第1節：英語中的名詞，冠詞和數詞，代詞

網路英語學習筆記

簡書專題-英語協會：往後餘生，努力學習

名詞

在英語的學習中，和中文一樣，有名詞這一說，名詞在英語中分為專有名詞和普通名詞，什麼是專有名詞呢？如某個人，地方，機構等這些專有的名稱，如China，Guangzhou。普通名詞為人，動物，抽象名稱等，如table,book等。

名詞的複數原則

一般情況下，是加 -s； 以s,sh,ch,x等結尾的詞，加 -es；以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等結尾的詞，加 -s；以子音字母+y結尾的詞，變y 為i再加es。

其他的名詞複數變化：

holiday - holidays
monkey - monkeys
photo - photos
radio - radios
tomato - tomatoes
zero - zeros / zeroes
belief - beliefs
knife - knives
leaf - leaves
wolf - wolves
wife - wives
life - lives
man - men
woman - women
mouse - mice
tooth - teeth
foot - feet
child - children
a person
a policeman
the Chinese
maths
politics
physics
glasses
clothes
goods

不可數名詞

Cake is a kind of food.
These cakes are sweet.
Our country is famous for tea.
Two teas, please.
a glass of water
a piece of advice

定語名詞的複數

sports meeting
talks table
goods train
a five-year plan
two-hundred trees

名詞的格

a teacher's book
the boy's bag
men's room
the title of the song
the barber's

兩個名詞並列，分別有's，則表示"分別有"；只有一個's，則表示'共有'。

冠詞和數詞

什麼是冠詞和數詞呢？冠詞是虛詞，在英語中有三種，一種是定冠詞，一種是不定冠詞，還有一種是零冠詞。

不定冠詞a (an)
a little
a few
a lot
a type of
a pile
a great many
many a
as a rule
in a word
 after a while

定冠詞的用法

定冠詞the，指示代詞this，that

Take the medicine.
I've been to the house.
the sun
the moon
the dollar
the rich 富人; the living 生者

on the second floor // 二層
They are the teachers of this school // 全體教師
They are teachers of this school // 部分教師
the People's Republic of China // 中華人民共和國
the United States // 美國
in the day
in the morning
the day after tomorrow
the next morning
in the sky
in the dark
in the rain
in the distance
in the end
by the way

零冠詞的用法

 We go to school from Monday to Friday.
have breakfast
play chess
I can't write without pen or pencil.
by bus
by train
go to hospital 去醫院看病
go to the hospital 去醫院

冠詞與形容詞+名詞結構

He raises a black and a white cat. //養了一隻黑貓和一隻白貓
raises a black and white cat // 養了一隻花貓

冠詞位置

不定冠詞，位於名詞或名詞修飾語前，放在形容詞之後

such an animal
Many a man
quite a lot
All the students

數詞

數詞分為
基數詞(數目多少)和序數詞(順序多少)

// 基數詞
three hundred and forty-five；// 345
基數詞一般是單數形式，與of 短語連用，表示概數。
scores of people 指許多人

序數詞

first---1st
second---2nd

數詞的用法

• 倍數表示法
• 分數表示法

I have three times as many as you.
as + adj. + as
the size (amount，length…) of…
形容詞（副詞）比較級+ than…
by+倍數

基數詞代表分子，序數詞代表分母
1/3 one-third

代詞

代詞是指代替名詞的一種詞類。

人稱代詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、自身代詞、相互代詞、疑問代詞、關係代詞和不定代詞

人稱代詞

主格 I you he she it
賓格 me you him her it
主格 we you they they they
賓格 us you them them them

物主代詞

形容詞性物主代詞
my　your　his/her its our your/their
名詞性物主代詞
mine yours his/hers its ours yours/theirs

指示代詞

指示代詞有this，that，these，those等。

自身代詞（反身代詞）

She was talking to herself.　 她自言自語。

相互代詞（each other 和one another）

They love each other.

不定代詞：a11，both，each，every

疑問代詞

who，whom，whose，what和which

關係代詞

who，whom，whose，that，which，as

人稱代詞

人稱代詞可作主語或主語補語，人稱代詞的賓格可作賓語或介詞賓語，還可以作主語。

1. 賓格代替主格
2. 主格代替賓格

I like English.
This is she.
I thought it was she.
I thought it to be her.

不定代詞

anybody，everybody，nobody，anyone， someone， everyone，no one

Give the cat some food.She is hungry.

人稱代詞的排列順序

you  he/she;　it I
we you They

物主代詞

1. 形容詞性 my, your
2. 名詞性 mine, yours

名詞性物主代詞

1. 作主語
2. 作賓語
3. 作介詞賓語
4. 作主語補語

a, an, this, that +名詞+of +名詞性物主代詞

反身代詞

I myself
you yourself
you yourselves
she herself
he himself
we ourselves
they themselves
it itself
one oneself

反身代詞，做賓語，用於及物動詞+賓語+介詞，作表語，同位語等。

We enjoyed ourselves very much last night.
The thing itself is not important.
You should be proud of yourself.

相互代詞

each other和one another可作動詞賓語，介詞賓語

指示代詞

單數 this / that 和複數 these / those

I like this better than that.
I don't say no to that.

疑問代詞

1. 指人： who, whom, whose
2. 指物： what
3. 指人，物：which

Whose are these books on the desk?　
Which girls do you like best?
What girls do you like best? 

關係代詞

who which that
whom that that
whose of which/whose of which/whose

He's changed. He's not the man he was.

不定代詞

all, both, every, each, 
either, neither, 
more, little, few, much, many, 
another, other, 
some, any , one, 
some, something, anything, everything, 
somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, 
nothing , 
nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone.

one表示泛指
that和it 表示特指

one… the other 兩個
some… the others 三個以上
the others = the rest　剩餘的全部
He is one of the students who help me. = He is the one of the students who helps me.

anyone僅指人
any one指人，指物
no one只指人
every強調全體
each強調個體

every與not表示部分否定，each和not表示全部否定
both兩者都，either兩者中任何一個，neither兩者都不

// 複數
There are flowers on both sides of the street.
// 單數
There are flowers on either side of the street.

many + 可數名詞，much + 不可數名詞
(a) few + 可數名詞, (a) little + 不可數名詞

往後餘生，努力學習
簡書作者：達叔小生
90後帥氣小夥，愛程式設計，愛運營，愛折騰。
簡書部落格： https://www.jianshu.com/u/c785ece603d1

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