Kafka Streams開發入門(1)
背景
最近發現Confluent公司在官網上釋出了Kafka Streams教程,共有10節課,每節課給出了Kafka Streams的一個功能介紹。這個系列教程對於我們瞭解Kafka Streams還是很有幫助的。為什麼要了解Kafka Streams?其實我一直覺得國內對於Flink有點過於迷戀了。大廠使用Flink尚自合理,畢竟資料量大且需要整套的叢集管理排程監控功能。但一般的中小公司業務簡單體量小,何必要費時費力地搭建一整套Flink叢集。有很多簡單的流處理業務場景使用Kafka Streams綽綽有餘了,更何況Kafka Streams在設計上特別是在訊息精確處理語義上一點都不必Flink差,只是它的定位不同罷了。如果你對Kafka Streams感興趣,不妨關注一下這個系列。不過有點令人不爽的是,該教程使用Confluent Kafka作為開發環境進行演示,而且大量用到了Avro進行訊息的序列化/反序列化。Confluent Kafka預設提供Schema Regstry、avro-console-producer和avro-console-consumer工具可以很方便地把訊息轉換成Avro格式並進行測試,但是如果你使用原生的Kafka(也就是社群版的Apache Kafka),這些功能要自行開發,非常地不方便。
鑑於此,我打算對照著這系列教程中的例子,使用Apache Kafka重新實現一遍。雖然有些科普,不過我覺得這是個很好的學習過程。需要注意的是,我不是使用Avro,而是使用Google的Protocol Buffer(下稱protobuf)來進行演示。
演示功能說明
第一篇要演示的功能很簡單,就是流處理的map功能:map函式或運算元將一個訊息流中的每條事件進行轉換,變更成另一個格式或另一條新的事件。今天輸入訊息是表示電影的訊息,格式如下:
{"id": 294, "title": "Die Hard::1988", "genre": "action"}
我們使用Kafka Streams實時地將每條訊息中的title欄位分開,將裡面的發行年份欄位提取出來,變成下面這樣:
{"id":294,"title":"Die Hard","release_year":1988,"genre":"action"}
初始化專案
第一步是建立專案資料夾。在執行這步前,你需要安裝並配置好Java環境和Gradle環境。Gradle是用於構建Java工程用的,下載地址是:https://gradle.org/。然後執行下列命令去建立專案:
mkdir movie-streams/
cd movie-streams/
配置專案
在movie-streams目錄下,建立build.gradle檔案——該檔案是Gradle的專案配置檔案,類似於Maven的pom.xml。該檔案內容如下:
buildscript {
repositories {
jcenter()
}
dependencies {
classpath 'com.github.jengelman.gradle.plugins:shadow:4.0.2'
}
}
plugins {
id 'java'
id "com.google.protobuf" version "0.8.10"
}
apply plugin: 'com.github.johnrengelman.shadow'
repositories {
mavenCentral()
jcenter()
maven {
url 'http://packages.confluent.io/maven'
}
}
group 'huxihx.kafkastreams'
sourceCompatibility = 1.8
targetCompatibility = '1.8'
version = '0.0.1'
dependencies {
implementation 'com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java:3.0.0'
implementation 'org.slf4j:slf4j-simple:1.7.26'
implementation 'org.apache.kafka:kafka-streams:2.3.0'
implementation 'com.google.protobuf:protobuf-java:3.9.1'
testCompile group: 'junit', name: 'junit', version: '4.12'
}
protobuf {
generatedFilesBaseDir = "$projectDir/src/"
protoc {
artifact = 'com.google.protobuf:protoc:3.0.0'
}
}
jar {
manifest {
attributes(
'Class-Path': configurations.compile.collect { it.getName() }.join(' '),
'Main-Class': 'huxihx.kafkastreams.MovieStreamApp'
)
}
}
shadowJar {
archiveName = "kstreams-transform-standalone-${version}.${extension}"
}
其中比較關鍵的是:首先我們要引入Gradle的shadow外掛,用於fat jar打包;其次,我們指定了Gradle的protobuf外掛用於幫助我們將*.proto檔案自動編譯成Java類。儲存上面的檔案,然後執行下列命令下載Gradle的wrapper套件:
gradle wrapper
之後在movie-streams目錄下建立一個名為configuration的資料夾用於儲存我們的引數配置檔案:
mkdir configuration
同時建立配置檔案dev.properties,內容如下:
application.id=movie-transformer
bootstrap.servers=localhost:9092
input.topic.name=raw-movies
input.topic.partitions=1
input.topic.replication.factor=1
output.topic.name=movies
output.topic.partitions=1
output.topic.replication.factor=1
該檔案設定了我們要連線的Kafka叢集資訊以及輸入topic和輸出topic詳情。
建立訊息Schema
下一步是建立輸入訊息和輸出訊息的schema。在movie-streams下執行命令建立儲存schema的資料夾:
mkdir -p src/main/proto
然後分別建立raw-movie.proto和parsed-movie.proto檔案,內容分別是:
syntax = "proto3";
package huxihx.kafkastreams.proto;
message RawMovie {
uint64 id = 1;
string title = 2;
string genre = 3;
}
syntax = "proto3";
package huxihx.kafkastreams.proto;
message Movie {
uint64 id = 1;
string title = 2;
uint32 release_year = 3;
string genre = 4;
}
檔案內容是標準的protobuf語法,定義了電影事件的id、title、release_year和genre資訊。儲存這兩個檔案,在movie-streams下之後執行gradlew命令將它們自動編譯成Java類:
./gradlew build
此時,你應該可以在src/main/java/huxihx/kafkastreams/proto下看到生成的兩個Java類:ParsedMovie和RawMovieOuterClass。
建立Serdes
這一步我們為RawMovie和Movie訊息建立各自的Serdes。所謂的Serdes是serializer和deserializer的合稱。Kafka Streams程式在讀取訊息時需要用到Serdes中的deserializer將訊息位元組序列轉換成對應的Java物件例項,而生產訊息時則會用到Serdes的serializer將Java物件例項轉換成位元組序列。由於我們使用protobuf框架進行序列化和反序列化,因此我們需要建立支援protobuf的Serdes。
在movie-streams下執行:
mkdir -p src/main/java/huxihx/kafkastreams/serdes
然後在新建立的serdes資料夾下建立ProtobufSerializer.java:
package huxihx.kafkastreams.serdes;
import com.google.protobuf.MessageLite;
import org.apache.kafka.common.serialization.Serializer;
public class ProtobufSerializer<T extends MessageLite> implements Serializer<T> {
@Override
public byte[] serialize(String topic, T data) {
return data == null ? new byte[0] : data.toByteArray();
}
}
然後建立ProtobufDeserializer.java:
package huxihx.kafkastreams.serdes;
import com.google.protobuf.InvalidProtocolBufferException;
import com.google.protobuf.MessageLite;
import com.google.protobuf.Parser;
import org.apache.kafka.common.errors.SerializationException;
import org.apache.kafka.common.serialization.Deserializer;
import java.util.Map;
public class ProtobufDeserializer<T extends MessageLite> implements Deserializer<T> {
private Parser<T> parser;
@Override
public void configure(Map<String, ?> configs, boolean isKey) {
parser = (Parser<T>) configs.get("parser");
}
@Override
public T deserialize(String topic, byte[] data) {
try {
return parser.parseFrom(data);
} catch (InvalidProtocolBufferException e) {
throw new SerializationException("Failed to deserialize from a protobuf byte array.", e);
}
}
}
最後建立ProtobufSerdes.java:
package huxihx.kafkastreams.serdes;
import com.google.protobuf.MessageLite;
import com.google.protobuf.Parser;
import org.apache.kafka.common.serialization.Deserializer;
import org.apache.kafka.common.serialization.Serde;
import org.apache.kafka.common.serialization.Serializer;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
public class ProtobufSerdes<T extends MessageLite> implements Serde<T> {
private final Serializer<T> serializer;
private final Deserializer<T> deserializer;
public ProtobufSerdes(Parser<T> parser) {
serializer = new ProtobufSerializer<>();
deserializer = new ProtobufDeserializer<>();
Map<String, Parser<T>> config = new HashMap<>();
config.put("parser", parser);
deserializer.configure(config, false);
}
@Override
public Serializer<T> serializer() {
return serializer;
}
@Override
public Deserializer<T> deserializer() {
return deserializer;
}
}
開發主流程
在src/main/java/huxihx/kafkastreams下建立MovieStreamApp.java檔案:
package huxihx.kafkastreams;
import huxihx.kafkastreams.proto.ParsedMovie;
import huxihx.kafkastreams.proto.RawMovieOuterClass;
import huxihx.kafkastreams.serdes.ProtobufSerdes;
import org.apache.kafka.clients.admin.AdminClient;
import org.apache.kafka.clients.admin.AdminClientConfig;
import org.apache.kafka.clients.admin.NewTopic;
import org.apache.kafka.clients.admin.TopicListing;
import org.apache.kafka.common.serialization.Serdes;
import org.apache.kafka.streams.KafkaStreams;
import org.apache.kafka.streams.KeyValue;
import org.apache.kafka.streams.StreamsBuilder;
import org.apache.kafka.streams.StreamsConfig;
import org.apache.kafka.streams.Topology;
import org.apache.kafka.streams.kstream.Consumed;
import org.apache.kafka.streams.kstream.Produced;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Properties;
import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
public class MovieStreamApp {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
if (args.length < 1) {
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Config file path must be specified.");
}
MovieStreamApp app = new MovieStreamApp();
Properties envProps = app.loadEnvProperties(args[0]);
Properties streamProps = app.createStreamsProperties(envProps);
Topology topology = app.buildTopology(envProps);
app.preCreateTopics(envProps);
final KafkaStreams streams = new KafkaStreams(topology, streamProps);
final CountDownLatch latch = new CountDownLatch(1);
Runtime.getRuntime().addShutdownHook(new Thread("streams-shutdown-hook") {
@Override
public void run() {
streams.close();
latch.countDown();
}
});
try {
streams.start();
latch.await();
} catch (Exception e) {
System.exit(1);
}
System.exit(0);
}
/**
* 構建Streams拓撲物件例項
*
* @param envProps
* @return
*/
private Topology buildTopology(Properties envProps) {
final StreamsBuilder builder = new StreamsBuilder();
final String inputTopic = envProps.getProperty("input.topic.name");
final String outputTopic = envProps.getProperty("output.topic.name");
builder.stream(inputTopic, Consumed.with(Serdes.String(), rawMovieProtobufSerdes()))
.map((key, rawMovie) -> new KeyValue<>(rawMovie.getId(), parseRawMovie(rawMovie)))
.to(outputTopic, Produced.with(Serdes.Long(), movieProtobufSerdes()));
return builder.build();
}
/**
* 為Kafka Streams程式構建所需的Properties例項
*
* @param envProps
* @return
*/
private Properties createStreamsProperties(Properties envProps) {
Properties props = new Properties();
props.put(StreamsConfig.APPLICATION_ID_CONFIG, envProps.getProperty("application.id"));
props.put(StreamsConfig.BOOTSTRAP_SERVERS_CONFIG, envProps.getProperty("bootstrap.servers"));
props.put(StreamsConfig.DEFAULT_KEY_SERDE_CLASS_CONFIG, Serdes.String().getClass());
props.put(StreamsConfig.DEFAULT_VALUE_SERDE_CLASS_CONFIG, Serdes.String().getClass());
return props;
}
/**
* 預建立輸入/輸出topic,如果topic已存在則忽略
*
* @param envProps
* @throws Exception
*/
private void preCreateTopics(Properties envProps) throws Exception {
Map<String, Object> config = new HashMap<>();
config.put(AdminClientConfig.BOOTSTRAP_SERVERS_CONFIG, envProps.getProperty("bootstrap.servers"));
String inputTopic = envProps.getProperty("input.topic.name");
String outputTopic = envProps.getProperty("output.topic.name");
try (AdminClient client = AdminClient.create(config)) {
Collection<TopicListing> existingTopics = client.listTopics().listings().get();
List<NewTopic> topics = new ArrayList<>();
List<String> topicNames = existingTopics.stream().map(TopicListing::name).collect(Collectors.toList());
if (!topicNames.contains(inputTopic))
topics.add(new NewTopic(
envProps.getProperty("input.topic.name"),
Integer.parseInt(envProps.getProperty("input.topic.partitions")),
Short.parseShort(envProps.getProperty("input.topic.replication.factor"))));
if (!topicNames.contains(outputTopic))
topics.add(new NewTopic(
envProps.getProperty("output.topic.name"),
Integer.parseInt(envProps.getProperty("output.topic.partitions")),
Short.parseShort(envProps.getProperty("output.topic.replication.factor"))));
if (!topics.isEmpty())
client.createTopics(topics).all().get();
}
}
/**
* 載入configuration下的配置檔案
*
* @param fileName
* @return
* @throws IOException
*/
private Properties loadEnvProperties(String fileName) throws IOException {
Properties envProps = new Properties();
try (FileInputStream input = new FileInputStream(fileName)) {
envProps.load(input);
}
return envProps;
}
/**
* 構建輸出topic所需的Serdes
*
* @return
*/
private static ProtobufSerdes<ParsedMovie.Movie> movieProtobufSerdes() {
return new ProtobufSerdes<>(ParsedMovie.Movie.parser());
}
/**
* 構建輸入topic所需的Serdes
*
* @return
*/
private static ProtobufSerdes<RawMovieOuterClass.RawMovie> rawMovieProtobufSerdes() {
return new ProtobufSerdes<>(RawMovieOuterClass.RawMovie.parser());
}
/**
* 執行map邏輯提取release_year欄位
*
* @param rawMovie
* @return
*/
private static ParsedMovie.Movie parseRawMovie(RawMovieOuterClass.RawMovie rawMovie) {
String[] titleParts = rawMovie.getTitle().split("::");
String title = titleParts[0];
int releaseYear = Integer.parseInt(titleParts[1]);
return ParsedMovie.Movie.newBuilder()
.setId(rawMovie.getId())
.setTitle(title)
.setReleaseYear(releaseYear)
.setGenre(rawMovie.getGenre())
.build();
}
}
編寫測試Producer和Consumer
在src/main/java/huxihx/kafkastreams/tests/TestProducer.java和TestConsumer.java,內容分別如下:
package huxihx.kafkastreams.tests;
import huxihx.kafkastreams.proto.RawMovieOuterClass;
import huxihx.kafkastreams.serdes.ProtobufSerializer;
import org.apache.kafka.clients.producer.KafkaProducer;
import org.apache.kafka.clients.producer.Producer;
import org.apache.kafka.clients.producer.ProducerRecord;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Properties;
public class TestProducer {
// 測試輸入事件
private static final List<RawMovieOuterClass.RawMovie> TEST_RAW_MOVIES = Arrays.asList(
RawMovieOuterClass.RawMovie.newBuilder()
.setId(294).setTitle("Die Hard::1988").setGenre("action").build(),
RawMovieOuterClass.RawMovie.newBuilder()
.setId(354).setTitle("Tree of Life::2011").setGenre("drama").build(),
RawMovieOuterClass.RawMovie.newBuilder()
.setId(782).setTitle("A Walk in the Clouds::1995").setGenre("romance").build(),
RawMovieOuterClass.RawMovie.newBuilder()
.setId(128).setTitle("The Big Lebowski::1998").setGenre("comedy").build());
public static void main(String[] args) {
Properties props = new Properties();
props.put("bootstrap.servers", "localhost:9092");
props.put("acks", "all");
props.put("key.serializer", "org.apache.kafka.common.serialization.StringSerializer");
props.put("value.serializer", new ProtobufSerializer<RawMovieOuterClass.RawMovie>().getClass());
try (final Producer<String, RawMovieOuterClass.RawMovie> producer = new KafkaProducer<>(props)) {
TEST_RAW_MOVIES.stream()
.map(rawMovie -> new ProducerRecord<String, RawMovieOuterClass.RawMovie>("raw-movies", rawMovie))
.forEach(producer::send);
}
}
}
package huxihx.kafkastreams.tests;
import com.google.protobuf.Parser;
import huxihx.kafkastreams.proto.ParsedMovie;
import huxihx.kafkastreams.serdes.ProtobufDeserializer;
import org.apache.kafka.clients.consumer.ConsumerRecord;
import org.apache.kafka.clients.consumer.ConsumerRecords;
import org.apache.kafka.clients.consumer.KafkaConsumer;
import org.apache.kafka.common.serialization.Deserializer;
import org.apache.kafka.common.serialization.LongDeserializer;
import java.time.Duration;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Properties;
public class TestConsumer {
public static void main(String[] args) {
// 為輸出事件構造protobuf deserializer
Deserializer<ParsedMovie.Movie> deserializer = new ProtobufDeserializer<>();
Map<String, Parser<ParsedMovie.Movie>> config = new HashMap<>();
config.put("parser", ParsedMovie.Movie.parser());
deserializer.configure(config, false);
Properties props = new Properties();
props.put("bootstrap.servers", "localhost:9092");
props.put("group.id", "test-group");
props.put("enable.auto.commit", "true");
props.put("auto.commit.interval.ms", "1000");
props.put("auto.offset.reset", "earliest");
KafkaConsumer<Long, ParsedMovie.Movie> consumer = new KafkaConsumer<>(props, new LongDeserializer(), deserializer);
consumer.subscribe(Arrays.asList("movies"));
while (true) {
ConsumerRecords<Long, ParsedMovie.Movie> records = consumer.poll(Duration.ofSeconds(1));
for (ConsumerRecord<Long, ParsedMovie.Movie> record : records)
System.out.printf("offset = %d, key = %s, value = %s%n", record.offset(), record.key(), record.value());
}
}
}
測試
首先我們執行下列命令構建專案:
./gradlew shadowJar
然後啟動Kafka叢集,之後執行Kafka Streams應用:
java -jar build/libs/kstreams-transform-standalone-0.0.1.jar configuration/dev.properties
然後啟動TestProducer傳送測試事件:
java -cp build/libs/kstreams-transform-standalone-0.0.1.jar huxihx.kafkastreams.tests.TestProducer
最後啟動TestConsumer驗證Kafka Streams提取出了每條輸入事件的release_year欄位:
java -cp build/libs/kstreams-transform-standalone-0.0.1.jar huxihx.kafkastreams.tests.TestConsumer
.......
offset = 0, key = 294, value = id: 294
title: "Die Hard"
release_year: 1988
genre: "action"
offset = 1, key = 354, value = id: 354
title: "Tree of Life"
release_year: 2011
genre: "drama"
offset = 2, key = 782, value = id: 782
title: "A Walk in the Clouds"
release_year: 1995
genre: "romance"
offset = 3, key = 128, value = id: 128
title: "The Big Lebowski"
release_year: 1998
genre: "comedy"
總結
okay,第一篇的演示至此結束。總體上來看,Kafka Streams的轉換操作運算元map還是非常好用的。它能夠實時地為每條入站訊息執行你指定的邏輯。下一篇中我將演示另一個經典的transformation操作:filter。
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