Oracle TDE加密測試
文件說明
Oracle 資料庫使用身份驗證、授權和稽核機制來保護資料庫中的資料，但沒有能夠保護儲存在作業系統上的資料檔案。為了保護這些資料檔案， Oracle 資料庫提供透明資料加密（ TDE ）。該文件主要說明 oracle 高階安全元件中的透明資料加密 (TDE) 部分。
錢夾的部署
指定錢夾存放位置
在目錄 $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin 下找到檔案 sqlnet.ora ，新增如下內容：
# Oracle Advanced Security Transparent Data Encryption
ENCRYPTION_WALLET_LOCATION=
(SOURCE=(METHOD=FILE)(METHOD_DATA=
(DIRECTORY=/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2/network/admin/encryption_wallet)))
注意：如果是 RAC 環境， oracle 建議將錢夾位置放置在共享檔案系統上，以便各個節點共享訪問。
建立目錄
$cd /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2/network/admin/
$mkdir encryption_wallet
建立主加密鍵
SQL> select * from v$encryption_wallet;
WRL_TYPE WRL_PARAMETER STATUS
---------- ---------------------------- ------------------
file /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2/network/admin/encryption_wallet
CLOSED
SQL> ALTER SYSTEM SET ENCRYPTION KEY IDENTIFIED BY "test";
System altered.
SQL> select * from v$encryption_wallet;
WRL_TYPE WRL_PARAMETER STATUS
---------- ---------------------------- ------------------
file /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2/network/admin/encryption_wallet
OPEN
開啟和關閉錢夾
第一次設定萬能金鑰會自動開啟錢夾，每次資料庫被關閉，錢夾也關閉。在加密或解密之前必須確保錢夾被開啟。可以配置自動登入開啟（可選）。
SQL> ALTER SYSTEM SET ENCRYPTION WALLET OPEN IDENTIFIED BY "test";
（注： mount 狀態下就可以開啟錢夾）
關閉錢夾： ALTER SYSTEM SET ENCRYPTION WALLET CLOSE IDENTIFIED BY "test";
加密列和表空間具體過程
a. 加密表中一行測試
(1) 新建表透明加密
SQL> conn test/test;
Connected.
SQL> create table tde (id number(10),data varchar2(50) encrypt);
Table created.
SQL> insert into tde select user_id,username from dba_users;
10 rows created.
SQL> select * from tde;
ID DATA
---------- --------------------------------------------------
34 JSS
35 TEST
0 SYS
5 SYSTEM
31 APPQOSSYS
9 OUTLN
14 DIP
30 DBSNMP
32 WMSYS
21 ORACLE_OCM
10 rows selected.
SQL> conn / as sysdba;
Connected.
SQL> select * from test.tde;
ID DATA
---------- --------------------------------------------------
34 JSS
35 TEST
0 SYS
5 SYSTEM
31 APPQOSSYS
9 OUTLN
14 DIP
30 DBSNMP
32 WMSYS
21 ORACLE_OCM
10 rows selected.
SQL> select * from dba_encrypted_columns;
OWNER TABLE_NAME
------------------------------ ------------------------------
COLUMN_NAME ENCRYPTION_ALG SAL INTEGRITY_AL
------------------------------ ----------------------------- --- ------------
TEST TDE
DATA AES 192 bits key YES SHA-1
開啟錢夾才能查詢：
SQL> alter system set encryption wallet close identified by "hzmcdba";
System altered.
SQL> select * from test.tde;
select * from test.tde
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-28365: wallet is not open
SQL> alter system set encryption wallet open identified by "hzmcdba";
System altered.
SQL> select * from test.tde;
ID DATA
---------- --------------------------------------------------
34 JSS
35 TEST
0 SYS
5 SYSTEM
31 APPQOSSYS
9 OUTLN
14 DIP
30 DBSNMP
32 WMSYS
21 ORACLE_OCM
10 rows selected.
(2) 已有表透明加密
SQL> conn test/test;
Connected.
SQL> create table existing_table(id number(10),data varchar2(50));
Table created.
SQL> insert into existing_table select user_id,username from dba_users;
10 rows created.
SQL> select * from existing_table;
ID DATA
---------- --------------------------------------------------
34 JSS
35 TEST
0 SYS
5 SYSTEM
31 APPQOSSYS
9 OUTLN
14 DIP
30 DBSNMP
32 WMSYS
21 ORACLE_OCM
10 rows selected.
SQL> alter table existing_table modify(data encrypt);
Table altered.
b. 加密整體表空間
建立加密表空間
SQL> conn test/test;
Connected.
SQL> create tablespace encryptedtbs datafile '/oracle/app/orcl/secure01.dbf' size 5m encryption default storage(encrypt);
Tablespace created.
(1) 已有表移動至加密表空間
SQL> create table no_to_yes(id number(10),data varchar2(50));
Table created.
SQL> insert into no_to_yes select user_id,username from dba_users;
10 rows created.
SQL> alter system set encryption wallet close identified by "hzmcdba";
System altered.
SQL> select * from no_to_yes;
ID DATA
---------- --------------------------------------------------
34 JSS
35 TEST
0 SYS
5 SYSTEM
31 APPQOSSYS
9 OUTLN
14 DIP
30 DBSNMP
32 WMSYS
21 ORACLE_OCM
10 rows selected.
）
SQL> alter table no_to_yes move tablespace encryptedtbs;
Table altered.
SQL> select table_name,tablespace_name from user_tables;
TABLE_NAME TABLESPACE_NAME
------------------------------ ------------------------------
TDE USERS
EXISTING_TABLE USERS
NO_TO_YES ENCRYPTEDTBS
SQL> alter system set encryption wallet close identified by "hzmcdba";
System altered.
SQL> select * from no_to_yes;
select * from no_to_yes
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-28365: wallet is not open
(2) 在加密表空間中新建表測試
SQL> show user;
USER is "TEST"
SQL> create table encrypted_table (id number,name varchar(10)) tablespace encryptedtbs;
Table created.
SQL> insert into encrypted_table values (1,'hzmcdba');
1 row created.
SQL> select * from encrypted_table;
ID NAME
---------- ----------
1 hzmcdba
SQL> alter system set encryption wallet close identified by "hzmcdba";
System altered.
SQL> select * from encrypted_table;
select * from encrypted_table
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-28365: wallet is not open
SQL> alter system set encryption wallet open identified by "hzmcdba";
System altered.
SQL> select * from encrypted_table;
ID NAME
---------- ----------
1 hzmcdba
RAC 中配置wallet 錢夾
路徑
Oracle 11gR2 中 RAC 節點能夠共享錢包。 Oracle 建議在共享檔案系統上建立錢包，這樣允許所有例項訪問相同的共享錢包，無需手動複製和同步所有節點上的錢包。
Oracle RAC 中一個例項對錢包進行操作（如開啟或關閉錢包），它會為 Oracle RAC 中所有例項開啟或關閉。
使用共享檔案系統時，需要確保所有 Oracle RAC 例項的 ENCRYPTION_WALLET_LOCATION 或 WALLET_LOCATION 引數指向相同的共享錢包位置。安全管理員還需要透過分配相應的目錄許可權來確保共享錢包的安全性。
錢包的建立部署測試如下：
測試結果：指定錢夾存放目錄在共享磁碟中時，建立錢夾失敗！
指定錢夾存放目錄在本地時，錢夾可建立成功！
1. 指定錢包存放目錄在共享磁碟中
[oracle@rac1 admin]$ cat sqlnet.ora
ENCRYPTION_WALLET_LOCATION=
(SOURCE=(METHOD=FILE)(METHOD_DATA=(DIRECTORY=+data/orcl/wallet)))
[oracle@rac1 admin]$ scp sqlnet.ora oracle@rac2:/oracle/app/product/11.2.0/db_1/network/admin/
sqlnet.ora 100% 94 0.1KB/s 00:00
SQL> select * from v$encryption_wallet;
WRL_TYPE
--------------------
WRL_PARAMETER
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
STATUS
------------------
file
+data/orcl/wallet
CLOSED
SQL> alter system set encryption key identified by "test";
alter system set encryption key identified by "test"
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-28368: cannot auto-create wallet
說明：不能夠在 +data/orcl/wallet 目錄下建立檔案 ewallet.p12 （ 往下看第 3 小點 ）
2. 本地錢包配置及測試過程：
1 節點：
[oracle@rac1 admin]$ vi sqlnet.ora
ENCRYPTION_WALLET_LOCATION=
(SOURCE=(METHOD=FILE)(METHOD_DATA=(DIRECTORY=$ORACLE_HOME)))
[oracle@rac1 admin]$ scp sqlnet.ora oracle@rac2:/oracle/app/product/11.2.0/db_1/network/admin/
sqlnet.ora
SQL> select * from v$encryption_wallet;
WRL_TYPE
--------------------
WRL_PARAMETER
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
STATUS
------------------
file
$ORACLE_HOME
CLOSED
SQL> alter system set encryption key identified by "test";
System altered.
把錢夾複製到二節點：
[oracle@rac1 db_1]$ scp ewallet.p12 oracle@rac2:/oracle/app/product/11.2.0/db_1/
ewallet.p12 100% 2845 2.8KB/s 00:00
2 節點查詢：
SQL> select * from v$encryption_wallet;
WRL_TYPE
--------------------
WRL_PARAMETER
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
STATUS
------------------
file
$ORACLE_HOME
OPEN
1 節點建個加密表：
SQL> create user test identified by "test";
User created.
SQL> grant dba to test;
Grant succeeded.
SQL> conn test/test;
Connected.
SQL> create table tde (id number(10),data varchar2(50) encrypt);
Table created.
SQL> insert into tde select user_id,username from dba_users;
10 rows created.
SQL> select * from tde;
ID DATA
---------- --------------------------------------------------
0 SYS
5 SYSTEM
34 ORACLE
35 TEST
9 OUTLN
31 APPQOSSYS
30 DBSNMP
32 WMSYS
14 DIP
21 ORACLE_OCM
10 rows selected.
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.
2 節點進行查詢：
SQL> conn test/test;
Connected.
SQL> select * from tde;
ID DATA
---------- --------------------------------------------------
0 SYS
5 SYSTEM
34 ORACLE
35 TEST
9 OUTLN
31 APPQOSSYS
30 DBSNMP
32 WMSYS
14 DIP
21 ORACLE_OCM
10 rows selected.
（資料可以查到！）
錢夾部署成功！
1 節點 ：
SQL> alter system set encryption wallet close identified by "test";
System altered.
SQL> select * from tde;
select * from tde
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-28365: wallet is not open
2 節點查詢：
SQL> select * from tde;
select * from tde
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-28365: wallet is not open
2 節點開啟錢包：
SQL> alter system set encryption wallet open identified by "test";
System altered.
SQL> select * from tde;
ID DATA
---------- --------------------------------------------------
0 SYS
5 SYSTEM
34 ORACLE
35 TEST
9 OUTLN
31 APPQOSSYS
30 DBSNMP
32 WMSYS
14 DIP
21 ORACLE_OCM
10 rows selected.
1 節點查詢：
SQL> select * from tde;
ID DATA
---------- --------------------------------------------------
0 SYS
5 SYSTEM
34 ORACLE
35 TEST
9 OUTLN
31 APPQOSSYS
30 DBSNMP
32 WMSYS
14 DIP
21 ORACLE_OCM
10 rows selected.
3. 第 1 小點中，我們指定錢夾位置在共享磁碟上，然後建立錢夾，建立錢夾失敗，在這直接把錢夾複製到共享磁碟上，看能否成功！
把錢包複製到共享磁碟上：
ASMCMD> cp /oracle/app/product/11.2.0/db_1/ewallet.p12.bak +data/orcl/wallet/ewallet.p12.bak
ASMCMD-8012: cannot determine file type for file
ORA-15056: additional error message
ORA-27046: file size is not a multiple of logical block size
Additional information: 1
ORA-06512: at "SYS.X$DBMS_DISKGROUP", line 322
ORA-06512: at line 3 (DBD ERROR: OCIStmtExecute)
複製失敗，從這也說明了前面直接指定共享磁碟路徑建立錢夾失敗的原因，共享磁碟上不支援此類檔案。
端配置 錢夾
指定錢夾存放位置
備庫：
在目錄 $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin 下找到檔案 sqlnet.ora ，新增如下內容：
# Oracle Advanced Security Transparent Data Encryption
ENCRYPTION_WALLET_LOCATION=
(SOURCE=(METHOD=FILE)(METHOD_DATA=
(DIRECTORY=/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2/network/admin/encryption_wallet)))
建立目錄
備庫：
$cd /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2/network/admin/
$mkdir encryption_wallet
複製primary 端加密錢夾
將生產端錢夾目錄下的 ewallet.p12 複製到 standby 端指定的錢夾目錄下。對於 DG 來說這樣的設定還不夠，因為錢夾在這個時候還沒有被開啟，歸檔仍舊無法正常應用。我們對於備端建議使用無人值守的自動開啟的錢包。
建立自動開啟的錢夾
備庫：
自動開啟錢夾（檔名是 cwallet.sso ）在資料庫啟動時會自動開啟。
兩種方法可建立自動開啟的錢夾 ：
-- 命令列工具“ orapki ”
$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/ encryption_wallet
$ orapki wallet create –wallet $ORACLE_HOME/network/admin/encryption_wallet -auto_login_local
提示輸入 primary 設定的錢夾密碼
錢夾存放目錄下會生成一個新檔案 cwallet.sso
-- 圖形化方式顯示
以 oracle 使用者執行 owm ，開啟錢夾管理工具：
選擇“開啟錢夾”，找到存放錢夾的路徑：
輸入正確的密碼，開啟錢夾：
在選單欄選中 “ 錢夾 ” ，勾上 "Auto Login" 的核取方塊，表示自動登入開啟；
配置完成後儲存退出
錢夾存放目錄下會生成一個新檔案 cwallet.sso
此時 DG 端開啟應用程式即可正常應用日誌。
alter database recover managed standby database disconnect from session;
說明
DG 主庫部署 wallet ，備庫不部署 wallet ：
檢視 alert 日誌發現，歸檔能夠正常傳輸到備庫，但是查詢應用情況就發現，歸檔並不能被應用在備庫中：
SQL> SELECT SEQUENCE#, APPLIED,FIRST_TIME, NEXT_TIME FROM V$ARCHIVED_LOG ORDER BY SEQUENCE#;
SEQUENCE# APPLIED FIRST_TIM NEXT_TIME
---------- --------- --------- ---------
88 YES 12-MAY-17 12-MAY-17
89 YES 12-MAY-17 12-MAY-17
90 YES 12-MAY-17 13-MAY-17
91 YES 13-MAY-17 13-MAY-17
92 YES 13-MAY-17 13-MAY-17
93 YES 13-MAY-17 13-MAY-17
94 YES 13-MAY-17 13-MAY-17
95 YES 13-MAY-17 13-MAY-17
96 YES 13-MAY-17 13-MAY-17
97 YES 13-MAY-17 13-MAY-17
98 YES 13-MAY-17 13-MAY-17
SEQUENCE# APPLIED FIRST_TIM NEXT_TIME
---------- --------- --------- ---------
99 YES 13-MAY-17 13-MAY-17
100 YES 13-MAY-17 13-MAY-17
101 YES 13-MAY-17 13-MAY-17
102 YES 13-MAY-17 13-MAY-17
103 YES 13-MAY-17 13-MAY-17
104 YES 13-MAY-17 13-MAY-17
105 YES 13-MAY-17 13-MAY-17
106 YES 13-MAY-17 13-MAY-17
107 YES 13-MAY-17 13-MAY-17
108 YES 13-MAY-17 13-MAY-17
109 NO 13-MAY-17 13-MAY-17
SEQUENCE# APPLIED FIRST_TIM NEXT_TIME
---------- --------- --------- ---------
110 NO 13-MAY-17 13-MAY-17
111 NO 13-MAY-17 13-MAY-17
112 NO 13-MAY-17 13-MAY-17
113 NO 13-MAY-17 13-MAY-17
114 NO 13-MAY-17 13-MAY-17
115 NO 13-MAY-17 13-MAY-17
116 NO 13-MAY-17 13-MAY-17
117 NO 13-MAY-17 13-MAY-17
118 NO 13-MAY-17 13-MAY-17
119 NO 13-MAY-17 13-MAY-17
120 NO 13-MAY-17 13-MAY-17
SEQUENCE# APPLIED FIRST_TIM NEXT_TIME
---------- --------- --------- ---------
121 NO 13-MAY-17 13-MAY-17
122 NO 13-MAY-17 13-MAY-17
alert 日誌報錯：
Media Recovery Log /arch/1_109_936453293.dbf
Apply redo for TSE master key re-key failed: wallet error 28365
Standby Crash Recovery aborted due to error 28365.
Errors in file /oracle/app/diag/rdbms/orcl/orcl/trace/orcl_ora_3517.trc:
ORA-28365: wallet is not open
Recovery interrupted!
Recovered data files to a consistent state at change 1238216
Completed Standby Crash Recovery.
備庫開啟 wallet （從主庫複製而來）是否可以正常應用日誌
測試如下：
主庫 SCP 到備庫：
[oracle@localhost wallet]$ scp ewallet.p12 192.168.40.71:/oracle/app/admin/orcl/wallet
oracle@192.168.40.71's password:
ewallet.p12 100% 2845 2.8KB/s 00:00
備庫開啟 wallet 錢包：
SQL> ALTER SYSTEM SET ENCRYPTION WALLET OPEN IDENTIFIED BY wallet;
System altered.
手動應用 mrp 日誌：
alter database recover managed standby database disconnect from session;
檢視 alert 日誌發現成功應用：
Waiting for all non-current ORLs to be archived...
All non-current ORLs have been archived.
Media Recovery Log /arch/1_123_936453293.dbf
Media Recovery Log /arch/1_124_936453293.dbf
Media Recovery Log /arch/1_125_936453293.dbf
Completed: alter database recover managed standby database disconnect from session
Media Recovery Log /arch/1_126_936453293.dbf
Media Recovery Log /arch/1_127_936453293.dbf
Media Recovery Log /arch/1_128_936453293.dbf
Media Recovery Log /arch/1_129_936453293.dbf
Media Recovery Log /arch/1_130_936453293.dbf
Media Recovery Log /arch/1_131_936453293.dbf
Media Recovery Log /arch/1_132_936453293.dbf
Media Recovery Log /arch/1_133_936453293.dbf
Media Recovery Log /arch/1_134_936453293.dbf
Media Recovery Log /arch/1_135_936453293.dbf
Media Recovery Log /arch/1_136_936453293.dbf
Media Recovery Log /arch/1_137_936453293.dbf
關閉 mrp 程式並將資料庫啟動到 read only 模式後查詢資料：
SQL> alter database recover managed standby database cancel;
Database altered.
SQL> alter database open read only;
SQL> select * from test.employee;
NAME ID
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------test 456
test2 789
test3 123
SQL> select table_name,column_name from DBA_ENCRYPTED_COLUMNS;
TABLE_NAME COLUMN_NAME
------------------------------ ------------------------------
EMPLOYEE ID
Dg 切換測試：
備庫：（自動開啟錢夾）
[oracle@ljw orcl]$ orapki wallet create -wallet /oracle/app/wallet/orcl -auto_login_local
Oracle PKI Tool : Version 11.2.0.4.0 - Production
Copyright (c) 2004, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
Enter wallet password:
SQL> select * from v$encryption_wallet;
WRL_TYPE
--------------------
WRL_PARAMETER
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
STATUS
------------------
file
/oracle/app/wallet/$ORACLE_SID
OPEN
主庫：（手動開啟錢夾）
SQL> select * from v$encryption_wallet;
WRL_TYPE
--------------------
WRL_PARAMETER
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
STATUS
------------------
file
/oracle/app/wallet/$ORACLE_SID
OPEN
主備切換：
主庫：
SQL> alter system switch logfile;
System altered.
SQL> select max(sequence#) from v$archived_log;
MAX(SEQUENCE#)
--------------
453
備庫查詢：
SQL> select max(sequence#) from v$archived_log;
MAX(SEQUENCE#)
--------------
453
主庫：
SQL> select switchover_status from v$database;
SWITCHOVER_STATUS
--------------------
TO STANDBY
SQL> Alter database commit to switchover to physical standby with session shutdown;
Database altered.
SQL> startup nomount
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 784998400 bytes
Fixed Size 2257352 bytes
Variable Size 432016952 bytes
Database Buffers 348127232 bytes
Redo Buffers 2596864 bytes
SQL> alter database mount standby database;
Database altered.
SQL> ALTER DATABASE RECOVER MANAGED STANDBY DATABASE DISCONNECT FROM SESSION;
Database altered.
備庫：
SQL> select switchover_status from v$database;
SWITCHOVER_STATUS
--------------------
TO PRIMARY
SQL> ALTER DATABASE COMMIT TO SWITCHOVER TO PRIMARY;
Database altered.
SQL> shutdown immediate
ORA-01109: database not open
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> startup
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 784998400 bytes
Fixed Size 2257352 bytes
Variable Size 432016952 bytes
Database Buffers 348127232 bytes
Redo Buffers 2596864 bytes
Database mounted.
Database opened.
切日誌查詢：
主庫：
SQL> alter system switch logfile;
System altered.
SQL> select max(sequence#) from v$archived_log;
MAX(SEQUENCE#)
--------------
455
備庫：
SQL> select max(sequence#) from v$archived_log;
MAX(SEQUENCE#)
--------------
455
主庫查詢加密表：
SQL> select * from v$encryption_wallet;
WRL_TYPE
--------------------
WRL_PARAMETER
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
STATUS
------------------
file
/oracle/app/wallet/$ORACLE_SID
OPEN
SQL> conn test/test;
Connected.
SQL> select * from tde;
ID DATA
---------- --------------------------------------------------
34 JSS
35 TEST
0 SYS
5 SYSTEM
31 APPQOSSYS
9 OUTLN
14 DIP
30 DBSNMP
32 WMSYS
21 ORACLE_OCM
10 rows selected.
備庫（原來為主庫）：
SQL> select * from v$encryption_wallet;
WRL_TYPE
--------------------
WRL_PARAMETER
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
STATUS
------------------
file
/oracle/app/wallet/$ORACLE_SID
CLOSED
（注：原來的主庫沒有建立自動錢包，所以切成備庫以後，需要手動開啟）
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