。。相信這個異常同學們也多多少少遇到過...扎心了,點進myLooper()方法:
public static @Nullable Looper myLooper() {
return sThreadLocal.get();
}
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咦。。這麼簡單嗎,從ThreadLocal物件get出來一個looper,那麼有get,當然有set,looper是什麼時候set進去的呢?我們在Looper.prepare找到了答案
private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
}
sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
}
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在呼叫prepare方法時,當前sThreadLocal裡面的looper不為空的話,直接丟擲異常,這個異常也是蠻常見的...扎心,也就是保證了Looper.prepare()方法只當前執行緒能呼叫一次,注意是當前執行緒,至於ThreadLocal裡面的邏輯先不討論,後續我們展開再詳細說,也就是從這裡把looper給set進去了
所以在new handler的時候必須要先呼叫Looper.prepare()方法,當然,上面的例子是因為主執行緒中,ActivityThread類已經幫我們呼叫了,在子執行緒中建立handler的時候 需要手動呼叫Looper.prepare(),這裡貼出部分ActivityThread程式碼,這裡也是整個應用的入口,原始碼位置:/frameworks/base/core/java/android/app/ActivityThread.java,有興趣的可以去看看
public static void main(String[] args) {
6042 Trace.traceBegin(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER, "ActivityThreadMain");
6043 SamplingProfilerIntegration.start();
6044
6045 // CloseGuard defaults to true and can be quite spammy. We
6046 // disable it here, but selectively enable it later (via
6047 // StrictMode) on debug builds, but using DropBox, not logs.
6048 CloseGuard.setEnabled(false);
6049
6050 Environment.initForCurrentUser();
6051
6052 // Set the reporter for event logging in libcore
6053 EventLogger.setReporter(new EventLoggingReporter());
6054
6055 // Make sure TrustedCertificateStore looks in the right place for CA certificates
6056 final File configDir = Environment.getUserConfigDirectory(UserHandle.myUserId());
6057 TrustedCertificateStore.setDefaultUserDirectory(configDir);
6058
6059 Process.setArgV0("<pre-initialized>");
6060
6061 Looper.prepareMainLooper();
6062
6063 ActivityThread thread = new ActivityThread();
6064 thread.attach(false);
6065
6066 if (sMainThreadHandler == null) {
6067 sMainThreadHandler = thread.getHandler();
6068 }
6069
6070 if (false) {
6071 Looper.myLooper().setMessageLogging(new
6072 LogPrinter(Log.DEBUG, "ActivityThread"));
6073 }
6074
6075 // End of event ActivityThreadMain.
6076 Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
6077 Looper.loop();
6078
6079 throw new RuntimeException("Main thread loop unexpectedly exited");
6080 }
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另外一個構造方法其實就區別於looper的賦值,一個是從當前執行緒ThreadLocal物件去取looper,一個是從外界賦值
public Handler(Looper looper, Callback callback, boolean async) {
mLooper = looper;
mQueue = looper.mQueue;
mCallback = callback;
mAsynchronous = async;
}
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2.傳送訊息
2.1 handler.sendMessage()
通過上面,我們的handler物件就建立出來了,接下來就是傳送訊息了,我們先來看看handler.sendMessage()到底幹了啥:
public final boolean sendMessage(Message msg)
{
return sendMessageDelayed(msg, 0);
}
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呼叫了sendMessageDelayed方法,傳了一個0進去,接著看。。
public final boolean sendMessageDelayed(Message msg, long delayMillis)
{
if (delayMillis < 0) {
delayMillis = 0;
}
return sendMessageAtTime(msg, SystemClock.uptimeMillis() + delayMillis);
}
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呼叫了sendMessageAtTime方法,傳入了一個long的毫秒數,接著看。。
public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
if (queue == null) {
RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
return false;
}
return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);
}
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這個也很清楚,把msg,uptimeMillis以及之前建構函式拿到的queue塞進去。
private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
msg.target = this;
if (mAsynchronous) {
msg.setAsynchronous(true);
}
return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
}
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把當前handler物件賦值給msg.target,呼叫MessageQueue的enqueueMessage方法
boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
if (msg.target == null) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Message must have a target.");
}
if (msg.isInUse()) {
throw new IllegalStateException(msg + " This message is already in use.");
}
synchronized (this) {
if (mQuitting) {
IllegalStateException e = new IllegalStateException(
msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread");
Log.w(TAG, e.getMessage(), e);
msg.recycle();
return false;
}
msg.markInUse();
msg.when = when;
Message p = mMessages;
boolean needWake;
if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
// New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.
msg.next = p;
mMessages = msg;
needWake = mBlocked;
} else {
needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous();
Message prev;
for (;;) {
prev = p;
p = p.next;
if (p == null || when < p.when) {
break;
}
if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {
needWake = false;
}
}
msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next
prev.next = msg;
}
// We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting is false.
if (needWake) {
nativeWake(mPtr);
}
}
return true;
}
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正主總算來了。。前面先校驗一波,如果handler為空或者當前msg處於使用中,丟擲異常。然後再持有MessageQueue.this鎖,然後將Message放入佇列中,整個流程可以分為幾步:
- 如果當前佇列為空,或者when等於0(也就是msg對應的時間點),或者msg時間點小於當前佇列頭部的p的時間點,就把我們傳進來的msg放入佇列首部,否則執行第二步
- 一個for的死迴圈,遍歷佇列中Message,找到when比當前Message的when大的Message,將Message插入到該Message之前,如果沒找到則將Message插入到佇列最後
- 判斷是否需要喚醒,這裡可以理解為,如果佇列沒有訊息時,當前執行緒讓出cpu資源,處於一種阻塞狀態,當有訊息到達時,需要喚醒next()函式,具體涉及到jni,後續詳細分析
由此我們可以看出來整個佇列訊息結構是一種連結串列形式的,這樣只要無限輪詢訊息,就能夠輕易遍歷除佇列中所有訊息
2.2 handler.post()
第二種handler發訊息方法 :
public final boolean post(Runnable r)
{
return sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), 0);
}
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咦。。我們發現還是呼叫的sendMessageDelayed方法,只不過通過getPostMessage方法將Runnable物件轉化為了msg物件
private static Message getPostMessage(Runnable r) {
Message m = Message.obtain();
m.callback = r;
return m;
}
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注意這裡的callback,這裡message物件的callback就不為空了,上述handler.sendMessage()方法的message物件的callback是為空的,後續再回撥訊息中會用到。
3.輪詢訊息
我們知道,android是基本訊息機制的,主執行緒所有的行為都是由訊息機制驅動的,比如activity的什麼週期,點選事件等等。。。就主執行緒來說,在上面ActivityThread類中6077行可以看到Looper.loop(),開啟了訊息輪詢機制
final Looper me = myLooper();
if (me == null) {
throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread.");
}
final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;
// Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process,
// and keep track of what that identity token actually is.
Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
for (;;) {
Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
if (msg == null) {
// No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
return;
}
// This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger
final Printer logging = me.mLogging;
if (logging != null) {
logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +
msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
}
final long traceTag = me.mTraceTag;
if (traceTag != 0 && Trace.isTagEnabled(traceTag)) {
Trace.traceBegin(traceTag, msg.target.getTraceName(msg));
}
try {
msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
} finally {
if (traceTag != 0) {
Trace.traceEnd(traceTag);
}
}
if (logging != null) {
logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);
}
// Make sure that during the course of dispatching the
// identity of the thread wasn't corrupted.
final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
if (ident != newIdent) {
Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"
+ Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"
+ Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "
+ msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "
+ msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);
}
msg.recycleUnchecked();
}
}
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程式碼基本能看清楚,一個for死迴圈,不斷的queue.next(),從佇列裡取出訊息,然後呼叫msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg),這裡的target應該很清楚了,也就是handler物件,可以對照上面enqueueMessage方法,也就是拿到訊息後,回撥了到handler的dispatchMessage方法,我們接著看:
public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
if (msg.callback != null) {
handleCallback(msg);
} else {
if (mCallback != null) {
if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
return;
}
}
handleMessage(msg);
}
}
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終於到這了,相信同學們也已經很清楚。分幾種情況:
- 首先來判斷msg的callback是否為空,這個在哪裡賦值的呢,對的,對應上面第二種也就是handler.post()形式的傳進來的Runnable物件:
private static void handleCallback(Message message) {
message.callback.run();
}
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然後回到到run()方法裡面去,如果為空走第二種情況
- 又是一個判斷如果mCallback不為空的話,回撥handleMessage方法,這裡的mCallback是在handler建構函式賦值的,對應下面的使用用法,但一般這種用法比較少,否則走第三步
new Handler(new Handler.Callback() {
@Override
public boolean handleMessage(Message msg) {
return false;
}
});
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- 執行我們最終的handleMessage(msg)方法,也就是我們複寫的handleMessage(msg)方法,對應我們上面的第一種用法
到此整個流程也基本大致走完了,一步一步來也是蠻easy的嘛,以後再遇到handler的時候,不管是使用或者面試的時候,自己心裡也有點底
當然,裡面還有很多細節,考慮到本文篇幅,就不多贅述了,比如,looper.loop()為什麼不會導致ANR呢,Threadlocal的機制是什麼樣的等等,分析起來就比較耗時了,後續系列會跟大家再一起進行探討!
溜了溜了...感謝看到結尾,謝謝~~