Android非同步訊息機制

瀟湘劍雨發表於2018-10-27

目錄介紹

  • 1.Handler的常見的使用方式
  • 2.如何在子執行緒中定義Handler
  • 3.主執行緒如何自動呼叫Looper.prepare()
  • 4.Looper.prepare()方法原始碼分析
  • 5.Looper中用什麼儲存訊息
  • 6.Handler傳送訊息如何運作
  • 7.Looper.loop()方法原始碼分析
  • 8.runOnUiThread如何實現子執行緒更新UI
  • 9.Handler的post方法和view的post方法
  • 10.得出部分結論

好訊息

  • 部落格筆記大彙總【16年3月到至今】,包括Java基礎及深入知識點,Android技術部落格,Python學習筆記等等,還包括平時開發中遇到的bug彙總,當然也在工作之餘收集了大量的面試題,長期更新維護並且修正,持續完善……開源的檔案是markdown格式的!同時也開源了生活部落格,從12年起,積累共計47篇[近20萬字],轉載請註明出處,謝謝!
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  • 如果覺得好,可以star一下,謝謝!當然也歡迎提出建議,萬事起於忽微,量變引起質變!
  • 00.Android非同步訊息機制

    • 如何在子執行緒中定義Handler,主執行緒如何自動呼叫Looper.prepare(),Looper.prepare()方法原始碼分析,Looper中用什麼儲存訊息,Looper.loop()方法原始碼分析,runOnUiThread如何實現子執行緒更新UI等等
  • 01.Handler訊息機制

    • 為什麼不允許在子執行緒中訪問UI,Handler訊息機制作用,避免子執行緒手動建立looper,ActivityThread原始碼分析,ActivityThread原始碼分析,Looper死迴圈為什麼不會導致應用卡死,會消耗大量資源嗎?

1.Handler的常見的使用方式

  • handler機制大家都比較熟悉呢。在子執行緒中傳送訊息,主執行緒接受到訊息並且處理邏輯。如下所示

    • 一般handler的使用方式都是在主執行緒中定義Handler,然後在子執行緒中呼叫mHandler.sendXx()方法,這裡有一個疑問可以在子執行緒中定義Handler嗎?
    public class MainActivity extends AppCompatActivity {
    
        private TextView tv ;
    
        /**
         * 在主執行緒中定義Handler,並實現對應的handleMessage方法
         */
        public static Handler mHandler = new Handler() {
            @Override
            public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
                if (msg.what == 101) {
                    Log.i("MainActivity", "接收到handler訊息...");
                }
            }
        };
    
        @Override
        protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
            super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
            setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
            tv = (TextView) findViewById(R.id.tv);
            tv.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
                @Override
                public void onClick(View v) {
                    new Thread() {
                        @Override
                        public void run() {
                            // 在子執行緒中傳送非同步訊息
                            mHandler.sendEmptyMessage(1);
                        }
                    }.start();
                }
            });
        }
    }

2.如何在子執行緒中定義Handler

  • 直接在子執行緒中建立handler,看看會出現什麼情況?

    • 執行後可以得出在子執行緒中定義Handler物件出錯,難道Handler物件的定義或者是初始化只能在主執行緒中?其實不是這樣的,錯誤資訊中提示的已經很明顯了,在初始化Handler物件之前需要呼叫Looper.prepare()方法
    tv.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
        @Override
        public void onClick(View v) {
            new Thread() {
                @Override
                public void run() {
                    Handler mHandler = new Handler() {
                        @Override
                        public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
                            if (msg.what == 1) {
                                Log.i(TAG, "在子執行緒中定義Handler,接收並處理訊息");
                            }
                        }
                    };
                }
            }.start();
        }
    });
    • 如何正確執行。在這裡問一個問題,在子執行緒中可以吐司嗎?答案是可以的,只不過又條件,詳細可以看這篇文章02.Toast原始碼深度分析

      • 這樣程式已經不會報錯,那麼這說明初始化Handler物件的時候我們是需要呼叫Looper.prepare()的,那麼主執行緒中為什麼可以直接初始化Handler呢?難道是主執行緒建立handler物件的時候,會自動呼叫Looper.prepare()方法的嗎?
    tv.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
        @Override
        public void onClick(View v) {
            new Thread() {
                @Override
                public void run() {
                    Looper.prepare();
                    Handler mHandler = new Handler() {
                        @Override
                        public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
                            if (msg.what == 1) {
                                Log.i(TAG, "在子執行緒中定義Handler,接收並處理訊息");
                            }
                        }
                    };
                    Looper.loop();
                }
            }.start();
        }
    });

3.主執行緒如何自動呼叫Looper.prepare()

  • 首先直接可以看在App初始化的時候會執行ActivityThread的main方法中的程式碼,如下所示

    • 可以看到Looper.prepare()方法在這裡呼叫,所以在主執行緒中可以直接初始化Handler了。
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        //省略部分程式碼
        Looper.prepareMainLooper();
        ActivityThread thread = new ActivityThread();
        thread.attach(false);
        if (sMainThreadHandler == null) {
            sMainThreadHandler = thread.getHandler();
        }
        if (false) {
            Looper.myLooper().setMessageLogging(new
                    LogPrinter(Log.DEBUG, "ActivityThread"));
        }
        Trace.traceEnd(Trace.TRACE_TAG_ACTIVITY_MANAGER);
        Looper.loop();
        throw new RuntimeException("Main thread loop unexpectedly exited");
    }
  • 並且可以看到還呼叫了:Looper.loop()方法,可以知道一個Handler的標準寫法其實是這樣的

    Looper.prepare();
    Handler mHandler = new Handler() {
       @Override
       public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
          if (msg.what == 101) {
             Log.i(TAG, "在子執行緒中定義Handler,並接收到訊息");
           }
       }
    };
    Looper.loop();

4.Looper.prepare()方法原始碼分析

  • 原始碼如下所示

    • 可以看到Looper中有一個ThreadLocal成員變數,熟悉JDK的同學應該知道,當使用ThreadLocal維護變數時,ThreadLocal為每個使用該變數的執行緒提供獨立的變數副本,所以每一個執行緒都可以獨立地改變自己的副本,而不會影響其它執行緒所對應的副本。
    public static void prepare() {
        prepare(true);
    }
    
    private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
        if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
        }
        sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
    }
  • 思考:Looper.prepare()能否呼叫兩次或者多次

    • 如果執行,則會報錯,並提示prepare中的Excetion資訊。由此可以得出在每個執行緒中Looper.prepare()能且只能呼叫一次
    //這裡Looper.prepare()方法呼叫了兩次
    Looper.prepare();
    Looper.prepare();
    Handler mHandler = new Handler() {
       @Override
       public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
           if (msg.what == 1) {
              Log.i(TAG, "在子執行緒中定義Handler,並接收到訊息。。。");
           }
       }
    };
    Looper.loop();

5.Looper中用什麼儲存訊息

  • 先看一下下面得原始碼

    • 看Looper物件的構造方法,可以看到在其構造方法中初始化了一個MessageQueue物件。MessageQueue也稱之為訊息佇列,特點是先進先出,底層實現是單連結串列資料結構
    private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) {
        if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread");
        }
        sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed));
    }
    
    private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) {
        mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed);
        mThread = Thread.currentThread();
    }
  • 得出結論

    • Looper.prepare()方法初始話了一個Looper物件並關聯在一個MessageQueue物件,並且一個執行緒中只有一個Looper物件,只有一個MessageQueue物件。

6.Handler傳送訊息如何運作

  • 首先看看構造方法

    • 可以看出在Handler的構造方法中,主要初始化了一下變數,並判斷Handler物件的初始化不應再內部類,靜態類,匿名類中,並且儲存了當前執行緒中的Looper物件。
    public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) {
        if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) {
            final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass();
            if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) &&
                    (klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) {
                Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " +
                    klass.getCanonicalName());
            }
        }
    
        mLooper = Looper.myLooper();
        if (mLooper == null) {
            throw new RuntimeException(
                "Can`t create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()");
        }
        mQueue = mLooper.mQueue;
        mCallback = callback;
        mAsynchronous = async;
    }
  • 看handler.sendMessage(msg)方法

    • 關於下面得原始碼,是步步追蹤,看enqueueMessage這個方法,原來msg.target就是Handler物件本身;而這裡的queue物件就是我們的Handler內部維護的Looper物件關聯的MessageQueue物件。
    handler.sendMessage(message);
    
    //追蹤到這一步
    public final boolean sendMessage(Message msg){
        return sendMessageDelayed(msg, 0);
    }
    
    
    public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
        MessageQueue queue = mQueue;
        if (queue == null) {
            RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException(
                    this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue");
            Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e);
            return false;
        }
        return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis);
    }
    
    private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) {
        msg.target = this;
        if (mAsynchronous) {
            msg.setAsynchronous(true);
        }
        return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis);
    }
  • 看MessageQueue物件的enqueueMessage方法

    • 看到這裡MessageQueue並沒有使用列表將所有的Message儲存起來,而是使用Message.next儲存下一個Message,從而按照時間將所有的Message排序
    boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
        if (msg.target == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Message must have a target.");
        }
        if (msg.isInUse()) {
            throw new IllegalStateException(msg + " This message is already in use.");
        }
    
        synchronized (this) {
            if (mQuitting) {
                IllegalStateException e = new IllegalStateException(
                        msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread");
                Log.w(TAG, e.getMessage(), e);
                msg.recycle();
                return false;
            }
    
            msg.markInUse();
            msg.when = when;
            Message p = mMessages;
            boolean needWake;
            if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
                // New head, wake up the event queue if blocked.
                msg.next = p;
                mMessages = msg;
                needWake = mBlocked;
            } else {
                // Inserted within the middle of the queue.  Usually we don`t have to wake
                // up the event queue unless there is a barrier at the head of the queue
                // and the message is the earliest asynchronous message in the queue.
                needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous();
                Message prev;
                for (;;) {
                    prev = p;
                    p = p.next;
                    if (p == null || when < p.when) {
                        break;
                    }
                    if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {
                        needWake = false;
                    }
                }
                msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next
                prev.next = msg;
            }
    
            // We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting is false.
            if (needWake) {
                nativeWake(mPtr);
            }
        }
        return true;
    }

7.Looper.loop()方法原始碼分析

  • 看看裡面得原始碼,如下所示

    • 看到Looper.loop()方法裡起了一個死迴圈,不斷的判斷MessageQueue中的訊息是否為空,如果為空則直接return掉,然後執行queue.next()方法
    public static void loop() {
        final Looper me = myLooper();
        if (me == null) {
            throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn`t called on this thread.");
        }
        final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue;
        Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
        final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
        for (;;) {
            Message msg = queue.next(); // might block
            if (msg == null) {
                // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting.
                return;
            }
            // This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger
            final Printer logging = me.mLogging;
            if (logging != null) {
                logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " +
                        msg.callback + ": " + msg.what);
            }
            final long slowDispatchThresholdMs = me.mSlowDispatchThresholdMs;
            final long traceTag = me.mTraceTag;
            if (traceTag != 0 && Trace.isTagEnabled(traceTag)) {
                Trace.traceBegin(traceTag, msg.target.getTraceName(msg));
            }
            final long start = (slowDispatchThresholdMs == 0) ? 0 : SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
            final long end;
            try {
                msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg);
                end = (slowDispatchThresholdMs == 0) ? 0 : SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
            } finally {
                if (traceTag != 0) {
                    Trace.traceEnd(traceTag);
                }
            }
            if (slowDispatchThresholdMs > 0) {
                final long time = end - start;
                if (time > slowDispatchThresholdMs) {
                    Slog.w(TAG, "Dispatch took " + time + "ms on "
                            + Thread.currentThread().getName() + ", h=" +
                            msg.target + " cb=" + msg.callback + " msg=" + msg.what);
                }
            }
            if (logging != null) {
                logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback);
            }
            // Make sure that during the course of dispatching the
            // identity of the thread wasn`t corrupted.
            final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity();
            if (ident != newIdent) {
                Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x"
                        + Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x"
                        + Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to "
                        + msg.target.getClass().getName() + " "
                        + msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what);
            }
            msg.recycleUnchecked();
        }
    }
  • 看queue.next()方法原始碼

    • 大概的實現邏輯就是Message的出棧操作,裡面可能對執行緒,併發控制做了一些限制等。獲取到棧頂的Message物件之後開始執行:msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg)
    Message next() {
        // Return here if the message loop has already quit and been disposed.
        // This can happen if the application tries to restart a looper after quit
        // which is not supported.
        final long ptr = mPtr;
        if (ptr == 0) {
            return null;
        }
    
        int pendingIdleHandlerCount = -1; // -1 only during first iteration
        int nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
        for (;;) {
            if (nextPollTimeoutMillis != 0) {
                Binder.flushPendingCommands();
            }
    
            nativePollOnce(ptr, nextPollTimeoutMillis);
    
            synchronized (this) {
                // Try to retrieve the next message.  Return if found.
                final long now = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
                Message prevMsg = null;
                Message msg = mMessages;
                if (msg != null && msg.target == null) {
                    // Stalled by a barrier.  Find the next asynchronous message in the queue.
                    do {
                        prevMsg = msg;
                        msg = msg.next;
                    } while (msg != null && !msg.isAsynchronous());
                }
                if (msg != null) {
                    if (now < msg.when) {
                        // Next message is not ready.  Set a timeout to wake up when it is ready.
                        nextPollTimeoutMillis = (int) Math.min(msg.when - now, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
                    } else {
                        // Got a message.
                        mBlocked = false;
                        if (prevMsg != null) {
                            prevMsg.next = msg.next;
                        } else {
                            mMessages = msg.next;
                        }
                        msg.next = null;
                        if (DEBUG) Log.v(TAG, "Returning message: " + msg);
                        msg.markInUse();
                        return msg;
                    }
                } else {
                    // No more messages.
                    nextPollTimeoutMillis = -1;
                }
    
                // Process the quit message now that all pending messages have been handled.
                if (mQuitting) {
                    dispose();
                    return null;
                }
    
                // If first time idle, then get the number of idlers to run.
                // Idle handles only run if the queue is empty or if the first message
                // in the queue (possibly a barrier) is due to be handled in the future.
                if (pendingIdleHandlerCount < 0
                        && (mMessages == null || now < mMessages.when)) {
                    pendingIdleHandlerCount = mIdleHandlers.size();
                }
                if (pendingIdleHandlerCount <= 0) {
                    // No idle handlers to run.  Loop and wait some more.
                    mBlocked = true;
                    continue;
                }
    
                if (mPendingIdleHandlers == null) {
                    mPendingIdleHandlers = new IdleHandler[Math.max(pendingIdleHandlerCount, 4)];
                }
                mPendingIdleHandlers = mIdleHandlers.toArray(mPendingIdleHandlers);
            }
    
            // Run the idle handlers.
            // We only ever reach this code block during the first iteration.
            for (int i = 0; i < pendingIdleHandlerCount; i++) {
                final IdleHandler idler = mPendingIdleHandlers[i];
                mPendingIdleHandlers[i] = null; // release the reference to the handler
    
                boolean keep = false;
                try {
                    keep = idler.queueIdle();
                } catch (Throwable t) {
                    Log.wtf(TAG, "IdleHandler threw exception", t);
                }
    
                if (!keep) {
                    synchronized (this) {
                        mIdleHandlers.remove(idler);
                    }
                }
            }
    
            // Reset the idle handler count to 0 so we do not run them again.
            pendingIdleHandlerCount = 0;
    
            // While calling an idle handler, a new message could have been delivered
            // so go back and look again for a pending message without waiting.
            nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
        }
    }
  • 那麼msg.target是什麼呢?通過追蹤可以知道就是定義的Handler物件,然後檢視一下Handler類的dispatchMessage方法:

    • 可以看到,如果我們設定了callback(Runnable物件)的話,則會直接呼叫handleCallback方法
    • 在初始化Handler的時候設定了callback(Runnable)物件,則直接呼叫run方法。
    public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
        if (msg.callback != null) {
            handleCallback(msg);
        } else {
            if (mCallback != null) {
                if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
                    return;
                }
            }
            handleMessage(msg);
        }
    }
    
    private static void handleCallback(Message message) {
        message.callback.run();
    }

8.runOnUiThread如何實現子執行緒更新UI

  • 看看原始碼,如下所示

    • 如果msg.callback為空的話,會直接呼叫我們的mCallback.handleMessage(msg),即handler的handlerMessage方法。由於Handler物件是在主執行緒中建立的,所以handler的handlerMessage方法的執行也會在主執行緒中。
    • 在runOnUiThread程式首先會判斷當前執行緒是否是UI執行緒,如果是就直接執行,如果不是則post,這時其實質還是使用的Handler機制來處理執行緒與UI通訊。
    public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) {
        if (msg.callback != null) {
            handleCallback(msg);
        } else {
            if (mCallback != null) {
                if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) {
                    return;
                }
            }
            handleMessage(msg);
        }
    }
    
    @Override
    public final void runOnUiThread(Runnable action) {
        if (Thread.currentThread() != mUiThread) {
            mHandler.post(action);
        } else {
            action.run();
        }
    }

9.Handler的post方法和view的post方法

  • Handler的post方法實現很簡單,如下所示

    mHandler.post(new Runnable() {
        @Override
        public void run() {
    
        }
    });
    
    public final boolean post(Runnable r){
       return  sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), 0);
    }
  • view的post方法也很簡單,如下所示

    • 可以發現其呼叫的就是activity中預設儲存的handler物件的post方法
    public boolean post(Runnable action) {
        final AttachInfo attachInfo = mAttachInfo;
        if (attachInfo != null) {
            return attachInfo.mHandler.post(action);
        }
        ViewRootImpl.getRunQueue().post(action);
        return true;
    }
    
    public void post(Runnable action) {
        postDelayed(action, 0);
    }
    
    public void postDelayed(Runnable action, long delayMillis) {
        final HandlerAction handlerAction = new HandlerAction(action, delayMillis);
    
        synchronized (this) {
            if (mActions == null) {
                mActions = new HandlerAction[4];
            }
            mActions = GrowingArrayUtils.append(mActions, mCount, handlerAction);
            mCount++;
        }
    }

10.得出部分結論

  • 得出得結論如下所示

    • 1.主執行緒中定義Handler物件,ActivityThread的main方法中會自動建立一個looper,並且與其繫結。如果是子執行緒中直接建立handler物件,則需要手動建立looper。不過手動建立不太友好,需要手動呼叫quit方法結束looper。這個後面再說
    • 2.一個執行緒中只存在一個Looper物件,只存在一個MessageQueue物件,可以存在N個Handler物件,Handler物件內部關聯了本執行緒中唯一的Looper物件,Looper物件內部關聯著唯一的一個MessageQueue物件。
    • 3.MessageQueue訊息佇列不是通過列表儲存訊息(Message)列表的,而是通過Message物件的next屬性關聯下一個Message從而實現列表的功能,同時所有的訊息都是按時間排序的。

關於其他內容介紹

01.關於部落格彙總連結

02.關於我的部落格


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