前言
剛看到Java設計模式中的備忘錄模式,心思一轉,就想到了Android開發中Activity的兩個重要的方法onSaveInstanceState和onRestoreInstanceState,這兩個方法能夠保證我們在開發應用時,遇到未知問題,導致Activity非正常退出時候,在Activity在隨後時間被系統殺死之前會回撥這兩個方法,儲存記錄Activity相關的資訊,以便在下次返回Activity的時候能夠恢復這些資料。
Android原始碼分析
之前文章講到了Java設計模式中的備忘錄模式,今天就根據這個模式來看看Android中是如何實現備忘錄模式的(原始碼基於Android6.0)。
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首先來看一下Activity的onSaveInstanceState方法
final void performSaveInstanceState(Bundle outState) { onSaveInstanceState(outState); saveManagedDialogs(outState); mActivityTransitionState.saveState(outState); if (DEBUG_LIFECYCLE) Slog.v(TAG, "onSaveInstanceState " + this + ": " + outState); }複製程式碼
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由上面可以看出,Android6.0原始碼將onSaveInstanceState包含在了performSaveInstanceState中,具體的onSaveInstanceState方法如下
protected void onSaveInstanceState(Bundle outState) { //1.儲存當前視窗的檢視樹狀態,呼叫的是windoe的實現類phonewindow的方法 outState.putBundle(WINDOW_HIERARCHY_TAG, mWindow.saveHierarchyState()); //2.儲存Fragments的狀態 Parcelable p = mFragments.saveAllState(); if (p != null) { outState.putParcelable(FRAGMENTS_TAG, p); } //3.如果使用者設定了Activity的ActivityLifecycleCallbacks //那麼呼叫這些ActivityLifecycleCallbacks的onSaveInstanceState進行儲存 getApplication().dispatchActivitySaveInstanceState(this, outState); }複製程式碼
上面的方法分為三部分:
(1)儲存視窗的檢視樹的狀態
(2)儲存fragment的狀態
(3)呼叫Activity的ActivityLifecycleCallbacks的onSaveInstanceState方法進行儲存狀態 -
下面我們來看第一步,Window的saveHierarchyState由其實現類PhoneWindow的saveHierarchyState方法實現,具體程式碼如下:
@Override public Bundle saveHierarchyState() { Bundle outState = new Bundle(); if (mContentParent == null) { return outState; } SparseArray<Parcelable> states = new SparseArray<Parcelable>(); // 1.呼叫mContentParent的saveHierarchyState方法,儲存當前檢視內容,這裡儲存著整個檢視樹的內容 mContentParent.saveHierarchyState(states); // 將檢視樹結構放到outState中 outState.putSparseParcelableArray(VIEWS_TAG, states); // 2.儲存當前介面的中獲取的焦點資訊 View focusedView = mContentParent.findFocus(); if (focusedView != null) { if (focusedView.getId() != View.NO_ID) { outState.putInt(FOCUSED_ID_TAG, focusedView.getId()); } else { if (false) { Log.d(TAG, "couldn`t save which view has focus because the focused view " + focusedView + " has no id."); } } } // 3.儲存整個皮膚的狀態 SparseArray<Parcelable> panelStates = new SparseArray<Parcelable>(); savePanelState(panelStates); if (panelStates.size() > 0) { outState.putSparseParcelableArray(PANELS_TAG, panelStates); } // 4.儲存actionbar的狀態 if (mDecorContentParent != null) { SparseArray<Parcelable> actionBarStates = new SparseArray<Parcelable>(); mDecorContentParent.saveToolbarHierarchyState(actionBarStates); outState.putSparseParcelableArray(ACTION_BAR_TAG, actionBarStates); } return outState;複製程式碼
}
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上面方法中分別儲存了頁面的主要資訊,包括UI,actionbar的相關資訊。其中這個mContentParent是我們通過Activity的setContentView方法設定的內容檢視,它是整個內容檢視的根節點,儲存了它的層級結構中的view狀態,就相當於儲存了使用者介面的狀態。它是一個ViewGroup物件,但這個saveHierarchyState方法是View的一個方法,如下:
public void saveHierarchyState(SparseArray<Parcelable> container) { // ViewGroup呼叫的父類View的方法,其父類View用呼叫此方法儲存狀態 dispatchSaveInstanceState(container); }複製程式碼
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View方法沒有直接儲存,而是呼叫dispatchSaveInstanceState方法間接儲存,這裡便是真正儲存View的狀態了
protected void dispatchSaveInstanceState(SparseArray<Parcelable> container) { //1.如果View沒有id,那麼這個view將不會被儲存 if (mID != NO_ID && (mViewFlags & SAVE_DISABLED_MASK) == 0) { mPrivateFlags &= ~PFLAG_SAVE_STATE_CALLED; //2.呼叫onSaveInstanceState獲取自身狀態(View的預設狀態空) Parcelable state = onSaveInstanceState(); if ((mPrivateFlags & PFLAG_SAVE_STATE_CALLED) == 0) { throw new IllegalStateException( "Derived class did not call super.onSaveInstanceState()"); } if (state != null) { // Log.i("View", "Freezing #" + Integer.toHexString(mID) // + ": " + state); // 3.以key為id,state為value儲存到container中 container.put(mID, state); } } }複製程式碼
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View自身的onSaveInstanceState方法
@CallSuper protected Parcelable onSaveInstanceState() { mPrivateFlags |= PFLAG_SAVE_STATE_CALLED; // View類預設的儲存狀態為空 if (mStartActivityRequestWho != null) { BaseSavedState state = new BaseSavedState(AbsSavedState.EMPTY_STATE); state.mStartActivityRequestWhoSaved = mStartActivityRequestWho; return state; } return BaseSavedState.EMPTY_STATE; }複製程式碼
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在View類中的saveHirearchyState方法中呼叫dispatchSaveInstanceState方法來儲存自身的狀態,而ViewGroup則覆寫了dispatchSaveInstanceState方法來儲存自身以及子檢視的狀態,如下:
@Override protected void dispatchSaveInstanceState(SparseArray<Parcelable> container) { //ViewGroup覆寫View的dispatchSaveInstanceState方法,儲存自身的狀態 super.dispatchSaveInstanceState(container); final int count = mChildrenCount; final View[] children = mChildren; for (int i = 0; i < count; i++) { View c = children[i]; if ((c.mViewFlags & PARENT_SAVE_DISABLED_MASK) != PARENT_SAVE_DISABLED) { c.dispatchSaveInstanceState(container); } } }複製程式碼
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在ViewGroup的dispatchSaveInstanceState方法中,首先呼叫super.dispatchSaveInstanceState儲存自身的狀態,然後遍歷子檢視,呼叫子檢視的dispatchSaveInstanceState方法來儲存它們的狀態。其中在View的具體儲存過程中我們可以看出,只有View設定了唯一性的id,View才會進行記錄。此外,在View中我們看到返回的是空狀態,這意味著我們需要儲存View狀態時,需要覆寫onSaveInstanceState方法,將要儲存的資料放到Parcelable並將它返回。這裡我們可以看一下TextView的實現過程:
@Override public Parcelable onSaveInstanceState() { Parcelable superState = super.onSaveInstanceState(); // Save state if we are forced to boolean save = mFreezesText; int start = 0; int end = 0; if (mText != null) { start = getSelectionStart(); end = getSelectionEnd(); if (start >= 0 || end >= 0) { // Or save state if there is a selection save = true; } } //儲存TextView的start,end以及文字內容 if (save) { SavedState ss = new SavedState(superState); // XXX Should also save the current scroll position! ss.selStart = start; ss.selEnd = end; if (mText instanceof Spanned) { Spannable sp = new SpannableStringBuilder(mText); if (mEditor != null) { removeMisspelledSpans(sp); sp.removeSpan(mEditor.mSuggestionRangeSpan); } ss.text = sp; } else { ss.text = mText.toString(); } if (isFocused() && start >= 0 && end >= 0) { ss.frozenWithFocus = true; } ss.error = getError(); if (mEditor != null) { ss.editorState = mEditor.saveInstanceState(); } return ss; } return superState; }複製程式碼
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呼叫View的onSaveInstanceState方法後就得到了View要儲存的資料,到這裡便執行到了第三步。至此,經過一層層的遍歷,整個內容檢視樹便儲存下來了。
if (state != null) { // Log.i("View", "Freezing #" + Integer.toHexString(mID) // + ": " + state); // 3.以key為id,state為value儲存到container中 container.put(mID, state); }複製程式碼
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儲存完Window的檢視樹資訊後,便執行儲存Fragment的狀態資訊、回退棧等。這個儲存Fragment的狀態資訊也是呼叫它的onSaveInstanceState方法,儲存Fragment中View檢視樹狀態,最好就是呼叫使用者設定的ActivityLifecycleCallbacks的onSaveInstanceState方法,讓使用者能夠再做一些額外的處理。到這裡,整個儲存過程就完成了。
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上面分析了Activity在未知狀態下銷燬前儲存的資訊,這些儲存的資訊都儲存在了Bundle資料中,那系統又是如何恢復資料的呢?在Activity被銷燬onStop方法執行之前,系統會呼叫ActivityThread的performStopActivity方法,如下:
//包含stop方法 final void performStopActivity(IBinder token, boolean saveState) { // 獲取ActivityClientRecord物件 ActivityClientRecord r = mActivities.get(token); // 執行方法,saveState就是表示是否要儲存的狀態 performStopActivityInner(r, null, false, saveState); } private void performStopActivityInner(ActivityClientRecord r, StopInfo info, boolean keepShown, boolean saveState) { if (localLOGV) Slog.v(TAG, "Performing stop of " + r); if (r != null) { if (!keepShown && r.stopped) { //省略 } if (info != null) { try { info.description = r.activity.onCreateDescription(); } catch (Exception e) { //省略 } } // Next have the activity save its current state and managed dialogs... if (!r.activity.mFinished && saveState) { if (r.state == null) { // 執行Activity的OnSaveInstanceState函式 callCallActivityOnSaveInstanceState(r); } } if (!keepShown) { try { // Now we are idle. // 執行Activity的OnStop函式 r.activity.performStop(); } catch (Exception e) { //省略 } r.stopped = true; } r.paused = true; } } private void callCallActivityOnSaveInstanceState(ActivityClientRecord r) { r.state = new Bundle(); r.state.setAllowFds(false); if (r.isPersistable()) { r.persistentState = new PersistableBundle(); mInstrumentation.callActivityOnSaveInstanceState(r.activity, r.state, r.persistentState); } else { // 呼叫mInstrumentation的callActivityOnSaveInstanceState函式 // 實際上呼叫的是Activity的callActivityOnSaveInstanceState函式 mInstrumentation.callActivityOnSaveInstanceState(r.activity, r.state); } } public void callActivityOnSaveInstanceState(Activity activity, Bundle outState) { activity.performSaveInstanceState(outState); }複製程式碼
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在performStopActivity中,通過token獲取一個ActivityClientRecord物件,這個物件就儲存了Acvtivyt的資訊。之後呼叫performStopActivityInner,其方法執行大致分為4部:
(1)判斷是否需要儲存Activtiy的狀態
(2)如果需要儲存,呼叫onSaveInstanceState方法
(3)將資訊儲存到ActivityClientRecord物件的stat欄位中
(4)呼叫Actvity的onStop方法 -
由上可以知道,在onStop方法執行之前,系統會根據情況選擇是否儲存Actvity的狀態,並且將這些狀態儲存在mActivities中,這個mActivities維護了一個Activity的資訊表,當Activity重啟時候,會從mActivities中查詢到對應的ActivityClientRecord,如果有資訊,則呼叫Activity的onResoreInstanceState方法,在ActivityThread的performLaunchActivity方法中,具體如下:
private Activity performLaunchActivity(ActivityClientRecord r, Intent customIntent) { // 省略 Activity activity = null; try { java.lang.ClassLoader cl = r.packageInfo.getClassLoader(); // 1.構建Activity activity = mInstrumentation.newActivity( cl, component.getClassName(), r.intent); //省略 } catch (Exception e) { //省略 } try { // 2.建立一個Application Application app = r.packageInfo.makeApplication(false, mInstrumentation); if (localLOGV) Slog.v(TAG, "Performing launch of " + r); if (activity != null) { // 3.建立Context,型別為ContextImpl Context appContext = createBaseContextForActivity(r, activity); CharSequence title = r.activityInfo.loadLabel(appContext.getPackageManager()); Configuration config = new Configuration(mCompatConfiguration); if (DEBUG_CONFIGURATION) Slog.v(TAG, "Launching activity " + r.activityInfo.name + " with config " + config); // 4.關聯appContext,Application物件到Activity中 activity.attach(appContext, this, getInstrumentation(), r.token, r.ident, app, r.intent, r.activityInfo, title, r.parent, r.embeddedID, r.lastNonConfigurationInstances, config, r.referrer, r.voiceInteractor); if (customIntent != null) { activity.mIntent = customIntent; } r.lastNonConfigurationInstances = null; activity.mStartedActivity = false; int theme = r.activityInfo.getThemeResource(); if (theme != 0) { activity.setTheme(theme); } activity.mCalled = false; // 5.呼叫Activity的OnCreate方法 if (r.isPersistable()) { mInstrumentation.callActivityOnCreate(activity, r.state, r.persistentState); } else { mInstrumentation.callActivityOnCreate(activity, r.state); } if (!activity.mCalled) { //省略 } r.activity = activity; r.stopped = true; if (!r.activity.mFinished) { activity.performStart(); r.stopped = false; } // 6.呼叫Actvity的OnRestoreInstanceState恢復初始狀態 if (!r.activity.mFinished) { //省略 } if (!r.activity.mFinished) { //省略 } } r.paused = true; // 將Activity的資訊記錄物件存到mActivities中 mActivities.put(r.token, r); } catch (SuperNotCalledException e) { throw e; } catch (Exception e) { //省略 } return activity; }複製程式碼
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上面可以看出,系統會判斷ActivityClientRecord物件的state是否為空,不為空則通過Activity的onSaveInstanceState獲取其UI狀態資訊,通過這些資訊傳遞給Activity的onCreate方法,使得使用者可以在onCreate方法中恢復UI上的狀態。
總結
以上的分析可以看出,在整個過程中,Activity扮演了CareTaker角色,負責儲存、恢復Ui的狀態資訊;Activity、Fragment、View等物件為Originator角色,也就是扮演儲存狀態的物件;Memoto則是有Bundle類扮演,單純的負責資料的支援(容器)。Activit在異常退出時,會根據情況,選擇是否需要儲存相關狀態資訊,在重新啟動時候,也會根據ActivityClientRecord物件是否儲存Activity的狀態,選擇性的恢復其初始狀態。這樣下來,就保證了在非正常情況下銷燬Activity時不會丟失資料,很好的提升使用者體驗。
深度擴充
參考文獻:Android原始碼設計模式解析與實戰