type生元類,元類生類,類生物件
換句話就是
道系元類解讀,生就完了
話不多說上程式碼來理解:
def fn1(self,name='world'): print('Hello,%s'%name) def fn2(self,name='world'): print('Hi,%s'%name) Hello = type('Hello',(object,),dict(say_hi=fn1,hi='hello')) Hi = type('Hello',(object,),dict(say_hi=fn2,hi='hi')) # 生成Hello類的物件 hello1 = Hello() hello1.say_hi() print(hello1.hi) print(hello1) print('-'*50) # 華麗分割線
# 生成Hi類的物件 hello2 = Hi() print(hello2.hi) hello2.say_hi() print(hello2)
結果:
Hello,world hello <__main__.Hello object at 0x0000022EBA06EBA8> -------------------------------------------------- hi Hi,world <__main__.Hello object at 0x0000022EBA06EC50>
type()可以產生類,那麼結果就證明了,他可以定製類的名稱屬性方法等。可以用於創造萬物。
django中的ORM,大致思路如下:
class Field(object): def __init__(self, column_type, primary_key, default): self.column_type = column_type self.primary_key = primary_key self.default = default class StringField(Field): def __init__(self, column_type='varchar(32)', primary_key=False, default=None): super().__init__(column_type, primary_key, default) class IntegerField(Field): def __init__(self,column_type='int', primary_key=False, default=0): super().__init__(column_type, primary_key, default) class MyMetaClass(type): def __new__(cls, class_name,class_bases,class_attrs): if class_name == 'Models': return type.__new__(cls,class_name,class_bases,class_attrs) table_name = class_attrs.get('table_name',class_name) primary_key = None mappings = {} for k,v in class_attrs.items(): if isinstance(v,Field): mappings[k]=v if v.primary_key: if primary_key: raise TypeError('一張表只能有一個主鍵') primary_key = k print(class_attrs) for k in mappings.keys(): class_attrs.pop(k) if not primary_key: raise TypeError('一張表必須有主鍵') class_attrs['table_name'] = table_name class_attrs['primary_key'] = primary_key class_attrs['mappings'] = mappings print(class_attrs) return type.__new__(cls, class_name,class_bases,class_attrs) class Models(dict,metaclass=MyMetaClass): def __init__(self,**kwargs): super().__init__(**kwargs) def __getattr__(self, item): return self.get(item,'沒有該鍵') def __setattr__(self, key, value): self[key] = value @classmethod def select(cls,**kwargs): pass if __name__ == '__main__': class Teacher(Models): table_name = 'author' id = IntegerField(primary_key=True) name = StringField() a = Teacher(id=12,name='xxx') print(a) print(a.name)
結果:
{'__module__': '__main__', '__qualname__': 'Teacher', 'table_name': 'author', 'id': <__main__.IntegerField object at 0x0000021E7680ECF8>, 'name': <__main__.StringField object at 0x0000021E76814438>} {'__module__': '__main__', '__qualname__': 'Teacher', 'table_name': 'author', 'primary_key': 'id', 'mappings': {'id': <__main__.IntegerField object at 0x0000021E7680ECF8>, 'name': <__main__.StringField object at 0x0000021E76814438>}} {'id': 12, 'name': 'xxx'} xxx
可以理解為:元類metaclass,是繼承了type來控制其他類的產生的工具
然後用MyMetaClass來控制繼承Model類的Teacher類,在生成類的例項的過程中,將類的同名屬性id、name打包進mappings屬性中,使得可以通過getattr來獲取他自身字典中的值。可能還是不太明白那就繼續看:
class Models(dict): def __init__(self,**kwargs): super().__init__(**kwargs) def __getattr__(self, item): return self.get(item,'沒有該鍵') def __setattr__(self, key, value): self[key] = value @classmethod def select(cls,**kwargs): pass if __name__ == '__main__': class Teacher(Models): table_name = 'author' id = IntegerField(primary_key=True) name = StringField() a = Teacher(id=12,name='xxx') print(a) print(a.name)
結果:
{'id': 12, 'name': 'xxx'} <__main__.StringField object at 0x000001BD9825EDD8>
此時沒有元類MyMetaClass的控制,a.name,獲取到的是Teacher類的屬性,是一個StringField的物件,而不是他本身字典的鍵對應值,問題就是這裡,元類的引入就是為了解決這種問題,因為a.name會首先找本類的屬性,再找父類的屬性,如果在這過程中找到了,就不會繼續查詢,也根本不會呼叫重寫的__getattr__方法。所以在類的建立時,通過把原先的屬性隱藏起來,可以讓物件去觸發getattr得到自身包含的值。