pow介紹
工作量證明(PoW,Proof of Work)。
通過計算一個數值(nonce
),使得拼揍上交易資料後內容的 Hash 值滿足規定的上限。在節點成功找到滿足的Hash值之後,會馬上對全網進行廣播打包區塊,網路的節點收到廣播打包區塊,會立刻對其進行驗證。
如果驗證通過,則表明已經有節點成功解迷,自己就不再競爭當前區塊打包,而是選擇接受這個區塊,記錄到自己的賬本中,然後進行下一個區塊的競爭猜謎。 網路中只有最快解謎的區塊,才會新增的賬本中,其他的節點進行復制,這樣就保證了整個賬本的唯一性。
假如節點有任何的作弊行為,都會導致網路的節點驗證不通過,直接丟棄其打包的區塊,這個區塊就無法記錄到總賬本中,作弊的節點耗費的成本就白費了,因此在巨大的挖礦成本下,也使得礦工自覺自願的遵守比特幣系統的共識協議,也就確保了整個系統的安全。
參考黎躍春的翻譯
pow優缺點
- 優點:完全去中心化,節點自由進出;
- 缺點:目前bitcoin已經吸引全球大部分的算力,其它再用Pow共識機制的區塊鏈應用很難獲得相同的算力來保障自身的安全;挖礦造成大量的資源浪費;共識達成的週期較長,不適合商業應用
go實現pow共識演算法
依賴軟體
- spew 在控制檯中格式化輸出相應的結果。
$ go get github.com/davecgh/go-spew/spew - gorilla/mux 是編寫web處理程式的流行軟體包。
$ go get github.com/gorilla/mux - godotenv 可以從我們專案的根目錄的 .env 檔案中讀取資料。
$ go get github.com/joho/godotenv
.env
ADDR=8080
main.go
package main
import (
"crypto/sha256"
"encoding/hex"
"encoding/json"
"fmt"
"io"
"log"
"net/http"
"os"
"strconv"
"strings"
"sync"
"time"
"github.com/davecgh/go-spew/spew"
"github.com/gorilla/mux"
"github.com/joho/godotenv"
)
const difficulty = 1
type Block struct {
Index int
Timestamp string
BPM int
Hash string
PrevHash string
Difficulty int
Nonce string
}
var Blockchain []Block
type Message struct {
BPM int
}
var mutex = &sync.Mutex{}
func generateBlock(oldBlock Block, BPM int) Block {
var newBlock Block
t := time.Now()
newBlock.Index = oldBlock.Index + 1
newBlock.Timestamp = t.String()
newBlock.BPM = BPM
newBlock.PrevHash = oldBlock.Hash
newBlock.Difficulty = difficulty
for i := 0; ; i++ {
hex := fmt.Sprintf("%x", i)
newBlock.Nonce = hex
if !isHashValid(calculateHash(newBlock), newBlock.Difficulty) {
fmt.Println(calculateHash(newBlock), " do more work!")
time.Sleep(time.Second)
continue
} else {
fmt.Println(calculateHash(newBlock), " work done!")
newBlock.Hash = calculateHash(newBlock)
break
}
}
return newBlock
}
func isHashValid(hash string, difficulty int) bool {
//複製 difficulty 個0,並返回新字串,當 difficulty 為2 ,則 prefix 為 00
prefix := strings.Repeat("0", difficulty)
// HasPrefix判斷字串 hash 是否包含字首 prefix
return strings.HasPrefix(hash, prefix)
}
func calculateHash(block Block) string {
record := strconv.Itoa(block.Index) + block.Timestamp + strconv.Itoa(block.BPM) + block.PrevHash + block.Nonce
h := sha256.New()
h.Write([]byte(record))
hashed := h.Sum(nil)
return hex.EncodeToString(hashed)
}
func isBlockValid(newBlock, oldBlock Block) bool {
if oldBlock.Index+1 != newBlock.Index {
return false
}
if oldBlock.Hash != newBlock.PrevHash {
return false
}
if calculateHash(newBlock) != newBlock.Hash {
return false
}
return true
}
func run() error {
mux := makeMuxRouter()
httpAddr := os.Getenv("ADDR")
log.Println("Listening on ", os.Getenv("ADDR"))
s := &http.Server{
Addr: ":" + httpAddr,
Handler: mux,
ReadTimeout: 10 * time.Second,
WriteTimeout: 10 * time.Second,
MaxHeaderBytes: 1 << 20,
}
if err := s.ListenAndServe(); err != nil {
return err
}
return nil
}
func makeMuxRouter() http.Handler {
muxRouter := mux.NewRouter()
muxRouter.HandleFunc("/", handleGetBlockchain).Methods("GET")
muxRouter.HandleFunc("/", handleWriteBlock).Methods("POST")
return muxRouter
}
func handleGetBlockchain(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
bytes, err := json.MarshalIndent(Blockchain, "", " ")
if err != nil {
http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
return
}
io.WriteString(w, string(bytes))
}
func handleWriteBlock(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
var m Message
decoder := json.NewDecoder(r.Body)
if err := decoder.Decode(&m); err != nil {
respondWithJSON(w, r, http.StatusBadRequest, r.Body)
return
}
defer r.Body.Close()
//ensure atomicity when creating new block
mutex.Lock()
newBlock := generateBlock(Blockchain[len(Blockchain)-1], m.BPM)
mutex.Unlock()
if isBlockValid(newBlock, Blockchain[len(Blockchain)-1]) {
Blockchain = append(Blockchain, newBlock)
spew.Dump(Blockchain)
}
respondWithJSON(w, r, http.StatusCreated, newBlock)
}
func respondWithJSON(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, code int, payload interface{}) {
w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
response, err := json.MarshalIndent(payload, "", " ")
if err != nil {
w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
w.Write([]byte("HTTP 500: Internal Server Error"))
return
}
w.WriteHeader(code)
w.Write(response)
}
func main() {
err := godotenv.Load()
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
go func() {
t := time.Now()
genesisBlock := Block{}
genesisBlock = Block{0, t.String(), 0, calculateHash(genesisBlock), "", difficulty, ""}
spew.Dump(genesisBlock)
mutex.Lock()
Blockchain = append(Blockchain, genesisBlock)
mutex.Unlock()
}()
log.Fatal(run())
}