Runtime 系列文章
深入淺出 Runtime(一):初識
深入淺出 Runtime(二):資料結構
深入淺出 Runtime(三):訊息機制
深入淺出 Runtime(四):super 的本質
深入淺出 Runtime(五):具體應用
深入淺出 Runtime(六):相關面試題
1. objc_msgSend 方法呼叫流程
- 在
OC
中呼叫一個方法時,編譯器會根據情況呼叫以下函式中的一個進行訊息傳遞:objc_msgSend
、objc_msgSend_stret
、objc_msgSendSuper
、objc_msgSendSuper_stret
。當方法呼叫者為super
時會呼叫objc_msgSendSuper
,當資料結構作為返回值時會呼叫objc_msgSend_stret
或objc_msgSendSuper_stret
。其他方法呼叫的情況都是轉換為objc_msgSend()
函式的呼叫。
void objc_msgSend(id _Nullable self, SEL _Nonnull op, ...)
複製程式碼
- 給
receiver
(方法呼叫者/訊息接收者)傳送一條訊息(SEL
方法名)
引數 1 :receiver
引數 2 :SEL
引數 3、4、5... :SEL
方法的引數 objc_msgSend()
的執行流程可以分為 3 大階段:
訊息傳送
動態方法解析
訊息轉發
2. 訊息傳送
“訊息傳送”流程
原始碼分析
在前面的文章說過,Runtime 是一個用C、彙編
編寫的執行時庫。
在底層彙編裡面如果需要呼叫 C 函式的話,蘋果會為其加一個下劃線_,
所以檢視objc_msgSend
函式的實現,需要搜尋_objc_msgSend
(objc-msg-arm64.s(objc4))。
// objc-msg-arm64.s(objc4)
/*
_objc_msgSend 函式實現
*/
// ⚠️彙編程式入口格式為:ENTRY + 函式名
ENTRY _objc_msgSend
// ⚠️如果 receiver 為 nil 或者 tagged pointer,執行 LNilOrTagged,否則繼續往下執行
cmp x0, #0 // nil check and tagged pointer check
b.le LNilOrTagged
// ⚠️通過 isa 找到 class/meta-class
ldr x13, [x0] // x13 = isa
and x16, x13, #ISA_MASK // x16 = class
LGetIsaDone:
// ⚠️進入 cache 快取查詢,傳的引數為 NORMAL
// CacheLookup 巨集,用於在快取中查詢 SEL 對應方法實現
CacheLookup NORMAL // calls imp or objc_msgSend_uncached
LNilOrTagged:
// ⚠️如果 receiver 為 nil,執行 LReturnZero,結束 objc_msgSend
b.eq LReturnZero // nil check
// ⚠️如果 receiver 為 tagged pointer,則執行其它
......
b LGetIsaDone
LReturnZero:
ret // 返回
// ⚠️彙編中,函式的結束格式為:ENTRY + 函式名
END_ENTRY _objc_msgSend
.macro CacheLookup
// ⚠️根據 SEL 去雜湊表 buckets 中查詢方法
// x1 = SEL, x16 = isa
ldp x10, x11, [x16, #CACHE] // x10 = buckets, x11 = occupied|mask
and w12, w1, w11 // x12 = _cmd & mask
add x12, x10, x12, LSL #4 // x12 = buckets + ((_cmd & mask)<<4)
ldp x9, x17, [x12] // {x9, x17} = *bucket
// ⚠️快取命中,進行 CacheHit 操作
1: cmp x9, x1 // if (bucket->sel != _cmd)
b.ne 2f // scan more
CacheHit $0 // call or return imp
// ⚠️快取中沒有找到,進行 CheckMiss 操作
2: // not hit: x12 = not-hit bucket
CheckMiss $0 // miss if bucket->sel == 0
cmp x12, x10 // wrap if bucket == buckets
b.eq 3f
ldp x9, x17, [x12, #-16]! // {x9, x17} = *--bucket
b 1b // loop
3: // wrap: x12 = first bucket, w11 = mask
add x12, x12, w11, UXTW #4 // x12 = buckets+(mask<<4)
// Clone scanning loop to miss instead of hang when cache is corrupt.
// The slow path may detect any corruption and halt later.
ldp x9, x17, [x12] // {x9, x17} = *bucket
1: cmp x9, x1 // if (bucket->sel != _cmd)
b.ne 2f // scan more
CacheHit $0 // call or return imp
2: // not hit: x12 = not-hit bucket
CheckMiss $0 // miss if bucket->sel == 0
cmp x12, x10 // wrap if bucket == buckets
b.eq 3f
ldp x9, x17, [x12, #-16]! // {x9, x17} = *--bucket
b 1b // loop
3: // double wrap
JumpMiss $0
.endmacro
// CacheLookup NORMAL|GETIMP|LOOKUP
#define NORMAL 0
#define GETIMP 1
#define LOOKUP 2
.macro CacheHit
.if $0 == NORMAL // ⚠️CacheLookup 傳的引數是 NORMAL
MESSENGER_END_FAST
br x17 // call imp // ⚠️執行函式
.elseif $0 == GETIMP
mov x0, x17 // return imp
ret
.elseif $0 == LOOKUP
ret // return imp via x17
.else
.abort oops
.endif
.endmacro
.macro CheckMiss
// miss if bucket->sel == 0
.if $0 == GETIMP
cbz x9, LGetImpMiss
.elseif $0 == NORMAL // ⚠️CacheLookup 傳的引數是 NORMAL
cbz x9, __objc_msgSend_uncached // ⚠️執行 __objc_msgSend_uncached
.elseif $0 == LOOKUP
cbz x9, __objc_msgLookup_uncached
.else
.abort oops
.endif
.endmacro
.macro JumpMiss
.if $0 == GETIMP
b LGetImpMiss
.elseif $0 == NORMAL
b __objc_msgSend_uncached
.elseif $0 == LOOKUP
b __objc_msgLookup_uncached
.else
.abort oops
.endif
.endmacro
// ⚠️__objc_msgSend_uncached
// ⚠️快取中沒有找到方法的實現,接下來去 MethodTableLookup 類的方法列表中查詢
STATIC_ENTRY __objc_msgSend_uncached
MethodTableLookup NORMAL
END_ENTRY __objc_msgSend_uncached
.macro MethodTableLookup
blx __class_lookupMethodAndLoadCache3 // ⚠️執行C函式 _class_lookupMethodAndLoadCache3
.endmacro
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相反,通過彙編中函式名找對應 C 函式實現時,需要去掉一個下劃線_。
// objc-runtime-new.mm(objc4)
IMP _class_lookupMethodAndLoadCache3(id obj, SEL sel, Class cls)
{
// ⚠️注意傳參,由於之前已經通過彙編去快取中查詢方法,所以這裡不會再次到快取中查詢
return lookUpImpOrForward(cls, sel, obj,
YES/*initialize*/, NO/*cache*/, YES/*resolver*/);
}
IMP lookUpImpOrForward(Class cls, SEL sel, id inst,
bool initialize, bool cache, bool resolver)
{
IMP imp = nil;
bool triedResolver = NO; // triedResolver 標記用於 動態方法解析
runtimeLock.assertUnlocked();
// Optimistic cache lookup
if (cache) { // cache = NO,跳過
imp = cache_getImp(cls, sel);
if (imp) return imp;
}
// runtimeLock is held during isRealized and isInitialized checking
// to prevent races against concurrent realization.
// runtimeLock is held during method search to make
// method-lookup + cache-fill atomic with respect to method addition.
// Otherwise, a category could be added but ignored indefinitely because
// the cache was re-filled with the old value after the cache flush on
// behalf of the category.
runtimeLock.read();
if (!cls->isRealized()) { // ⚠️如果 receiverClass(訊息接受者類) 還未實現,就進行 realize 操作
// Drop the read-lock and acquire the write-lock.
// realizeClass() checks isRealized() again to prevent
// a race while the lock is down.
runtimeLock.unlockRead();
runtimeLock.write();
realizeClass(cls);
runtimeLock.unlockWrite();
runtimeLock.read();
}
// ⚠️如果 receiverClass 需要初始化且還未初始化,就進行初始化操作
// 這裡插入一個 +initialize 方法的知識點
// 呼叫 _class_initialize(cls),該函式中會遞迴遍歷父類,判斷父類是否存在且還未初始化 _class_initialize(cls->superclass)
// 呼叫 callInitialize(cls) ,給 cls 傳送一條 initialize 訊息((void(*)(Class, SEL))objc_msgSend)(cls, SEL_initialize)
// 所以 +initialize 方法會在類第一次接收到訊息時呼叫
// 呼叫方式:objc_msgSend()
// 呼叫順序:先呼叫父類的 +initialize,再呼叫子類的 +initialize (先初始化父類,再初始化子類,每個類只會初始化1次)
if (initialize && !cls->isInitialized()) {
runtimeLock.unlockRead();
_class_initialize (_class_getNonMetaClass(cls, inst));
runtimeLock.read();
// If sel == initialize, _class_initialize will send +initialize and
// then the messenger will send +initialize again after this
// procedure finishes. Of course, if this is not being called
// from the messenger then it won't happen. 2778172
}
// ⚠️⚠️⚠️核心
retry:
runtimeLock.assertReading();
// ⚠️去 receiverClass 的 cache 中查詢方法,如果找到 imp 就直接呼叫
imp = cache_getImp(cls, sel);
if (imp) goto done;
// ⚠️去 receiverClass 的 class_rw_t 中的方法列表查詢方法,如果找到 imp 就呼叫並將該方法快取到 receiverClass 的 cache 中
{
Method meth = getMethodNoSuper_nolock(cls, sel); // ⚠️去目標類的方法列表中查詢方法實現
if (meth) {
log_and_fill_cache(cls, meth->imp, sel, inst, cls); // ⚠️快取方法
imp = meth->imp;
goto done;
}
}
// ⚠️逐級查詢父類的快取和方法列表,如果找到 imp 就呼叫並將該方法快取到 receiverClass 的 cache 中
{
unsigned attempts = unreasonableClassCount();
for (Class curClass = cls->superclass;
curClass != nil;
curClass = curClass->superclass)
{
// Halt if there is a cycle in the superclass chain.
if (--attempts == 0) {
_objc_fatal("Memory corruption in class list.");
}
// Superclass cache.
imp = cache_getImp(curClass, sel);
if (imp) {
if (imp != (IMP)_objc_msgForward_impcache) {
// Found the method in a superclass. Cache it in this class.
log_and_fill_cache(cls, imp, sel, inst, curClass);
goto done;
}
else {
// Found a forward:: entry in a superclass.
// Stop searching, but don't cache yet; call method
// resolver for this class first.
break;
}
}
// Superclass method list.
Method meth = getMethodNoSuper_nolock(curClass, sel);
if (meth) {
log_and_fill_cache(cls, meth->imp, sel, inst, curClass);
imp = meth->imp;
goto done;
}
}
}
// ⚠️進入“動態方法解析”階段
// No implementation found. Try method resolver once.
if (resolver && !triedResolver) {
runtimeLock.unlockRead();
_class_resolveMethod(cls, sel, inst);
runtimeLock.read();
// Don't cache the result; we don't hold the lock so it may have
// changed already. Re-do the search from scratch instead.
triedResolver = YES;
goto retry;
}
// ⚠️進入“訊息轉發”階段
// No implementation found, and method resolver didn't help.
// Use forwarding.
imp = (IMP)_objc_msgForward_impcache;
cache_fill(cls, sel, imp, inst);
done:
runtimeLock.unlockRead();
return imp;
}
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我們來看一下getMethodNoSuper_nolock(cls, sel)
是怎麼從類中查詢方法實現的
- 如果方法列表是經過排序的,則進行二分查詢;
- 如果方法列表沒有進行排序,則進行線性遍歷查詢。
static method_t *
getMethodNoSuper_nolock(Class cls, SEL sel)
{
runtimeLock.assertLocked();
assert(cls->isRealized());
// fixme nil cls?
// fixme nil sel?
for (auto mlists = cls->data()->methods.beginLists(),
end = cls->data()->methods.endLists();
mlists != end;
++mlists)
{
// ⚠️核心函式 search_method_list()
method_t *m = search_method_list(*mlists, sel);
if (m) return m;
}
return nil;
}
static method_t *search_method_list(const method_list_t *mlist, SEL sel)
{
int methodListIsFixedUp = mlist->isFixedUp();
int methodListHasExpectedSize = mlist->entsize() == sizeof(method_t);
if (__builtin_expect(methodListIsFixedUp && methodListHasExpectedSize, 1)) {
// ⚠️如果方法列表是經過排序的,則進行二分查詢
return findMethodInSortedMethodList(sel, mlist);
} else {
// ⚠️如果方法列表沒有進行排序,則進行線性遍歷查詢
// Linear search of unsorted method list
for (auto& meth : *mlist) {
if (meth.name == sel) return &meth;
}
}
......
return nil;
}
static method_t *findMethodInSortedMethodList(SEL key, const method_list_t *list)
{
assert(list);
const method_t * const first = &list->first;
const method_t *base = first;
const method_t *probe;
uintptr_t keyValue = (uintptr_t)key;
uint32_t count;
// ⚠️count >>= 1 二分查詢
for (count = list->count; count != 0; count >>= 1) {
probe = base + (count >> 1);
uintptr_t probeValue = (uintptr_t)probe->name;
if (keyValue == probeValue) {
// `probe` is a match.
// Rewind looking for the *first* occurrence of this value.
// This is required for correct category overrides.
while (probe > first && keyValue == (uintptr_t)probe[-1].name) {
probe--;
}
return (method_t *)probe;
}
if (keyValue > probeValue) {
base = probe + 1;
count--;
}
}
return nil;
}
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我們來看一下log_and_fill_cache(cls, meth->imp, sel, inst, cls)
是怎麼快取方法的
/***********************************************************************
* log_and_fill_cache
* Log this method call. If the logger permits it, fill the method cache.
* cls is the method whose cache should be filled.
* implementer is the class that owns the implementation in question.
**********************************************************************/
static void
log_and_fill_cache(Class cls, IMP imp, SEL sel, id receiver, Class implementer)
{
#if SUPPORT_MESSAGE_LOGGING
if (objcMsgLogEnabled) {
bool cacheIt = logMessageSend(implementer->isMetaClass(),
cls->nameForLogging(),
implementer->nameForLogging(),
sel);
if (!cacheIt) return;
}
#endif
cache_fill (cls, sel, imp, receiver);
}
#if TARGET_OS_WIN32 || TARGET_OS_EMBEDDED
# define SUPPORT_MESSAGE_LOGGING 0
#else
# define SUPPORT_MESSAGE_LOGGING 1
#endif
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cache_fill()
函式實現已經在上一篇文章中寫到。
關於快取查詢流程和更多cache_t
的知識,可以檢視:
深入淺出 Runtime(二):資料結構
2. 動態方法解析
“動態方法解析”流程
- 如果“訊息傳送”階段未找到方法的實現,進行一次“動態方法解析”;
- “動態方法解析”後,會再次進入“訊息傳送”流程, 從“去 receiverClass 的 cache 中查詢方法”這一步開始執行。
- 我們可以根據方法型別(例項方法 or 類方法)重寫以下方法
+(BOOL)resolveInstanceMethod:(SEL)sel
+(BOOL)resolveClassMethod:(SEL)sel
在方法中呼叫以下方法來動態新增方法的實現
BOOL class_addMethod(Class cls, SEL name, IMP imp, const char *types)
- 示例程式碼如下,我們分別呼叫了 HTPerson 的
eat
例項方法和類方法,而 HTPerson.m 檔案中並沒有這兩個方法的對應實現,我們為這兩個方法動態新增了實現,輸出結果如下。
// main.m
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import "HTPerson.h"
int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
@autoreleasepool {
[[HTPerson new] eat];
[HTPerson eat];
}
return 0;
}
@end
// HTPerson.h
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
@interface HTPerson : NSObject
- (void)eat; // 沒有對應實現
- (void)sleep;
+ (void)eat; // 沒有對應實現
+ (void)sleep;
@end
// HTPerson.m
#import "HTPerson.h"
#import <objc/runtime.h>
@implementation HTPerson
- (void)sleep
{
NSLog(@"%s",__func__);
}
+ (void)sleep
{
NSLog(@"%s",__func__);
}
+ (BOOL)resolveInstanceMethod:(SEL)sel
{
if (sel == @selector(eat)) {
// 獲取其它方法, Method 就是指向 method_t 結構體的指標
Method method = class_getInstanceMethod(self, @selector(sleep));
/*
** 引數1:給哪個類新增
** 引數2:給哪個方法新增
** 引數3:方法的實現地址
** 引數4:方法的編碼型別
*/
class_addMethod(self, // 例項方法存放在類物件中,所以這裡要傳入類物件
sel,
method_getImplementation(method),
method_getTypeEncoding(method)
);
// 返回 YES 代表有動態新增方法實現
// 從原始碼來看,該返回值只是用來列印解析結果相關資訊,並不影響動態方法解析的結果
return YES;
}
return [super resolveInstanceMethod:sel];
}
+ (BOOL)resolveClassMethod:(SEL)sel
{
if (sel == @selector(eat)) {
Method method = class_getClassMethod(object_getClass(self), @selector(sleep));
class_addMethod(object_getClass(self), // 類方法存放在元類物件中,所以這裡要傳入元類物件
sel,
method_getImplementation(method),
method_getTypeEncoding(method)
);
return YES;
}
return [super resolveClassMethod:sel];
}
@end
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-[HTPerson sleep]
+[HTPerson sleep]
原始碼分析
IMP lookUpImpOrForward(Class cls, SEL sel, id inst,
bool initialize, bool cache, bool resolver)
{
IMP imp = nil;
bool triedResolver = NO;
......
retry:
......
// ⚠️如果“訊息傳送”階段未找到方法的實現,進行一次“動態方法解析”
if (resolver && !triedResolver) {
runtimeLock.unlockRead();
_class_resolveMethod(cls, sel, inst); // ⚠️核心函式
runtimeLock.read();
// Don't cache the result; we don't hold the lock so it may have
// changed already. Re-do the search from scratch instead.
triedResolver = YES; // ⚠️標記triedResolver為YES
goto retry; // ⚠️再次進入訊息傳送,從“去 receiverClass 的 cache 中查詢方法”這一步開始
}
// ⚠️進入“訊息轉發”階段
......
}
// objc-class.mm(objc4)
void _class_resolveMethod(Class cls, SEL sel, id inst)
{
// ⚠️判斷是 class 物件還是 meta-class 物件
if (! cls->isMetaClass()) {
// try [cls resolveInstanceMethod:sel]
// ⚠️核心函式
_class_resolveInstanceMethod(cls, sel, inst);
}
else {
// try [nonMetaClass resolveClassMethod:sel]
// and [cls resolveInstanceMethod:sel]
// ⚠️核心函式
_class_resolveClassMethod(cls, sel, inst);
if (!lookUpImpOrNil(cls, sel, inst,
NO/*initialize*/, YES/*cache*/, NO/*resolver*/))
{
_class_resolveInstanceMethod(cls, sel, inst);
}
}
}
/***********************************************************************
* _class_resolveInstanceMethod
* Call +resolveInstanceMethod, looking for a method to be added to class cls.
* cls may be a metaclass or a non-meta class.
* Does not check if the method already exists.
**********************************************************************/
static void _class_resolveInstanceMethod(Class cls, SEL sel, id inst)
{
// ⚠️檢視 receiverClass 的 meta-class 物件的方法列表裡面是否有 SEL_resolveInstanceMethod 函式 imp
// ⚠️也就是看我們是否實現了 +(BOOL)resolveInstanceMethod:(SEL)sel 方法
// ⚠️這裡一定會找到該方法實現,因為 NSObject 中有實現
if (! lookUpImpOrNil(cls->ISA(), SEL_resolveInstanceMethod, cls,
NO/*initialize*/, YES/*cache*/, NO/*resolver*/))
{
// ⚠️如果沒找到,說明程式異常,直接返回
// Resolver not implemented.
return;
}
// ⚠️如果找到了,通過 objc_msgSend 給物件傳送一條 SEL_resolveInstanceMethod 訊息
// ⚠️即呼叫一下 +(BOOL)resolveInstanceMethod:(SEL)sel 方法
BOOL (*msg)(Class, SEL, SEL) = (typeof(msg))objc_msgSend;
bool resolved = msg(cls, SEL_resolveInstanceMethod, sel);
// ⚠️下面是解析結果的一些列印資訊
......
}
/***********************************************************************
* _class_resolveClassMethod
* Call +resolveClassMethod, looking for a method to be added to class cls.
* cls should be a metaclass.
* Does not check if the method already exists.
**********************************************************************/
static void _class_resolveClassMethod(Class cls, SEL sel, id inst)
{
assert(cls->isMetaClass());
// ⚠️檢視 receiverClass 的 meta-class 物件的方法列表裡面是否有 SEL_resolveClassMethod 函式 imp
// ⚠️也就是看我們是否實現了 +(BOOL)resolveClassMethod:(SEL)sel 方法
// ⚠️這裡一定會找到該方法實現,因為 NSObject 中有實現
if (! lookUpImpOrNil(cls, SEL_resolveClassMethod, inst,
NO/*initialize*/, YES/*cache*/, NO/*resolver*/))
{
// ⚠️如果沒找到,說明程式異常,直接返回
// Resolver not implemented.
return;
}
// ⚠️如果找到了,通過 objc_msgSend 給物件傳送一條 SEL_resolveClassMethod 訊息
// ⚠️即呼叫一下 +(BOOL)resolveClassMethod:(SEL)sel 方法
BOOL (*msg)(Class, SEL, SEL) = (typeof(msg))objc_msgSend;
bool resolved = msg(_class_getNonMetaClass(cls, inst), // 該函式返回值是類物件,而非元類物件
SEL_resolveClassMethod, sel);
// ⚠️下面是解析結果的一些列印資訊
......
}
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3. 訊息轉發
“訊息轉發”流程
- 如果“訊息傳送”階段未找到方法的實現,且通過“動態方法解析”沒有解決, 就進入“訊息轉發”階段;
- “訊息轉發”階段分兩步進行:Fast forwarding 和 Normal forwarding,顧名思義,第一步速度要比第二步快;
- Fast forwarding:將訊息轉發給一個其它 OC 物件(找一個備用接收者),
我們可以重寫以下方法,返回一個
!= receiver
的物件,來完成這一步驟;+/- (id)forwardingTargetForSelector:(SEL)sel
- Normal forwarding:實現一個完整的訊息轉發過程,
如果上一步沒能解決未知訊息,可以重寫以下兩個方法啟動完整的訊息轉發。
① 第一個方法:我們需要在該方法中返回一個適合該未知訊息的方法簽名(方法簽名就是對返回值型別、引數型別的描述,可以使用 Type Encodings 編碼,關於 Type Encodings 可以閱讀我的上一篇 blog 深入淺出 Runtime(二):資料結構)。
+/- (NSMethodSignature *)methodSignatureForSelector:(SEL)aSelector
Runtime 會根據這個方法簽名,建立一個NSInvocation
物件(NSInvocation
封裝了未知訊息的全部內容,包括:方法呼叫者 target、方法名 selector、方法引數 argument 等),然後呼叫第二個方法並將該NSInvocation
物件作為引數傳入。
② 第二個方法:我們可以在該方法中:將未知訊息轉發給其它物件;改變未知訊息的內容(如方法名、方法引數)再轉發給其它物件;甚至可以定義任何邏輯。+/- (void)forwardInvocation:(NSInvocation *)invocation
如果第一個方法中沒有返回方法簽名,或者我們沒有重寫第二個方法,系統就會認為我們徹底不想處理這個訊息了,這時候就會呼叫+/- (void)doesNotRecognizeSelector:(SEL)sel
方法並丟擲經典的 crash:unrecognized selector sent to instance/class
,結束 objc_msgSend 的全部流程。 - 下面我們來看一下這幾個程式碼的預設實現
// NSObject.mm
+ (id)forwardingTargetForSelector:(SEL)sel {
return nil;
}
+ (NSMethodSignature *)methodSignatureForSelector:(SEL)sel {
_objc_fatal("+[NSObject methodSignatureForSelector:] "
"not available without CoreFoundation");
}
+ (void)forwardInvocation:(NSInvocation *)invocation {
[self doesNotRecognizeSelector:(invocation ? [invocation selector] : 0)];
}
+ (void)doesNotRecognizeSelector:(SEL)sel {
_objc_fatal("+[%s %s]: unrecognized selector sent to instance %p",
class_getName(self), sel_getName(sel), self);
}
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- Fast forwarding 示例程式碼如下:
我們呼叫了 HTPerson 的eat
例項方法,而 HTPerson.m 檔案中並沒有該方法的對應實現,HTDog.m 中有同名方法的實現,我們將訊息轉發給 HTDog 的例項物件,輸出結果如下。
// main.m
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
#import "HTPerson.h"
int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
@autoreleasepool {
[[HTPerson new] eat];
}
return 0;
}
@end
// HTPerson.h
#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
@interface HTPerson : NSObject
- (void)eat; // 沒有對應實現
@end
// HTPerson.m
#import "HTPerson.h"
#import "HTDog.h"
@implementation HTPerson
- (id)forwardingTargetForSelector:(SEL)aSelector
{
if (aSelector == @selector(eat)) {
return [HTDog new]; // 將 eat 訊息轉發給 HTDog 的例項物件
// return [HTDog class]; // 還可以將 eat 訊息轉發給 HTDog 的類物件
}
return [super forwardingTargetForSelector:aSelector];
}
@end
// HTDog.m
#import "HTDog.h"
@implementation HTDog
- (void)eat
{
NSLog(@"%s",__func__);
}
+ (void)eat
{
NSLog(@"%s",__func__);
}
@end
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-[HTDog eat]
- Normal forwarding 示例程式碼及輸出結果如下:
// HTPerson.m
#import "HTPerson.h"
#import "HTDog.h"
@implementation HTPerson
- (NSMethodSignature *)methodSignatureForSelector:(SEL)aSelector
{
if (aSelector == @selector(eat)) {
return [[HTDog new] methodSignatureForSelector:aSelector];
//return [NSMethodSignature signatureWithObjCTypes:"v@:i"];
}
return [super methodSignatureForSelector:aSelector];
}
- (void)forwardInvocation:(NSInvocation *)anInvocation
{
// 將未知訊息轉發給其它物件
[anInvocation invokeWithTarget:[HTDog new]];
// 改變未知訊息的內容(如方法名、方法引數)再轉發給其它物件
/*
anInvocation.selector = @selector(sleep);
anInvocation.target = [HTDog new];
int age;
[anInvocation getArgument:&age atIndex:2]; // 引數順序:target、selector、other arguments
[anInvocation setArgument:&age atIndex:2]; // 引數的個數由上個方法返回的方法簽名決定,要注意陣列越界問題
[anInvocation invoke];
int ret;
[anInvocation getReturnValue:&age]; // 獲取返回值
*/
// 定義任何邏輯,如:只列印一句話
/*
NSLog(@"好好學習");
*/
}
@end
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-[HTDog eat]
原始碼分析
// objc-runtime-new.mm(objc4)
IMP lookUpImpOrForward(Class cls, SEL sel, id inst,
bool initialize, bool cache, bool resolver)
{
......
// ⚠️如果“訊息傳送”階段未找到方法的實現,且通過“動態方法解析”沒有解決
// ⚠️進入“訊息轉發”階段
imp = (IMP)_objc_msgForward_impcache; // 進入彙編
cache_fill(cls, sel, imp, inst); // 快取方法
......
}
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// objc-msg-arm64.s(objc4)
STATIC_ENTRY __objc_msgForward_impcache
b __objc_msgForward
END_ENTRY __objc_msgForward_impcache
ENTRY __objc_msgForward
adrp x17, __objc_forward_handler@PAGE // ⚠️執行C函式 _objc_forward_handler
ldr x17, [x17, __objc_forward_handler@PAGEOFF]
br x17
END_ENTRY __objc_msgForward
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// objc-runtime.mm(objc4)
// Default forward handler halts the process.
__attribute__((noreturn)) void
objc_defaultForwardHandler(id self, SEL sel)
{
_objc_fatal("%c[%s %s]: unrecognized selector sent to instance %p "
"(no message forward handler is installed)",
class_isMetaClass(object_getClass(self)) ? '+' : '-',
object_getClassName(self), sel_getName(sel), self);
}
void *_objc_forward_handler = (void*)objc_defaultForwardHandler;
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可以看到_objc_forward_handler
是一個函式指標,指向objc_defaultForwardHandler()
,該函式只是列印資訊。由於蘋果沒有對此開源,我們無法再深入探索關於“訊息轉發”的詳細執行邏輯。
我們知道,如果呼叫一個沒有實現的方法,並且沒有進行“動態方法解析”和“訊息轉發”處理,會報經典的 crash:unrecognized selector sent to instance/class
。我們檢視 crash 列印資訊的函式呼叫棧,如下,可以看的系統呼叫了一個叫___forwarding___
的函式。
該函式是 CoreFoundation 框架中的,蘋果對此函式尚未開源,我們可以打斷點進入該函式的彙編實現。
以下是從網上找到的___forewarding___
的 C 語言虛擬碼實現。
// 虛擬碼
int __forwarding__(void *frameStackPointer, int isStret) {
id receiver = *(id *)frameStackPointer;
SEL sel = *(SEL *)(frameStackPointer + 8);
const char *selName = sel_getName(sel);
Class receiverClass = object_getClass(receiver);
// ⚠️⚠️⚠️呼叫 forwardingTargetForSelector:
if (class_respondsToSelector(receiverClass, @selector(forwardingTargetForSelector:))) {
id forwardingTarget = [receiver forwardingTargetForSelector:sel];
// ⚠️判斷該方法是否返回了一個物件且該物件 != receiver
if (forwardingTarget && forwardingTarget != receiver) {
if (isStret == 1) {
int ret;
objc_msgSend_stret(&ret,forwardingTarget, sel, ...);
return ret;
}
//⚠️objc_msgSend(返回值, sel, ...);
return objc_msgSend(forwardingTarget, sel, ...);
}
}
// 殭屍物件
const char *className = class_getName(receiverClass);
const char *zombiePrefix = "_NSZombie_";
size_t prefixLen = strlen(zombiePrefix); // 0xa
if (strncmp(className, zombiePrefix, prefixLen) == 0) {
CFLog(kCFLogLevelError,
@"*** -[%s %s]: message sent to deallocated instance %p",
className + prefixLen,
selName,
receiver);
<breakpoint-interrupt>
}
// ⚠️⚠️⚠️呼叫 methodSignatureForSelector 獲取方法簽名後再呼叫 forwardInvocation
if (class_respondsToSelector(receiverClass, @selector(methodSignatureForSelector:))) {
// ⚠️呼叫 methodSignatureForSelector 獲取方法簽名
NSMethodSignature *methodSignature = [receiver methodSignatureForSelector:sel];
// ⚠️判斷返回值是否為 nil
if (methodSignature) {
BOOL signatureIsStret = [methodSignature _frameDescriptor]->returnArgInfo.flags.isStruct;
if (signatureIsStret != isStret) {
CFLog(kCFLogLevelWarning ,
@"*** NSForwarding: warning: method signature and compiler disagree on struct-return-edness of '%s'. Signature thinks it does%s return a struct, and compiler thinks it does%s.",
selName,
signatureIsStret ? "" : not,
isStret ? "" : not);
}
if (class_respondsToSelector(receiverClass, @selector(forwardInvocation:))) {
// ⚠️根據方法簽名建立一個 NSInvocation 物件
NSInvocation *invocation = [NSInvocation _invocationWithMethodSignature:methodSignature frame:frameStackPointer];
// ⚠️呼叫 forwardInvocation
[receiver forwardInvocation:invocation];
void *returnValue = NULL;
[invocation getReturnValue:&value];
return returnValue;
} else {
CFLog(kCFLogLevelWarning ,
@"*** NSForwarding: warning: object %p of class '%s' does not implement forwardInvocation: -- dropping message",
receiver,
className);
return 0;
}
}
}
SEL *registeredSel = sel_getUid(selName);
// selector 是否已經在 Runtime 註冊過
if (sel != registeredSel) {
CFLog(kCFLogLevelWarning ,
@"*** NSForwarding: warning: selector (%p) for message '%s' does not match selector known to Objective C runtime (%p)-- abort",
sel,
selName,
registeredSel);
} // ⚠️⚠️⚠️呼叫 doesNotRecognizeSelector
else if (class_respondsToSelector(receiverClass,@selector(doesNotRecognizeSelector:))) {
[receiver doesNotRecognizeSelector:sel];
}
else {
CFLog(kCFLogLevelWarning ,
@"*** NSForwarding: warning: object %p of class '%s' does not implement doesNotRecognizeSelector: -- abort",
receiver,
className);
}
// The point of no return.
kill(getpid(), 9);
}
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總結
至此,objc_msgSend
方法呼叫流程就已經講解結束了。
下面來做一個小總結。