對格式化字串的一些思考
在最近工作中,在拼接sql語句時,用到格式化字串,經過和同事討論後,有了新的思考。這個點在之前都是參照已有來使用,沒有深入去追究,本次全面瞭解下。
格式化字串
在實際工程中,格式化字串一般用在列印日誌、拼接字串等,目前在工程中常見的是這樣用的:
char szbuf[128] = {0};
snprintf(szbuf, sizeof(szbuf) - 1, “log:%d %s”, 1,“XXXX”);
按照上述格式化完後,對緩衝區szBuf進行各種操作。這裡面有幾點疑問:
這裡沒有判斷snprintf的返回值,需不需要判斷?
snprintf的第二個引數為什麼要減1?
沒有考慮格式化完整性
下面依次分析。
snprintf的返回值代表什麼含義
在linux環境上,snprintf的函式原型如下。
int snprintf(char* str, size_t size, const char* format, …);
查閱snprintf的man手冊,對返回值有如下說明:
snprintf返回值說明.jpg
該函式的返回值表示待格式化字串的長度,不包括結束分隔符。這是什麼意思呢?舉個例子:
格式化 abcd 字串,返回值是4,表示待格式化的字元個數為4。
格式化 01234567890 字串,返回值為10。
這個返回值和傳入的緩衝區長度size沒有任何關係的,它只與待格式化字串的長度有關。
另一個需要注意的點是,這個函式在格式化時,不會往緩衝區str中寫入多於size大小的資料,包括\0在內。這就是說,外部傳入size大小的緩衝區,該函式能夠保證在size大小內,填充包含\0,至於有沒有截斷,需要使用者來進一步判斷。
至此,可解答上面兩個問題:
snprintf的返回值表示待格式化字串的長度
snprintf的第二個引數沒必要減1,按照輸入緩衝區長度傳入即可。
第三個問題,判斷格式化後是否被截斷。從上述說明來看,如果返回值大於等於入參size時,表明格式化輸出被截斷。另外一種情況,如果遇到輸出錯誤,會返回一個負值。
因此,可總結出如下程式碼:
const int nBufSize = 256;
char szBuf[nBufSize] = {0};
int nRet = snprintf(szBbuf, nBufSize, “XXXX”, “XXXX”);
if (nRet >= nBufSize || nRet < 0)
{
// 格式化被截斷或者格式化失敗
}
else
{
// 正常格式化,走正常流程
}
截斷後的處理
一般來說,我們在格式化字串時,提供的緩衝區都足夠大,保證不會發生截斷。當有些格式化資料由外部傳入,當這些資料含有異常、超長資料時,比如一個無效的double值,同時此時緩衝區較小,就可能會被截斷。
截斷後要如何處理呢?這裡不好一概而論,得區分格式化字串的上下文場景
如果是執行sql,這種情況下,無論被截斷的是哪部分,這個sql都不安全l,不允許後續使用。發生此種情況的截斷,需要記錄錯誤日誌後退出。
如果是記錄日誌,日誌是為了檢查系統狀態,即使被截斷,前面資訊也是有效的,這種場景也要記錄為錯誤日誌,但後續邏輯可繼續執行。
以上是我目前想到的兩種場景,可能還有其他場景。就比如執行sql來說,如果是很簡單,很顯而易見的sql,例如根據UserId從資料庫中查詢相關資訊,這種很簡單的sql語句,要不要判斷截斷呢?如果這種簡單的不判斷,那複雜到什麼程度才判斷呢?感覺這樣判斷,會讓邏輯依賴於資料,這是不好的做法。筆者在這裡無法給出絕對的結論,不同場景下不同的處理,能夠達成團隊一致即可。
這裡說一句,即使使用儲存過程,縮短sql的長度,但只能緩解拼接截斷髮生的概覽,對於有動態資料的查詢,還是要小心。
總結
本文總結了在格式化字串時的一些注意事項,給出自認為比較正確的做法,並就格式化截斷後的處理進行了簡短討論。
另外一點,在開發過程中,不能有照抄心態。這種心態,會參照現有工程中類似邏輯的做法,其他地方是怎麼用的,所以這裡也這麼用。這種心態或者做法,不會使得程式碼質量有所提高,反而會複製貼上可能的錯誤或不規範的用法。
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https://github.com/users/rangniaortz73/projects/3792
https://www.github.com/users/rangniaortz73/projects/3792
https://github.com/users/rangniaortz73/projects/3793
https://www.github.com/users/rangniaortz73/projects/3793
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