李長栓教授:北外高翻研究生入學考試閱卷感想

weixin_34208185發表於2018-03-14

今天推薦的這篇文章來自李長栓教授的個人微博。教授為我們列舉並解讀了閱卷過程中遇到的種種“低階”問題。下面來看教授為我們一一剖析。

今年閱卷中發現的主要問題,與往年相同。為了對今後報考的人有些指導,這裡再次做簡單歸納。我主要負責批改第四題,就先講這一題。原文是:

我認識一位從中國來美國的暑期交換學生,她告訴我一件她覺得奇怪的事情。她寄宿在一個美國人的家裡。這家夫婦倆都是律師,有4個從上高中到小學的男孩。那個人家房子很大,有遊艇和私人飛機,非常富有的樣子,生活卻很簡單。有一次,父母兩人出外度假,臨走前在家裡的大冰箱裡為留在家裡的4個孩子放好一模一樣大小的4份食品,不分大小,每人一份。而且,還給他們每人分配一份工作,修整草地、洗游泳池、清理廚房、廁所等等。這4個孩子,大的食品不夠吃,小的吃不了。大的向小的要,小的就以代做自己那一份家事為條件,把吃不了的分一些給大的。

這確實是一個典型的美國家庭,說它典型,不是說它擁有的財產(這個家庭顯然要比許多其他美國家庭富有),而是說它的價值觀。

主要問題包括:

一、語法錯誤。

相當一部分同學,語法錯誤滿篇,水平差距很大。我請這些同學放棄僥倖心理,等外語達到較高水平時,再報考不遲;不要浪費自己的精力和老師的精力。如果是想測試自己距離北外的要求還有多遠,也不需要通過考試。做份卷子或隨便翻譯一篇東西,找老師看看,如果超過三處語法錯誤或拼寫錯誤(漢譯英),就不會有錄取的希望。因為語法錯誤、拼寫錯誤,往往伴隨用詞不當、搭配不當、句子結構不當。這就說明差距很大,沒有任何錄取希望。

二、為了增加句子的複雜程度,隨意把句子連線起來。

翻譯的目的是為了有效的交流,不是為了“炫技”。高考時騙老師的那一套,根本別拿來使用。不要總想著在主句前後用個分詞短語、with短語,加上which、that;這樣做弄巧成拙。不是不可用,而是不可濫用。這個問題在第3題表現更突出。

原譯1:She temporarily lived in an American family of six members, with the couple both lawyers and four boys old enough to attend school, with the eldest in high school and the youngest in primary school.

原譯2:She went to an American homestay with the couple both being lawyer and four boys ranging from primary to high school.

改譯:She lived in an American family. The parents were both lawyers and the four boys were attending primary to high school.

也有同學做得很好:

1. She was hosted by an American family. The couple were both lawyers and they had four sons attending schools ranging from high school to primary school.

2. She was living with an American family, and the couple were both lawyers. They had four boys who were attending primary to high school.

再舉一例:

1. I have recognized an exchange student during summer vocation coming from China to America who told me a thing that she felt strange.

2. I was familiar with an exchange student for summer vacation from China to America who told me one thing that she felt strange.

直截了當翻譯即可:

I know a student who came to the United States for a summer exchange program. She told me a story she felt strange.

三、譯文邏輯。

原文有幾處邏輯問題,譯文如能改進,會使故事更通順。

1. 如:原文說:這家人有飛機、有遊艇,但又說他們過著簡單的生活,這不符合邏輯。如果說這簡單的生活,是指夫婦外出時,讓孩子吃方便麵之類的東西,又與文章的重點(談價值觀,但又不清楚是什麼價值觀)不符合。所以,原文沒寫好。如果譯文以某種方式把“簡單的生活”做合理化處理,會使譯文更加通順(實際工作中可能需要和作者聯絡,讓他修改原文)。當然,不處理也不扣分。畢竟不是你們的責任。

2.再如,留在家裡的食品,是夠每個孩子吃一頓,還是吃幾天,原文沒說清楚。多數同學翻譯的,像是隻留了一頓飯。但看起來夫婦是去度長假,所以,翻譯為只留了一頓飯,似乎不合情理。譯文要處理得模糊一些,讓人看不出是幾頓飯,但能猜出是幾天的飯。

3.又如,如果是留了幾天的飯,中國學生是每到吃飯的時候,就看到兄弟幾個討價還價,還是就看到那麼一次。原文也沒說清楚。從邏輯來看,夫婦倆只留了一頓飯,哥幾個只交換一次更為合理。但兩口子又好像是長期到外邊休假。矛盾。

4.第四,原文說拿食物交換工作,用的是“代做自己那一份家事”,給人的印象是,小的一點不用做了,不符合情理。譯文如果解釋為“幫做自己的那份家事”,就更合情理。

5.另外,原文說到飛機、遊艇,想必是一個,不少同學翻譯為複數,令人難以置信。還有的同學理解遊艇存放在家裡,也不合邏輯。一般就放在海邊。至於飛機放哪裡,文章也沒說,不好隨便猜測院子很大,放得下飛機。也許存放在某個機場。所以,譯文也不能太具體,避免把地方說錯了。說到“大的”、“小的”,有同學翻譯為the younger one, the older one, 各自成了一個人。用複數更符合邏輯。不用精確說明誰跟誰要。

總之,原文充滿了矛盾或不符合邏輯之處。要翻譯好,講一個令人信服的故事,並不容易。實際上,我們平時翻譯的材料,好多就是這樣的水平。把這些烏七雜八的東西翻譯為好文章,才能顯示一個譯者的功力。

最後,我懷疑原文作者根本沒聽過這個故事,是自己為了說明一個所謂的道理,自己胡編出來的。也許是作者寫的很清楚,被試題的改編者破壞了邏輯。再就是我懷疑,這對夫婦留一樣多的食物,也沒打算讓他們交換。是那小的猴精,趁人之危,讓哥哥替自己幹活。這樣的事情在中國也會出現;作者無限上綱,憑空發了好些無謂的感慨。這是題外話,與翻譯無關。你們有時間,可以查查這篇東西的來源。

四、時態。原文講述過去發生的故事。整個故事的敘述用過去時。即使律師夫婦還沒有把飛機賣掉、孩子還呆在原來的學校。

五、其他問題包括:不區分可數不可數,如a food;house, yacht, plane等可數名詞不知道加冠詞;搭配不知所云:view of/on values, outlook of values等等。

這裡提供一份經修改的考生譯文:

I know a Chinese student who was in the United States on a summer exchange program. She told me something that she felt strange. She was hosted by an American family. The couple were both lawyers and they had four sons attending primary to high school. The family lived in a large house and had a yacht and a private jet. They looked really rich, but their life was simple. Once, the parents were leaving home for a holiday. Before departure, they stored in the big refrigerator four portions of food. The portions were identical: the same food, the same amount. Each boy would have one portion, old or young. In addition, each boy was assigned a job: mowing the lawn, cleaning the swimming pool, cleaning the kitchen, and cleaning the toilet. Among the four children, the older ones did not have enough to eat and the younger ones had too much. When the older ones demanded food from the younger ones, the young ones would only agree to share if the older ones helped them with their housework.

This is a typical American family. It is typical not because of its assets—this family was obviously much richer than others—but because of the values it encourages.

第三題我也批改了一些。原文如下:

我們要大力發展社會事業。堅持優先發展教育,穩步提升全民受教育程度。堅持自主創新、重點跨越、支撐發展、引領未來的方針,完善科技創新體系和支援政策,著力推進重大科學技術突破。研究與試驗發展經費支出佔國內生產總值比重達到2.2%,促進科技成果更好地轉化為生產力。適應現代化建設需要,加強人才培養,努力造就規模巨集大的高素質人才隊伍。大力加強文化建設,推動文化改革發展實現新跨越,滿足人民群眾不斷增長的精神文化需求。

第一個問題是時態錯誤。第一句有主語,其餘是無主句。但可以推定,其餘句子的主語都是“我們”。問題出在“研究與試驗發展經費支出佔國內生產總值比重達到2.2%,促進科技成果更好地轉化為生產力。”這句話的意思是“我們要使研究與試驗發展經費支出佔國內生產總值比重達到2.2%,我們要促進科技成果更好地轉化為生產力。”總理(或任何人)之所以說這樣的話,是因為中國的R&D在GDP中佔比較低;同時,科研成果被塵封,沒有商業化(commercialize)。

這段話翻譯時的另一個問題,是在並列的意思之間亂加連詞,表達本不存在的邏輯關係。例如:

With cost expenditure for research and experiments accounting for 2.2% of our GDP, we can better transfer the outcomings into productive forces.

提高科研經費佔比與科技轉化是並列關係。用with表示因果關係。情態也不對。這似乎是總理某個領導人的講話,是政府的工作規劃,是我們打算怎麼做,不是我們可以怎麼做。

再如:

We must greatly engage in social development. We must give top priority to education by steadily raising people’s educational level.

用by表示方式。試想:通過提高人民的教育水平,來重視教育,這個邏輯說得通嗎?

類似的例子還有很多。在增加連線詞之前,要想想:有這個邏輯關係嗎?你們可能被一種觀念所誤導:英語是形合,漢語是意合,所以,漢譯英的時候要增加連線詞。不錯,個別情況下是這樣。但英語和漢語一樣,意合佔多數。形合的地方,也是因為確實存在某種邏輯關係。不是任意增加連線詞。

本段的邏輯見以下參考譯文:

We will develop social programs. We will give priority to education in order to improve literacy of the entire population. Guided by the principle of “indigenous (OR proprietary) innovation in key areas to support development and lead in the future”, we will improve our innovation system and provide policy support for breakthroughs in major technologies. We will raise R&D expenditure to 2.2% of GDP; we will facilitate the commercialization of research (OR the translation of research results into practice/productivity). We will strengthen training and build a large pool of high-caliber work force to accelerate modernization. We will develop cultural initiatives. We will take larger steps in cultural reform and development to meet the increasing needs of the population.

不需要把那些形容詞都翻譯出來——翻譯出來顯得歇斯底里;不要用太多的被動句。不要用慢啟動句子(slow start sentences;說了半天還沒聽到重點),如It is required to insist on the priority given to the development of education and to promote steadily the education level of the general public.用should也說得過去,如果你認為總理是在抱怨的話。

從李長栓教授的解讀中,不難發現試卷上出現的一些問題其實並沒有那麼高深莫測,大多還是一些基礎知識、常見問題。希望大家可以引以為戒,打牢基礎,查缺補漏,讓自己走得每一步都要堅實起來!

以上來源李長栓老師的部落格。http://http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_67d1e1980102dy5e.html

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