概述計算機簡史1935年代,英國數學家圖靈(Alan Turing)提出“圖靈機”,奠定了計算機的理論基礎。1952年,馮·諾依曼確定了計算機由運算器、控制器、儲存器、輸入、輸出等5部分組成(Von Neumann 體系結構)。60年代後期,出現高階語言的發展、出現了程序的概念和分時作業系統。80年代起,網路計算機系統的出現,支援了分散式資訊處理。在計算機網路上進行資訊處理的計算活動被稱作分散式計算。目前,支援高效能運算的計算機體系結構技術、並行與分散式演算法、計算機網路與通訊等成為發展方向。電腦科學計算科學:研究描述和變換資訊的演算法過程,包括理論分析、設計,效率分析、實現和應用系統的研究。基本問題:什麼能(有效地)自動進行,什麼不能(有效地)自動進行。計算機在各行各業的具體應用,叫計算機具體應用;研究計算機應用與具體領域的共性理論、方法和技術的研究,稱為計算機應用或計算機基本應用技術。計算機學科的主要內容分為14個主領域:離散結構,程式設計基礎,演算法與複雜性,體系結構,作業系統,網路計算,程式設計語言,人—機互動,圖形學和視覺化計算,智慧系統,資訊管理,軟體工程,社會和職業的問題,科學計算計算機應用領域計算機的分類:巨型機、大型機、小型機、微型機、工作站。計算機應用:科學計算(解決大量數學計算問題)、資料處理(計算機管理和操縱資料)、實時控制(生產過程引數控制)、計算機輔助設計和製造(發展為計算機整合製造系統)、人工智慧(新興邊緣學科)、通訊和文書處理(實現多種新技術)、多媒體技術(多種媒體形式)、網路技術與資訊高速公路(實現資料通訊和資源共享)、教育(輔助教學等)、軍事(軍隊指揮、作戰模擬等)。計算機發展趨勢:巨型化,微型化,網路化,智慧化。資訊表示與運算數制、編碼及運算二進位制資料單位位(bit):計算機最小單位,用 0 或 1 表示二進位制數值。位元組(Byte):基本儲存單位,由 8 個二進位制位構成,能表示 256 種狀態。字(Word):由一個或多個位元組構成,不同計算機字長不同。算術運算和邏輯運算算術運算:涉及原碼、反碼、補碼等,包括 “加”“減”“乘”“除” 運算。邏輯運算:邏輯變數有 “假”“真” 兩個值(計算機內表示為 0 和 1),基本邏輯運算有 “與”“或”“非” 3 種。西文資訊的編碼與表示字元編碼(Character Code):用二進位制編碼來表示字母、數字以及專門的符號。目前普遍採用ASCII(American Standard Code for Information Interchange)碼,即美國資訊交換標準程式碼。中文資訊的編碼與表示漢字字符集與編碼:1980年我國頒佈了《資訊交換用漢字編碼字符集——基本集》(GB2312-80, GB13000-1993,GB18030-2000) 。漢字的輸入:包括(1)數字編碼、(2)拼音編碼、(3)字形編碼漢字的機內碼:是指計算機系統內部為儲存、處理和傳輸漢字而使用的程式碼(雙位元組),簡稱內碼,是漢字在裝置或資訊處理系統內部最基本的表達形式。漢字的輸出:如要顯示或列印出來,必須把漢字的機內碼轉換成人們可以閱讀的方塊字形式(點陣字型庫)。複雜資訊表示——資料結構資料的邏輯結構:指資料元素之間的邏輯關係,與如何儲存無關。資料的儲存結構:是指邏輯結構在計算機儲存器中的實現。資料的運算:是指在資料的邏輯結構上定義的操作演算法。如:檢索,插入,刪除,更新和排序等。線性結構 :有且僅有一個終端結點和一個開始結點,並且所有結點都最多隻有一個前驅結點和一個後續結點。如:線性表就是一個典型的線性結構。非線性結構 :可能有多個終端結點和多個開始結點,並且每個結點可能有多個前驅結點和多個後續結點。如:樹形結構,樹形結構就是典型的非線性結構。計算科學與計算機基本工作原理計算的概念狹義(直觀)的計算:數的加減乘除;函式的微分、積分;微分方程的求解;定理的證明推導;等等。計算的實質:從一個符號序列 A(輸入)得出另一個符號序列 B(輸出)。廣義的計算:解決“一個問題有沒有方法來解決”的問題。即什麼能有效地自動進行?什麼不能有效地自動進行?這就是“能行性”的問題。因此要求:能夠從符號序列 A 出發,在有限步內真正具體地求出符號序列 B。可計算:在可以預先確定的時間和步驟之內能夠具體進行的計算。可計算的任務:“什麼樣的任務才是可計算的任務?”是電腦科學必須回答的最基本的問題。這是關係到計算機能做什麼、不能做什麼。計算模型:描述計算這一概念的一種抽象形式系統或數學系統。可計算的任務:凡是抽象計算模型能夠完成的任務,就是可計算的任務。
圖靈機計算模型圖靈機:圖靈提出的形式化的理想計算模型,為可計算理論奠定了基礎。給定符號序列 A,如果用圖靈機能夠得出對應的符號序列 B,那麼從 A 到 B 就是圖靈可計算的。Church已經證明:圖靈機、遞迴函式、λ演算和 Post系統這四種計算模型是等價的。可選擇最合適的計算模型來確定一個任務是否可計算。一條無限長的儲存帶:帶上劃上格子,每個格子中可以寫一個符號;所有允許出現的符號屬於一個預先規定好的字母表。一個讀寫頭:每次可以從帶上讀出一個符號;可以擦去或改寫這個符號;讀寫頭可以左移一格、右移一格或者保持不動。一個控制器:控制器裡存有一個程式(指令的序列);控制器在每個時刻處於一定的狀態,叫做機器狀態;當讀寫頭從帶上讀出一個符號後,控制器就根據這個符號和當時的機器狀態,參照程式指揮讀寫頭進行書寫或者移動,並決定是否改變機器狀態。指令各部分的合作:(1)在當前機器狀態下(2)判斷讀入的符號(3)寫一個符號(4)控制讀寫頭動作( R右移;L左移;H不動 )(5)設定下一機器狀態操作基本、簡單、機械、確定,可用機器實現。運算結果由初始狀態、輸入、程式決定。程式並非必須順序執行。雖然可用線性順序來表示程式指令序列,但程式的執行順序可與表示順序不同。(計算機語言的三種基本結構:順序、選擇(或分支)、迴圈)Church已經證明:圖靈機、遞迴函式、λ演算和 Post系統這四種計算模型是等價的。馮•諾依曼(Von Neumann)結構“儲存程式”原理程式 :計算機程式是指預先設定、能夠在計算機系統中執行的指令集合。程式技術包括:設計、描述、構造、分析、測試和驗證等方面。“儲存程式”原理在計算機儲存器存放資料和程式指令。按儲存程式的首地址執行程式的第一條指令。以後就按照程式規定的順序執行其它指令,直至程式結束執行。馮·諾依曼結構主要組成部分:儲存器、運算器、控制器、輸入裝置、輸出裝置。
馮·諾依曼結構基本特點採用儲存程式方式,程式和資料放在同一個儲存器中,兩者沒有區別。指令同資料一樣可以送到運算器進行運算,即由指令組成的程式是可以修改的。儲存器是按地址訪問的線性編址的唯一結構,每個單元的位數是固定的。指令由操作碼和地址碼組成。透過執行指令直接發出控制訊號,控制計算機的操作。機器以運算器為中心,輸入輸出裝置與儲存器間的資料傳送都經過運算器。資料以二進位制表示。計算機系統組成計算機系統:硬體系統和軟體系統。硬體系統:組成計算機的物理裝置,即由電子器件、機械部件構成的具有輸入、輸出、儲存、運算等功能的實體部件。軟體系統:計算機系統中的程式以及開發、使用和維護程式所形成的文件。
超越馮•諾依曼結構平行計算並行性:在同一時刻或在同一時間段內完成兩種或兩種以上的工作,並行性是指時間上的重疊。同時性:兩個或多個事件在同一時刻發生,如書法家左右手同時書寫。併發性:兩個或多個事件在同一時間段內發生。並行處理:提高計算機處理的並行性是提高計算機效能的措施之一。“時間重疊”:多個處理過程在時間上互相錯開,輪流使用一套硬體裝置的各個部分,以加快硬體使用率,如流水線處理系統。“資源重疊”:採用重複設定硬體裝置的方法,使用多個資源最緊張的裝置。如多處理器系統。平行計算:利用平行計算機系統進行資訊的並行處理。內容主要包括平行計算方法、平行計算模型、並行演算法、並行程式設計、並行測試程式、測試結構分析等等。其中,並行演算法是研究重點。生物計算機研究發現,一些有機化合物的分子具備“開”和“關”兩種電態功能,可以當成一個開關。進一步研究發現,蛋白質分子中的氫也具備“開”和“關”兩種電態功能,因而可以把一個蛋白質分子當成一個開關。從理論上說,只要用具有“開”和“關”功能的有機化合物分子或蛋白質分子作元件,就能製造 “蛋白質型”的計算機。有機物分子總是存在於生物體內,所以人們把這種有機物計算機稱作“生物計算機”,或稱作“分子計算機”。密集度高:可以達到現有半導體超大規模積體電路的10萬倍 。速度快:分子邏輯元件的開關速度比目前的矽半導體邏輯元件開關速度高出1000倍以上。“自我修復” 的機能:可靠性非常之高,經久耐用,具有“半永久性”。耗能小:有機分子的生物化學元件利用化學反應來進行工作,所需能量少,不存在元件發熱的問題。量子計算機利用量子動力學規律(特別是量子干涉)實現資訊處理。昆位元一個昆位元說明一個單粒子能存在於0或1的狀態,或者同時存在於0和1的狀態,這說明昆位元比位元可以表示的狀態多。昆位元最簡單的一個例子就是光子可沿兩條路徑傳播。一條路徑可以代表0,另一條路徑可以代表1。當光束射向分光機時,光子能存在於兩條路徑的重疊態。量子平行:量子重疊態允許同時進行許種運算,可以大大減少計算時間。量子平行傳統計算機儲存器的共同特點和侷限就是,在一個特定的時刻只能儲存一個數字(如二進位制數10)。相對而言,一個量子重疊態執行一個昆位元位同時儲存0和1。兩個昆位元位能同時儲存所有的4個二進位制數。三個昆位元位能儲存8個二進位制數000,001,010,011,100,101,110和111。量子計算機的威力:只用300個光子(或者300個離子等等)就能儲存比這個宇宙中的原子數還多的數字,而且對這些數字的計算可以同時進行。計算機硬體系統現代計算機硬體系統包括:中央處理單元、儲存系統和輸入輸出(I/O)系統3個主要組成部分,用系統匯流排把它們連線在一起,如圖4.1所示。
中 央 處 理 單 元
組成(1) 運算器(2) 控制器主要功能(1) 指令控制(2) 操作控制(3) 時間控制(4) 資料加工運算器運算器:資料加工處理部件,實現資料的算術運算和邏輯運算。主要功能如下:(1) 執行所有的算術運算。(2) 執行所有的邏輯運算,並進行邏輯測試。基本邏輯構件:算術邏輯運算單元ALU、通用暫存器、累加器、多路轉換器、資料匯流排等。控制器控制器:指揮和控制計算機各部件按一定時序協調操作。主要功能如下:(1) 取指令:根據指令在儲存器中的存放地址,從儲存器中取出指令。(2) 執行指令:對指令進行譯碼分析,並按一定的時序發出執行該指令所需的一系列操作控制訊號,控制運算器、儲存器及輸入/輸出裝置等部件進行動作。(3) 取下條指令:執行完一條指令後,自動從儲存器中取出下一條要執行的指令。基本組成:程式計數器、指令暫存器、指令譯碼器、時序產生器、操作控制器等。儲存系統通常採用三級儲存器結構:高速緩衝儲存器(Cache),主儲存器(主存、記憶體),輔助儲存器(輔存、外存)主儲存器主儲存器:由半導體儲存器構成,儲存直接與CPU交換的資訊。速度較高,但容量較小,價格高。功能:實現儲存單元的按“地址”讀出或寫入資料。組成:儲存體+外圍電路(地址暫存器、地址譯碼驅動電路、資料暫存器、讀/寫放大電路和時序控制線路等)。主要效能指標:儲存容量、存取速度、每位價格和可靠性等。隨機存取儲存器(RAM)只讀儲存器(ROM)掩模式ROM(出廠前一次光刻寫入)可程式設計只讀儲存器PROM(可寫入一次)可擦除可程式設計只讀儲存器EPROM (可多次檫寫)高速緩衝儲存器(Cache)高速緩衝儲存器Cache:位於CPU與主儲存器之間,彌補主存速度的不足。
輔助儲存器輔助儲存器:用以存放系統軟體、大型檔案、資料庫等大量程式與資料資訊,它們位於主機範疇之外,常稱為外儲存器。常用的儲存體:磁帶儲存器、磁碟儲存器和光碟儲存器。特點:(1)儲存容量大、可靠性高、每位價格低;(2)記錄資訊可長期儲存而不丟失;(3)非破壞性讀出,讀寫時不需要再生;(4)缺點:存取速度較慢,機械結構複雜。輸入輸出(I/O)系統主機:CPU和主儲存器構成了計算機的硬體主體。輸入輸出(I/O):實現主機機與外界之間進行聯絡的橋樑。輸入:程式、原始資料等資訊要送入計算機;輸出:計算機的計算結果和各種控制資訊要送出計算機,以便顯示、列印或實現各種控制動作。計算機輸入輸出裝置計算機輸入輸出裝置:文字裝置、圖形裝置、影像裝置、語音裝置等。常用裝置:顯示器、鍵盤、滑鼠、印表機、掃描器、繪圖儀等。輸入輸出裝置介面特點:(1) I/O裝置的工作速度遠比主機慢,相差幾個數量級。(2) I/O裝置採用的資訊格式與主機內部的資訊格式不同。(3) I/O裝置與主機各有自身的時鐘和定時控制邏輯,無法取得同步。基本功能:(1) 識別地址碼,即地址譯碼功能。(2) 實現主機與I/O裝置之間的通訊聯絡控制,包括同步控制、裝置選擇、中斷控制等。(3) 實現資料緩衝。(4) 能夠將I/O裝置的工作狀態“記錄”下來,並“通知”主機,為主機管理I/O裝置提供必要的資訊。(5) 能夠接受主機發來的各種控制命令,以實現對I/O裝置的控制操作。(6) 進行資料型別、格式等方面的轉換。輸入輸出控制方式程式查詢方式(Program Inquiry)中斷控制方式(Interrupt Control)DMA方式(Direct Memory Access)主要特點:(1)在I/O裝置與主存之間直接開闢了資料傳送通道,因此當I/O裝置與主存交換資料時,不需要經過CPU;(2)資料交換以成批方式進行,一次交換一個資料塊或一批資料;(3)資料的交換由DMA控制器控制實現,而不是透過程式控制實現的。輸入輸出處理機方式計算機體系結構計算機系統結構的概念計算機系統的多級層次結構在不同層次,計算機系統有不同定義。
研究內容:指令系統 ,資料表示, 運算元的定址方式 ,暫存器的構成定義 ,中斷結構和例外條件 ,儲存體系和管理,I/O結構,資訊保護精簡指令集計算機系統指令系統:程式設計者看到的機器的主要屬性,是軟硬體的主要介面,決定了計算機具有的基本功能。複雜指令集和精簡指令集:( 1)複雜指令集計算機 (CISC:Complex Instruction Set Computer):為了增強指令的功能,在指令系統中引入了各種各樣的複雜指令。透過增加硬體的複雜性提高計算機的效能。( 2)精簡指令集計算機 (RISC:Reduced Instruction Set Computer):儘量簡化指令功能,重點實現使用頻率高的指令(節省出空間給新增的暫存器和快取),提高計算機的效能。並行處理技術並行性:在數值計算、資料處理、資訊處理過程中可能存在某些可同時進行運算或操作的部分。開發並行性的目的是為了進行並行處理,以提高計算機系統求解問題的能力。時間重疊、資源重複和資源共享是提高計算機系統並行性的3種常用方法。並行性有兩種含義:同時性、併發性。水線處理工作原理:(1)將計算機中各個功能部件所要完成的操作分解成若干個子過程,每個子過程可以和其他子過程同時進行。(2)SISD:單指令流,單資料流 。陣列處理工作原理:(1)利用資源重複而非時間重疊,即在系統中設定多個相同的處理單元來開發並行性。(2)利用同時性而非併發性,所有處理單元必須同時進行相同的操作。(3)提高運算速度主要靠增加處理單元的個數。資料流與指令流
總結:計算機硬體系統一個完整的計算機系統由硬體和軟體兩部分組成。硬體包括中央處理單元、儲存器和I/O子系統3個主要組成部分,用系統匯流排把它們連線在一起 。中央處理單元由運算器和控制器兩部分組成。儲存器是計算機的記憶部件,用來存放人們編寫的程式以及程式中所用到的資料、資訊和中間結果。I/O系統一般包括輸入和輸出兩類裝置。系統匯流排將CPU、儲存器和I/O裝置連線起來,用來在各部分之間傳送資訊。計算機系統結構反映了計算機系統的層次結構。計算機軟體系統軟體與軟體工程軟體的概念及分類裸機:沒有裝入任何軟體的計算機。軟體:文件+程式。軟體分類:系統軟體:參與構成計算機系統,提供給計算機使用者使用,用於擴充套件計算機硬體功能,維護整個計算機硬體和軟體系統,溝通使用者思維方式、操作習慣與計算機硬體裝置之間關係的軟體。應用軟體:為滿足使用者不同領域、不同問題的應用需求而設計和生產的軟體。軟體危機與軟體工程軟體危機:表現在軟體的質量難以保證;軟體成本的增長難以控制;軟體開發的週期難以確定;軟體的維護非常困難。軟體工程:研究大規模程式設計的方法、工具和管理的科學;運用系統的、規範的和可定量的方法來開發、執行和維護軟體的系統工程。軟體≠程式軟體工程的特點:(1) 軟體是產品;(2) 軟體生產是按一定的規範進行的,其中包括組織機構、質量評審及科學方法等;(3) 軟體產品的維護與其他形式的程式有本質的不同。軟體工程的基本原則 :(1) 劃分軟體生命週期(2) 進行階段評審(3) 編制軟體文件(4) 採用現代化程式設計技術軟體工程的基本目標 :在給定的時間和費用下開發出一個滿足使用者功能要求的、效能可靠的軟體系統。軟體生命週期問題的定義及規劃:軟體開發方與需求方共同討論,確定軟體的開發目標及其可行性。需求分析:詳細分析並確定軟體需要實現的功能。軟體設計:根據需求分析,對整個軟體系統進行設計,如系統框架設計,資料庫設計等。軟體設計一般分為總體設計和詳細設計。程式編碼:將軟體設計的結果轉換成計算機可執行的程式程式碼。要求程式碼編寫規範統一標準、程式碼結構良好、可讀性高,易維護、執行效率高。軟體測試:測試過程分單元測試、組裝測試以及系統測試三個階段。測試的方法主要有白盒法和黑盒法。執行維護:軟體投入使用後,對軟體進行維護。軟體的維護包括糾錯性維護(改正錯誤)和改進性維護(進一步適應使用者的要求)兩個方面。程式設計及其語言程式設計語言的分類低階語言:包括機器語言(指令程式碼)和組合語言(指令助記符),它們都是面向機器的語言,用這種語言編制的程式只適用於某種特定型別的計算機。高階語言:不倚賴某種特定的機器或環境,程序導向或面向問題。告訴機器“做什麼”和 “怎麼做” 。演算法與資料結構程式 = 演算法 + 資料結構程式的要素程式由操作與控制結構兩要素組成。(1) 操作:邏輯運算 ,算術運算 ,資料比較 ,資料傳送(2) 程式的控制結構:順序結構 ,選擇結構 ,迴圈結構(3) 程式的特徵:有窮性 ,確定性 ,可行性 ,輸入 ,輸出 。常用演算法:列舉法(窮舉法):先確定答案的大致範圍,然後在此範圍內對所有可能的情況逐一驗證,直到全部情況驗證完畢。迭代法:重複執行一組指令(或一定步驟),在每次執行這組指令時,都從變數的原值推出它的一個新值。資料結構:資料結構:指資料之間的關係,包括邏輯結構、儲存結構和資料運算。邏輯結構:描述資料之間關係,分為線性和非線性結構。程式語言與程式設計高階語言的基本元素:由基本符號所組成,可分為數、邏輯值、名字、標號和字串等五大類。高階語言中的表示式:由基本符號和基本元素組成。按表示式的運算結果可分為算術、邏輯和字串表示式。高階語言中的語句:說明語言:說明或定義變數及函式等可執行語句:賦值運算語句:實現計算或儲存。結構控制語句:實現順序、選擇、迴圈流程控制,包括條件、轉移、迴圈、函式呼叫和返回語句等。輸入/輸出語句:執行輸入/輸出。語言處理程式編譯程式和解釋程式的概念:解釋程式:對程式語言語句逐條解釋執行。編譯程式:把一種語言(源語言)書寫的程式翻譯成另一種語言(目標語言)的等價的程式。編譯程式的功能:
編譯過程:詞法分析階段->語法及語義分析階段->中間程式碼生成->程式碼最佳化->目的碼生成。作業系統作業系統的形成和發展作業系統(OS:Operating System)是一個大型的系統程式。設計作業系統主要目的:為使用計算機提供一個良好、方便的環境;保證計算機系統順利執行,對各個計算活動進行排程。為程式的開發和執行提供一個良好、方便的環境;可以從不同的角度,如作業系統的功能、作業系統可以支援的使用者數和程序數、計算機的配置來對作業系統進行劃分。從系統功能的角度,一般把作業系統分為:批處理作業系統、分時作業系統、實時作業系統、網路作業系統、分散式作業系統、個人計算機作業系統等。從資源管理的觀點來看,作業系統的功能可以分為五大部分:處理器管理、儲存管理、檔案管理、裝置管理、作業管理。常用的幾種作業系統DOS (1.0——6.0——7.1 )Windows (31/32/95/98/2k/xp/CE)Unix、Linux (開源)Elastos (中國863自主產權、構件化網路OS)手機作業系統(Symbian、iOS、Android)嵌入式作業系統(TinyOS)其它資料庫系統資料庫系統發展階段人工管理階段檔案系統階段資料庫系統階段高階資料庫系統階段資料庫系統組成一個完整的資料庫系統包括:資料庫及其管理系統、軟硬體支援、資料庫管理員資料庫管理系統(DBMS)資料模型:資料模型是資料庫技術的關鍵,至少包括資料結構、資料操作和完整性約束三個要素。資料模型分類:根據資料結構型別,分為層次模型、網狀模型、關係模型和麵向物件模型等。資料庫系統型別:根據資料模型型別,分為層次資料庫、網狀資料庫、關聯式資料庫和麵向物件資料庫等。常用關聯式資料庫管理系統在微型機上執行的資料庫管理系統幾乎全是關係型的,在我國執行較多的關係型資料庫管理系統有INGRES、INFORMIX、UNIFY、DBASE、FOXPRO、DB2、ORACLE等。資料庫系統的應用模式目前,資料庫系統的應用主要有兩種型別:單使用者資料庫應用系統,多使用者資料庫應用系統。單使用者DBMS應用模式:資料庫管理系統DBMS執行在個人計算機上,又稱為桌面(Desktop)DBMS。屬於單使用者的DBMS的主要產品有:Microsoft Access、Paradox、Fox系列和DBase系列。單使用者的DBMS系統的功能,特別是在資料的一致性維護、完整性檢查及安全性管理上是不嚴格的。集中式資料庫應用模式:主機/終端結構是大型主機系統使用的結構,這種結構是以一臺主機為核心,將作業系統、應用程式、DBMS、資料庫等資料和資源均放在該主機上,所有的應用處理均由主機承擔。每個與主機相連線的終端都是作為主機的一種I/O裝置。由於是集中式的管理,主機的任何錯誤都有可能導致整個系統的癱瘓,因此對系統的主機的效能要求比較高,維護費用也較高。戶機/伺服器資料庫應用模式:
多層資料庫應用模式:
瀏覽器/WWW伺服器/資料庫伺服器結構示意圖計算機網路系統計算機通訊與網路通訊通訊過程通訊控制器:負責資料終端(DTE)裝置和通訊線路的連線,完成資料緩衝、速度匹配、串並轉換等。通道:傳輸訊號的通道,可以是有線或無線的傳輸媒體。訊號變換器:把通訊控制器發出的訊號轉換成適合於在通道上傳輸的訊號,反之,把從通道上接收的訊號轉換成通訊控制器所能接受的訊號。資訊互動方式:單工、半雙工、全雙工
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%89%BE%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%94%B6%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%94%B6%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%94%B6%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%93%AA%E9%87%8C%E6%94%B6%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E7%9A%84%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E7%9A%84%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E7%9A%84%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E7%9A%84%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
https://book.qq.com/book-search/%E9%9B%86%E7%BB%93%E5%8F%B7%E...
計算機網路計算機網路的發展:1969年12月,因特網的前身——美國的ARPA網投入執行。進入90年代,計算機技術、通訊技術以及建立在計算機和網路技術基礎上的計算機網路技術得到了迅猛的發展。計算機網路在我國的發展也非常迅速。計算機網路的用途:資料通訊、資源共享、分佈處理。計算機網路的分類:根據交換功能進行分類:電路交換 ,報文交換 ,分組交換,混合交換 。從網路的拓撲結構進行分類:集中式網路 ,分散式網路 ,分散式網路 。根據作用範圍進行分類:廣域網 ,區域網 ,都會網路 。根據使用範圍進行分類 :公用網 ,專用網 。網路的組成網路的組成計算機網路的組成 :通訊子網:把資訊從一臺主機傳輸到另一臺主機,包括實現網路通訊功能的裝置及其軟體的集合( OSI體系中的位置是下三層, Internet體系結構以TCP/IP協議為核心,通訊裝置、網路通訊協議、通訊控制軟體等屬於通訊子網),為使用者提供資料的傳輸,轉接,加工,變換等 。資源子網:負責全網的資訊處理,為網路使用者提供網路服務和資源共享功能,是各種網路資源(硬體、軟體、資料資訊)的集合。包括網路中所有的主機算計、I/O裝置、終端,資料訪問協議、網路軟體和資料庫等各種協議:通訊雙方需遵守的規則和約定本文。網路裝置:伺服器(Server):為執行在其它的計算機上的客戶端程式提供某種特定服務的計算機。工作站(Workstation,也稱客戶機) :由伺服器進行管理和提供服務的、連入網路的計算機,其效能一般低於伺服器。網路介面卡(網路卡)。調變解調器(Modem):提供透過電話撥號接入因特網的硬體裝置。集線器:區域網的星型連線點,是管理網路的最小單元。網橋(Bridge):工作於資料鏈路層,用於擴充套件網路的距離範圍,並提高網路的效能、可靠性和安全性。拓撲結構網路拓撲結構:指用傳輸媒體互聯各種裝置的物理佈局,包括裝置的分佈位置和連線方式。常用網路拓撲結構型別:匯流排形、環形、星形和網狀網路。匯流排結構:
環形結構:
星形拓撲:
網狀拓撲:
網路協議網路協議:網路中為進行資料交換而建立的規則、標準或約定。OSI的7層體系結構TCP/IP協議1)應用層(與OSI的應用層、表示層和會話層對應),2)傳輸層(與OSI的傳輸層對應),3)網際層IP(與OSI的網路層對應)4)網路介面層(與OSI的資料鏈路層和物理層對應)。OSI與TCP/IP體系結構的對比:
計算機網路的應用電子郵件(E-mail)檔案傳輸(FTP)FTP採取“客戶/伺服器”方式,使用者要在自己的本地計算機上安裝FTP客戶程式。FTP客戶程式有字元介面和圖形介面兩種。遠端登入(Telnet)遠端登入就是用於從一個網際網路站點登入到另一個站點的程式或命令。全球資訊網(World Wide Web)新聞組(Newsgroup/Usenet)新聞組就是專題討論組。電子公告牌BBS(Bulletin Board System)搜尋引擎聊天系統ICQ/OICQ網上傳呼機網上娛樂電子商務網路廣告人工智慧概述什麼是智慧智慧:是人類認識自然、改造自然的最高階工具和自身賴以存在、區別於其他低階動物的最本質特徵。智慧:是知識與智力的總和。知識:是一切智慧行為的基礎;智力:是獲取知識並運用知識求解問題的能力,即在任意給定的環境和目標的條件下,正確制訂決策和實現目標的能力,它來自人腦的思維活動。人類智慧的含義:感知能力思維能力學習能力自我適應能力人類智慧過程包含:資訊描述和資訊處理過程知識描述和知識處理過程人工智慧人工智慧(Artificial Intelligence)至今沒有統一的確定的定義,可以從兩個方面來對其進行認識:顧名思義,人工智慧就是用人工的方法在機器上實現的智慧,也可以稱為機器智慧、模擬智慧。從學科角度講,人工智慧是一門研究如何構造智慧機器(或系統),使它能夠模擬、延伸、擴充套件人類智慧的學科。人工智慧的發展歷史人工智慧,正式誕生於1956年夏天。人工智慧:是一門電腦科學、控制論、資訊理論、語言學、神經生理學、心理學、數學、哲學等多種學科相互滲透而發展起來的綜合性學科,人工智慧的思想自古今中外均有萌芽。公元前900多年,我國有歌舞機器人傳說的記載。公元850年,古希臘就有製造機器人幫助人們勞動的神話傳說。這說明人類自古就有人工智慧的幻想。人工智慧的形成期1956年夏季,在美國Dartmoth(達特默思)大學,由年輕數學助教J.McCarthy和他的3位朋友明斯基,羅徹斯特、夏農共同發起,邀請IBM公司的摩爾和塞繆爾、MIT的塞爾夫裡奇和索羅蒙佛以及RAND公司和卡內基工科大學的鈕厄爾和西蒙等十人參加夏季學術討論會,歷時2個月。在這次歷史性的聚會上,第一次正式使用了“人工智慧(AI)”這一術語,從而開創了人工智慧的研究方向和學科。在形成期,人工智慧研究出現了一些較有代表性的工作(這個時期AI研究的主要方向是機器翻譯、定理證明、博弈等)。博弈同樣是AI形成期的研究熱點。人工智慧的蕭條期當人們進行了比較深入的工作後,發現人工智慧研究碰到的困難比原來想像的要多得多。1966年,在AI的發源地,美國政府按照“自動化語言處理諮詢委員會(ALPAC)”的報告(又稱黑皮書)宣佈機器翻譯研究失敗,近期內不再搞MT。於是AI的形象大大降低,研究得不到支援。人工智慧的發展期1977年,第五屆國際人工智慧聯合會會議上,費根鮑姆(Feigenbaum)教授在一篇題為“人工智慧的藝術:知識工程課題及例項研究”的特約文章中系統地闡述了專家系統的思想並提出“知識工程”的概念。由於理論研究的成果(例如各種表示方法的研究)和計算機軟、硬體的飛速發展,各種專家系統、自然語言處理系統等AI實用系統商業化進入市場併產生較大的經濟效益和社會效益,展示了人工智慧應用的廣闊前景日本的第五代機計劃在世界範圍內引起了強烈的反響。80年代中期、後期,人們想研究通用的智慧機器或專家系統的設想計劃開始出現危機,碰到幾個問題:智慧系統的實時性以及與環境的互動性不盡人意,感知問題要解決很不容易,聲音、影像、文字資訊等多媒體資訊處理也是個問題,而要模擬人的直覺、頓悟、靈感等智慧就更難了;人工智慧問題在規模擴大後有了新問題。人工智慧研究人員開始研究和解決AI的一系列關鍵技術問題。人工智慧的研究途徑功能模擬與符號主義學派符號主義:認為人工智慧起源於數理邏輯,人類認知(智慧)的基本元素是符號(Symbol),認知過程是符號表示上的一種運算。有關理論:物理符號系統假設(紐厄爾和西蒙)。有限合理性原理(西蒙)。代表性成果:1957年紐厄爾和西蒙等人研製的稱為邏輯理論機的數學定理證明程式LT。結構模擬與聯結主義學派聯結主義(Connectionism):又稱仿生學派(Bionicsism)或生理學派(Physiologism),是基於神經網路及網路間的聯結機制與學習演算法的人工智慧學派。觀點:聯結主義認為人工智慧起源於仿生學,特別是人腦模型的研究。代表性成果:1943年由麥克洛奇和皮茲創立的腦模型,即MP模型。行為模擬與行為主義學派行為主義(Actionism):又稱進化主義(Evolutionism)或控制論學派(Cyberneticsism),是基於控制論和“感知-動作”型控制系統的人工智慧學派。觀點:認為人工智慧起源於控制論,提出智慧取決於感知和行為,取決於對外界複雜環境的適應,而不是表示和推理。代表性成果:布魯克(Brooks)研製的機器蟲。典型研究途徑的比較符號主義、聯結主義和行為主義特點的比較
人工智慧的研究與應用領域從能力角度理解的人類智慧,包括:感知能力思維能力學習能力行為能力人工智慧研究和應用的領域也可以從這四個方面來區分。機器感知計算機視覺研究視覺資訊獲取、表達及處理,研究如何在視覺場景中識別物體。模式識別研究如何使機器具有感知能力的一個研究領域。主要研究對視覺模式、聽覺模式的識別,圖形與影像識別 ,語音識別 。自然語言理解研究用自然語言進行機器理解的分支。自然語言理解可看成是模式識別研究的自然延伸。機器思維難題求解:解決沒有演算法解,或雖有演算法解但在現有機器上無法實施或無法完成的困難問題,如遊戲世界中的一些智力性問題。自動(機器)定理證明:利用機器的高速度和大容量,把數學證明定理的過程變成一系列能在計算機上自動實現的符號演算過程。自動程式設計:把用高階形式語言或自然語言描述的程式自動地轉換成在計算機上可以執行的程式。專家系統人工神經網路 :透過廣泛並行互聯大量的簡單處理單元,構成的人工網路,模擬人腦神經系統的結構和功能。機器學習機器學習是機器獲取知識的根本途徑。使計算機能夠模擬或實現人類的學習功能。知識發現與資料探勘在資料庫的基礎上,分析資料規律,實現知識發現。機器行為機器博弈:研究對策和鬥智方法。智慧控制:指無需(或需要儘可能少的)人的干預、獨立地驅動智慧機器,實現其目標的自動控制。機器人:自動執行工作的機器裝置。它既可以接受人類指揮,又可以執行預先編排的程式,也可以根據以人工智慧技術制定的原則綱領行動。它的任務是協助或取代人類工作,例如生產業、建築業,或是危險的工作。人工智慧的發展與未來人工情感:用人工的方法和技術,模仿、延伸和擴充套件人的情感,使機器具有識別、理解和表達情感的能力。情感是一種特殊的、更深刻的認知,具有更高的複雜性和多變性,因此人工情感必須建立在一定程度的人工智慧的基礎上。廣義的人工智慧:人工智慧、人工情感與人工意志。人工智慧的未來數字計算機發展為智慧計算機,實現計算機革命;產業機器人發展為智慧機器人,實現機器人革命;資訊網路發展為智慧網路,實現網路革命。