前言
為了進一步瞭解以太坊區塊鏈網路的工作方式和執行原理,筆者通過官方軟體Geth
搭建了私有以太坊網路fantasynetwork,最終實現了單機和多機節點間的相互連通:首先通過VMware Workstation建立基礎Ubuntu實驗平臺,再安裝Golang[1]、Geth[2]等依賴環境;其次使用puppeth
工具生成私網的配置檔案fantasynetwork.json
並複製到三個節點目錄下,三個節點均使用該配置檔案初始化網路;最後使用static-nodes.json
的方式將三個節點設為預設接入節點,實現節點間的連通,連通後各節點中的賬戶可以互相轉賬挖礦。
單機多節點私網[3]
本試驗的專案結構為:
privateNet
├── accounts.txt
├── fantasynetwork.json
├── node1
│ ├── geth
│ ├── keystore
│ ├── node.sh
│ ├── password.txt
│ └── static-nodes.json
├── node2
│ ├── geth
│ ├── keystore
│ ├── node.sh
│ ├── password.txt
│ └── static-nodes.json
└── node3
├── geth
├── keystore
├── node.sh
├── password.txt
└── static-nodes.json
建立工作目錄
- 建立私網工作目錄
mkdir privateNet && cd privateNet
- 建立三個節點資料目錄
mkdir node1 node2 node3
privateNet/ ├── node1 ├── node2 └── node3
建立預設使用者
- Node1
test@ubuntu:~/privateNet$ geth --datadir node1/ account new Your new account is locked with a password. Please give a password. Do not forget this password. Password: Repeat password: Your new key was generated Public address of the key: 0x600d77B8ce36B829BFC8a1Cc5696Faf2218bDf75 Path of the secret key file: node1/keystore/UTC--2021-08-11T04-51-26.533482715Z--600d77b8ce36b829bfc8a1cc5696faf2218bdf75
- Node 2
test@ubuntu:~/privateNet$ geth --datadir node2/ account new Your new account is locked with a password. Please give a password. Do not forget this password. Password: Repeat password: Your new key was generated Public address of the key: 0x2F7fD5BD0026f7C2f0dB94b79D58AFE517BC56d2 Path of the secret key file: node2/keystore/UTC--2021-08-11T04-53-30.820914994Z--2f7fd5bd0026f7c2f0db94b79d58afe517bc56d2
- Node3
test@ubuntu:~/privateNet$ geth --datadir node3/ account new Your new account is locked with a password. Please give a password. Do not forget this password. Password: Repeat password: Your new key was generated Public address of the key: 0x6c1440E9c6Ca93C18B1e2A069D1D5a70e29C2363 Path of the secret key file: node3/keystore/UTC--2021-08-11T04-54-24.244487186Z--6c1440e9c6ca93c18b1e2a069d1d5a70e29c2363
在此建立賬戶的密碼設定為
fantasy
,操作完成後會在每個節點目錄下的keystore
目錄中找到賬戶金鑰檔案/錢包地址。
儲存賬戶憑證
- 將以上賬戶的公鑰地址儲存至文字檔案
echo '0x600d77B8ce36B829BFC8a1Cc5696Faf2218bDf75' >> accounts.txt echo '0x2F7fD5BD0026f7C2f0dB94b79D58AFE517BC56d2' >> accounts.txt echo '0x6c1440E9c6Ca93C18B1e2A069D1D5a70e29C2363' >> accounts.txt
- 為了實驗方便,將賬戶對應的密碼檔案儲存至對應節點目錄下
echo 'fantasy' > node1/password.txt echo 'fantasy' > node2/password.txt echo 'fantasy' > node3/password.txt
建立配置檔案
- 設定網路名稱
test@ubuntu:~/privateNet$ puppeth Please specify a network name to administer (no spaces, hyphens or capital letters please) > fantasynetwork Sweet, you can set this via --network=fantasynetwork next time! INFO [08-10|22:08:31.110] Administering Ethereum network name=fantasynetwork WARN [08-10|22:08:31.110] No previous configurations found path=/home/test/.puppeth/fantasynetwork
- 選擇程式功能
What would you like to do? (default = stats) 1. Show network stats 2. Configure new genesis 3. Track new remote server 4. Deploy network components > 2
- 選擇建立網路
What would you like to do? (default = create) 1. Create new genesis from scratch 2. Import already existing genesis > 1
- 選擇共識演算法
Which consensus engine to use? (default = clique) 1. Ethash - proof-of-work 2. Clique - proof-of-authority > 1
- 選擇預設賬號
Which accounts should be pre-funded? (advisable at least one) > 0x600d77B8ce36B829BFC8a1Cc5696Faf2218bDf75 > 0x2F7fD5BD0026f7C2f0dB94b79D58AFE517BC56d2 > 0x6c1440E9c6Ca93C18B1e2A069D1D5a70e29C2363 > 0x
- 設定預設單位
Should the precompile-addresses (0x1 .. 0xff) be pre-funded with 1 wei? (advisable yes) > yes
- 設定網路ID
Specify your chain/network ID if you want an explicit one (default = random) > 7777 INFO [08-10|22:16:40.485] Configured new genesis block
- 匯出配置檔案
What would you like to do? (default = stats) 1. Show network stats 2. Manage existing genesis 3. Track new remote server 4. Deploy network components > 2 1. Modify existing configurations 2. Export genesis configurations 3. Remove genesis configuration > 2 Which folder to save the genesis specs into? (default = current) Will create fantasynetwork.json, fantasynetwork-aleth.json, fantasynetwork-harmony.json, fantasynetwork-parity.json > INFO [08-10|22:18:48.283] Saved native genesis chain spec path=fantasynetwork.json INFO [08-10|22:18:48.285] Saved genesis chain spec client=aleth path=fantasynetwork-aleth.json INFO [08-10|22:18:48.286] Saved genesis chain spec client=parity path=fantasynetwork-parity.json INFO [08-10|22:18:48.287] Saved genesis chain spec client=harmony path=fantasynetwork-harmony.json
- 退出工具
What would you like to do? (default = stats) 1. Show network stats 2. Manage existing genesis 3. Track new remote server 4. Deploy network components > ^C
此時可在當前目錄下看見生成的四個配置檔案,在此只用到
fantasynetwork.json
檔案,其他檔案可刪去。
- 修改配置檔案
為了更容易挖到礦,將配置檔案中difficulty
難度值調小(其它引數含義可參考《創世區塊配置檔案genesis.json的格式解讀》[4]):
初始化三個節點
每個節點必須使用相同的配置檔案進行初始化:
geth --datadir node1/ init fantasynetwork.json
geth --datadir node2/ init fantasynetwork.json
geth --datadir node3/ init fantasynetwork.json
執行三個節點
進入對應的節點目錄下執行一下命令(其它引數含義可參考《以太坊客戶端Geth命令用法-引數詳解》[5]):
- Node1
geth --nousb --datadir=$pwd --syncmode 'full' --port 27271 --miner.gasprice 0 --miner.gastarget 470000000000 --http --http.addr 'localhost' --http.port 7271 --http.api admin,eth,miner,net,txpool,personal,web3 --mine --allow-insecure-unlock --unlock "0x600d77B8ce36B829BFC8a1Cc5696Faf2218bDf75" --password password.txt
得到節點一的enode:enode://0f870fa3f8085f5abf74ea7c2a12a0809a9daaece20e3b1c4c80fb6929ff652681068c6ffd47852a4544dc282a4a15f531b452e05c4f1cf6861d4fb3b728edeb@127.0.0.1:27271
- Node2
得到節點二的enode:geth --nousb --datadir=$pwd --syncmode 'full' --port 27272 --miner.gasprice 0 --miner.gastarget 470000000000 --http --http.addr 'localhost' --http.port 7272 --http.api admin,eth,miner,net,txpool,personal,web3 --mine --allow-insecure-unlock --unlock "0x2F7fD5BD0026f7C2f0dB94b79D58AFE517BC56d2" --password password.txt
enode://45c2fc2bfdf0f48afe2083d82cc1cc642a96fcc2815755024a17b95b9fd1b3124f89e186c88a5013ced1c00bd10060a90e6b53e94fdbbfa6098b3088b3f78274@127.0.0.1:27272
- Node3
得到節點三的enode:geth --nousb --datadir=$pwd --syncmode 'full' --port 27273 --miner.gasprice 0 --miner.gastarget 470000000000 --http --http.addr 'localhost' --http.port 7273 --http.api admin,eth,miner,net,txpool,personal,web3 --mine --allow-insecure-unlock --unlock "0x6c1440E9c6Ca93C18B1e2A069D1D5a70e29C2363" --password password.txt
enode://ae4b4e18afa6238753e14ca3e99c0858509fc76efee715dd1c8278bbb7eaa5614fdc8b77a82bf7baf128c14ef574cc6701514fbb97780d30c731f7bc82dfd932@127.0.0.1:27273
連通三個節點
Geth
主要有三種方法連通其它節點:啟動前配置static-nodes.json
檔案新增節點、啟動時通過--bootnodes
新增節點、啟動後在控制檯通過admin.addPeer
命令新增節點。在此我們使用第一種方法。
- 在工作目錄下建立
static-nodes.json
:[ "enode://0f870fa3f8085f5abf74ea7c2a12a0809a9daaece20e3b1c4c80fb6929ff652681068c6ffd47852a4544dc282a4a15f531b452e05c4f1cf6861d4fb3b728edeb@127.0.0.1:27271", "enode://45c2fc2bfdf0f48afe2083d82cc1cc642a96fcc2815755024a17b95b9fd1b3124f89e186c88a5013ced1c00bd10060a90e6b53e94fdbbfa6098b3088b3f78274@127.0.0.1:27272", "enode://ae4b4e18afa6238753e14ca3e99c0858509fc76efee715dd1c8278bbb7eaa5614fdc8b77a82bf7baf128c14ef574cc6701514fbb97780d30c731f7bc82dfd932@127.0.0.1:27273" ]
- 將該檔案複製到每個節點根目錄下:
cp static-nodes.json node1/ cp static-nodes.json node2/ cp static-nodes.json node3/
- 為了簡化啟動,可以建立啟動節點批處理檔案
- node1/node.sh
nohup geth --nousb --datadir=$pwd --syncmode 'full' --port 27271 --miner.gasprice 0 --miner.gastarget 470000000000 --http --http.addr 'localhost' --http.port 7271 --http.api admin,eth,miner,net,txpool,personal,web3 --mine --allow-insecure-unlock --unlock "0x600d77B8ce36B829BFC8a1Cc5696Faf2218bDf75" --password password.txt & echo "Geth started on node 1"
- node2/node.sh
nohup geth --nousb --datadir=$pwd --syncmode 'full' --port 27272 --miner.gasprice 0 --miner.gastarget 470000000000 --http --http.addr 'localhost' --http.port 7272 --http.api admin,eth,miner,net,txpool,personal,web3 --mine --allow-insecure-unlock --unlock "0x2F7fD5BD0026f7C2f0dB94b79D58AFE517BC56d2" --password password.txt & echo "Geth started on node 2"
- node2/node.sh
nohup geth --nousb --datadir=$pwd --syncmode 'full' --port 27273 --miner.gasprice 0 --miner.gastarget 470000000000 --http --http.addr 'localhost' --http.port 7273 --http.api admin,eth,miner,net,txpool,personal,web3 --mine --allow-insecure-unlock --unlock "0x6c1440E9c6Ca93C18B1e2A069D1D5a70e29C2363" --password password.txt & echo "Geth started on node 3"
- node1/node.sh
- 啟動各節點
test@ubuntu:~/privateNet/node1$ sh node.sh test@ubuntu:~/privateNet/node2$ sh node.sh test@ubuntu:~/privateNet/node3$ sh node.sh
- 開啟三個終端,使用
geth attach
命令接入三個節點命令列test@ubuntu:~/privateNet/node1$ geth attach geth.ipc test@ubuntu:~/privateNet/node2$ geth attach geth.ipc test@ubuntu:~/privateNet/node3$ geth attach geth.ipc
- 檢視已連線節點
此時各節點已連線完成,每個節點賬戶預設為10個以太幣,各節點賬戶間可自由轉賬和挖礦,需要注意的是轉賬後必須經過挖礦操作才能被寫入區塊鏈。上方法啟動後的程式將會執行在後臺,關閉需通過ps ax | grep geth
命令和kill <process id>
命令。
多機多節點私網
準備
- 設定上節Ubuntu虛擬機器網路模式為橋接,且IP設為靜態IP
172.25.1.99
- Windows的IP設為靜態
172.25.1.55
加入私網
- 在Windows下建立資料夾node4,並將fantasynetwork.json複製到其中
- 初始化節點4
C:\Users\Fantasy\Desktop\node4> geth --datadir . init fantasynetwork.json
- 新建賬戶
C:\Users\Fantasy\Desktop\node4>geth -datadir . console > personal.newAccount("fantasy") WARN [08-11|16:13:32.987] Please remember your password! "0xbef61b5754ffaa843cc9199fb9a11aac468134f4" > exit
- 啟動節點4
geth --nousb --datadir=. --syncmode "full" --port 27271 --miner.gasprice 0 --miner.gastarget 470000000000 --http --http.addr 0.0.0.0 --http.port 7271 --http.api admin,eth,miner,net,txpool,personal,web3 --mine --allow-insecure-unlock console
- 新增節點1[6]
> net.peerCount 0 > admin.addPeer("enode://0f870fa3f8085f5abf74ea7c2a12a0809a9daaece20e3b1c4c80fb6929ff652681068c6ffd47852a4544dc282a4a15f531b452e05c4f1cf6861d4fb3b728edeb@172.25.1.99:27271") true > net.peerCount 1
此時各節點已連線完成,各節點賬戶間可自由轉賬和挖礦,需要注意的是轉賬後必須經過挖礦操作才能被寫入區塊鏈。
注意事項:
- 很多教程中說不同節點啟動時不能使用相同的埠,那是因為其執行在同一個主機上,這裡節點1和節點4執行在不同的埠上,故可以使用相同的埠。
- 新增節點無效常見原因/解決辦法:
admin.addPeer
後等一段時間才會生效admin.addPeer
時使用的是NAT後公網地址,而公網防火牆通常拒絕異常接入admin.addPeer
後開始挖礦增加同步速度- 簡單的方法是使用上節中的
static-nodes.json
方法
參考
yuanlulu. golang學習1:ubuntu下安裝golang並簡單測試. CSDN. [2021-02-21] ↩︎
shciily. Linux系統下安裝Geth客戶端. CSDN. [2020-08-29] ↩︎
Divyang Desai. Setup Your Private Ethereum Network With Geth. c-sharpcorner.com. [2020-08-04] ↩︎
soowin. 創世區塊配置檔案genesis.json的格式解讀. CSDN. [2021-01-26] ↩︎
mb5fe559b5073e8. 以太坊客戶端Geth命令用法-引數詳解. CSDN. [2021-06-13] ↩︎
Someone. "admin.addPeer" is not working. Github. [2020-09-27] ↩︎