Linux命令之fdisk
fdisk
fdisk [選項] <disk> 改變分割槽表
fdisk [選項] –l <disk> 列出所有分割槽表
fdisk –s <partition(分割槽編號)> 以分割槽塊為單位,給出指定分割槽的大小
這是一個建立和維護分割槽的命令,相容DOS型別的分割槽表、BSD或SUN型別的磁碟列表。 注意fdisk不支援2T以上的硬碟分割槽,此時需要使用gdisk。
相關了解:
磁頭數(Heads)表示硬碟有幾個磁頭,也就是有幾面碟片,一個硬碟最多有255個磁頭
柱面數(Cylinders)表示硬碟每面碟片上有幾條磁軌
扇區數(Sectors)表示每條磁軌上有幾個扇區,每條磁軌最多有63個扇區
(1).選項
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-b <
size
> 指定扇區大小(512,1024,2048或4096 B) -c 關閉DOS相容模式 -u <
size
> 以扇區編號取代柱面編號來表示每個分割槽的起始地址,一般與-l選項聯合使用 -C <
number
> 指定柱面編號 -H <
number
> 指定磁頭編號 -S <
number
> 指定磁軌扇區編號 |
(2).選單操作說明:
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a 設定可引導標記(活動分割槽/引導分割槽之間切換) b 編輯BSD磁碟標籤 c 設定DOS作業系統相容標記(相容/不相容之間切換) d 刪除一個分割槽 l 顯示已知的分割槽型別,其中82為Linux swap分割槽,83為Linux分割槽 m 顯示幫助資訊 n 增加一個新的分割槽 o 建立一個新的空白的DOS分割槽表 p 顯示磁碟當前的分割槽表 q 退出fdisk程式,不儲存任何修改 s 建立一個新的空白的Sun磁碟標籤 t 改變一個分割槽的系統ID,就是改變分割槽型別(比如把Linux Swap分割槽改為Linux分割槽) u 改變顯示或輸入單位 v 驗證磁碟分割槽表 w 將分割槽表寫入磁碟並退出(儲存並退出) x 額外功能(專家級) |
(3).擴充套件
sda和hda的區別
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sd代表的是SCSI,SATA介面硬碟 hd代表IDE介面的硬碟 sda和hda最後面的a都代表的是第一塊硬碟 sda1和hda1則代表的是該硬碟的第一分割槽 |
(4).例項
1).使用-l選項,列出所有分割槽表
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/*盤/dev/sda:107.4G,107374182400位元組(B),255個磁頭,63個扇區,13054柱面(磁軌) * 1單位=16065柱面(磁軌)*512=8225280位元組(B) * 扇區大小(邏輯/物理):512位元組(B)/512位元組(B) *輸入/輸出大小(最小/最佳):512位元組(B)/512位元組(B) *磁碟標識:0x00079700 */ Disk /dev/sda: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 13054 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00079700 /*裝置 啟動標識 開始位置 結束位置 分割槽塊的大小 分割槽ID 系統(分割槽型別) * /dev/sda1 * 1 64 512000 83 Linux * 分割槽1不以柱面邊界結束 * /dev/sda2 64 13055 104344576 8e Linux LVM */
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 1 64 512000 83 Linux Partition 1 does not end
on
cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 64 13055 104344576 8e Linux LVM Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/mapper/vg_centos6-lv_root: 53.7 GB, 53687091200 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 6527 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/mapper/vg_centos6-lv_swap: 4194 MB, 4194304000 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 509 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/mapper/vg_centos6-lv_home: 49.0 GB, 48964304896 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 5952 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 |
2).使用-l和-u選項,用扇區編號取代柱面編號顯示所有分割槽表
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Disk /dev/sda: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 13054 cylinders, total 209715200 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00079700
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 1026047 512000 83 Linux Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sda2 1026048 209715199 104344576 8e Linux LVM Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders, total 41943040 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/mapper/vg_centos6-lv_root: 53.7 GB, 53687091200 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 6527 cylinders, total 104857600 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/mapper/vg_centos6-lv_swap: 4194 MB, 4194304000 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 509 cylinders, total 8192000 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 Disk /dev/mapper/vg_centos6-lv_home: 49.0 GB, 48964304896 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 5952 cylinders, total 95633408 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x00000000 |
3).你們也看到了,我的/dev/sdb還沒有開始使用,下面就用這個硬碟簡單的演示下fdisk主要用到的操作選單
1.在操作選單下,建立一個新的分割槽
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[root@CentOS6 桌面]# fdisk /dev/sdb Device contains neither a valid DOS partition table, nor Sun, SGI or OSF disklabel Building a
new
DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0xe8517189. Changes will remain
in
memory only, until you decide to write them. After that, of course, the previous content won't be recoverable. Warning: invalid flag 0x0000 of partition table 4 will be corrected
by
w(rite) WARNING: DOS-compatible mode
is
deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
switch
off the mode (command
'c'
) and change display units to
sectors (command
'u'
). Command (m
for
help): n Command action
e extended
//擴充套件分割槽,建立擴充套件分割槽會佔用一個主分割槽,並且只有建立擴充套件分割槽後才能建立邏輯分割槽
p primary partition (1-4)
//主分割槽,最多建立4個 e Partition number (1-4): 1 First cylinder (1-2610,
default
1):
//起始柱面,預設為1 Using
default
value 1 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-2610,
default
2610):
//終止柱面,預設為最後一個數 Using
default
value 2610 Command (m
for
help): n Command action
l logical (5 or over)
//邏輯分割槽
p primary partition (1-4)
//主分割槽 l First cylinder (1-2610,
default
1): 1 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1-2610,
default
2610): +10G
//終止柱面不僅可以用柱面數表示,還可以用+[數值][單位]的格式表示 Command (m
for
help): n Command action
l logical (5 or over)
p primary partition (1-4) l First cylinder (1307-2610,
default
1307): Using
default
value 1307 Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (1307-2610,
default
2610): Using
default
value 2610 Command (m
for
help): p Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0xe8517189
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 1 2610 20964793+ 5 Extended /dev/sdb5 1 1306 10490382 83 Linux /dev/sdb6 1307 2610 10474348+ 83 Linux Command (m
for
help): w
//寫入磁碟,儲存並退出,否則之前的操作都無效。如果不想寫入磁碟就使用q The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. Syncing disks. |
2.在操作選單下,刪除 一個分割槽
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[root@CentOS6 桌面]# fdisk /dev/sdb WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
sectors (command 'u'). Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0xe8517189
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 1 2610 20964793+ 5 Extended /dev/sdb5 1 1306 10490382 83 Linux /dev/sdb6 1307 2610 10474348+ 83 Linux Command (m for help): d Partition number (1-6): 6 //這裡輸入的始分割槽編號,如果刪除擴充套件分割槽,那擴充套件分割槽下的邏輯分割槽也會被刪除 Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0xe8517189
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 1 2610 20964793+ 5 Extended /dev/sdb5 1 1306 10490382 83 Linux Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. Syncing disks. |
3.在操作選單下,修改分割槽型別
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WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
sectors (command 'u'). Command (m for help): t Partition number (1-5): 5 //操作哪一個分割槽 Hex code (type L to list codes): L //這裡會提示你使用L檢視型別列表
0 Empty 24 NEC DOS 81 Minix / old Lin bf Solaris
1 FAT12 39 Plan 9 82 Linux swap / So c1 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
2 XENIX root 3c PartitionMagic 83 Linux c4 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
3 XENIX usr 40 Venix 80286 84 OS/2 hidden C: c6 DRDOS/sec (FAT-
4 FAT16 <32M 41 PPC PReP Boot 85 Linux extended c7 Syrinx
5 Extended 42 SFS 86 NTFS volume set da Non-FS data
6 FAT16 4d QNX4.x 87 NTFS volume set db CP/M / CTOS / .
7 HPFS/NTFS 4e QNX4.x 2nd part 88 Linux plaintext de Dell Utility
8 AIX 4f QNX4.x 3rd part 8e Linux LVM df BootIt
9 AIX bootable 50 OnTrack DM 93 Amoeba e1 DOS access
a OS/2 Boot Manag 51 OnTrack DM6 Aux 94 Amoeba BBT e3 DOS R/O
b W95 FAT32 52 CP/M 9f BSD/OS e4 SpeedStor
c W95 FAT32 (LBA) 53 OnTrack DM6 Aux a0 IBM Thinkpad hi eb BeOS fs
e W95 FAT16 (LBA) 54 OnTrackDM6 a5 FreeBSD ee GPT
f W95 Ext'd (LBA) 55 EZ-Drive a6 OpenBSD ef EFI (FAT-12/16/ 10 OPUS 56 Golden Bow a7 NeXTSTEP f0 Linux/PA-RISC b 11 Hidden FAT12 5c Priam Edisk a8 Darwin UFS f1 SpeedStor 12 Compaq diagnost 61 SpeedStor a9 NetBSD f4 SpeedStor 14 Hidden FAT16 <3 63 GNU HURD or Sys ab Darwin boot f2 DOS secondary 16 Hidden FAT16 64 Novell Netware af HFS / HFS+ fb VMware VMFS 17 Hidden HPFS/NTF 65 Novell Netware b7 BSDI fs fc VMware VMKCORE 18 AST SmartSleep 70 DiskSecure Mult b8 BSDI swap fd Linux raid auto 1b Hidden W95 FAT3 75 PC/IX bb Boot Wizard hid fe LANstep 1c Hidden W95 FAT3 80 Old Minix be Solaris boot ff BBT 1e Hidden W95 FAT1 Hex code (type L to list codes): b Changed system type of partition 5 to b (W95 FAT32) Command (m for help): p //可以看到由原來的Linux改成了W95 FAT32 Disk /dev/sdb: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0xe8517189
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 1 2610 20964793+ 5 Extended /dev/sdb5 1 1306 10490382 b W95 FAT32 Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. WARNING: If you have created or modified any DOS 6.x partitions, please see the fdisk manual page for additional information. Syncing disks. |
4).對正在使用的磁碟,再次進行分割槽時會出現以下提示
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WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: 裝置或資源忙. The kernel still uses the old table. The
new
table will be used at the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8) |
注意此時分割槽並不會立刻生效,可以重啟系統,也可以使用提示的命令partprobe或kpartx。
下面展示完整情況內容
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[root@xuexi ~]# fdisk /dev/sdb 歡迎使用 fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2)。 更改將停留在記憶體中,直到您決定將更改寫入磁碟。 使用寫入命令前請三思。 命令(輸入 m 獲取幫助):n
//新建分割槽 Partition type:
p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free)
e extended Select (
default
p): p
//建立主分割槽 分割槽號 (2-4,預設 2): 起始 扇區 (2099200-4194303,預設為 2099200): 將使用預設值 2099200 Last 扇區, +扇區 or +size{K,M,G} (2099200-4194303,預設為 4194303): 將使用預設值 4194303 分割槽 2 已設定為 Linux 型別,大小設為 1023 MiB 命令(輸入 m 獲取幫助):w
//寫入磁碟 The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: 裝置或資源忙. The kernel still uses the old table. The
new
table will be used at the next reboot or after you run
partprobe(8) or kpartx(8) 正在同步磁碟。 [root@xuexi ~]# ls /dev/sdb* /dev/sdb /dev/sdb1 [root@xuexi ~]# partprobe /dev/sdb
//通知作業系統分割槽表已更改 [root@xuexi ~]# ls /dev/sdb* /dev/sdb /dev/sdb1 /dev/sdb2 |
注意:能reboot重啟最好重啟,不行再使用命令更新
注意:其實partprobe是更新分割槽表,但kpartx其實是更新分割槽對映(涉及到了映象檔案,例如.img檔案),不過還有partx可以用來更新分割槽表(-a選項新增,-d選項刪除,-u選項更新(好像不能在刪除時使用))。
來自 “ ITPUB部落格 ” ,連結:http://blog.itpub.net/31516067/viewspace-2658302/,如需轉載,請註明出處,否則將追究法律責任。
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