Spark修煉之道（基礎篇）——Linux大資料開發基礎：第一節、Linux介紹、安裝及使用初步

五柳-先生發表於2015-11-14
SparkLinux大資料

本節主要內容

  1. Linux簡史
  2. Linux系統整體介紹
  3. Ubuntu Linux安裝
  4. Linux使用初步

1. Linux簡史

要講述大名鼎鼎的Linux，必然要先從UNIX系統談起，下面這幅圖給出了Unix系統的進化圖： 
這裡寫圖片描述 
圖片來源：http://baike.baidu.com/link?url=QfoqWtWGs-BjpnfEy_AUk7Bm3XHuf6JbN92HCOoUBfFfj8BuSDkbwmldtmUEmGRDUwqsQMIV4jCKHvdkSPr3Lq

從進化圖中可以看到，目前所有的主流作業系統都源自Unix 6（1976），我們要講的Linux系統只是類UNIX系統中的一種，它源自於Minix系統，由Linus Torvalds於1991年開發，那時候Linus Torvalds還是芬蘭大學的一名學生，其信奉開源精神，將程式碼分佈可網際網路上，可以免費獲取，自從該作業系統問世後，世界各地的程式設計師加入到該作業系統的維護、核心升級等工作中來，進行了大量艱辛的工作以使該作業系統能夠與BSD版的Unix及System V Unix(SVR4)等商用作業系統的功能與新功能進行匹配。

Linux開源後也源生出了多種版本，從性質上劃分，大體分為由商業公司維護的商業版本與由開源社群維護的免費發行版本。常用的Linux作業系統有三種，它們分別是Redhat、 debian及Ubuntu：

  1. Ubuntu Linux。Ubuntu最大的特點在於其有著漂亮的GUI介面，包管理系統較為完善的，軟體源比較豐富，技術社群資源及文件比較齊全，因此Ubuntu有著漂亮的使用者介面，完善的包管理系統，強大的軟體源支援，豐富的技術社群，良好的硬體相容性，它有兩種版本，分別是Desktop版本及Server版。Ubuntu比較適合初學者，因為Ubuntu的GUI介面的原因，它的大眾化方向比較明顯，當然因為GUI的原因，它非常消耗記憶體對機器的配置要求較高 
    這裡寫圖片描述
  2. CentOS。CentOS是生產環境使用最廣泛的Linux作業系統，它是Red Hat Enterprise Linux（簡稱RHEL）原始碼編譯後的社群重新發布版，它是一個非常成熟的Linux發行版，它雖然也有圖形使用者介面，但不像Ubuntu那樣強大。 
    這裡寫圖片描述
  3. Debian。Debian也比較適合用於伺服器的作業系統，它比Ubuntu要更加穩定，它的核心比較簡潔，只需要128M記憶體就可以流暢地執行，據說Debian可以幾年不重啟。Debian的技術資料、文件等相對於Ubuntu、CentOS等要少，它更適合Linux的高階使用者使用。 
    這裡寫圖片描述

由於本課程針對想從事大資料開發的初學者，後期也需要在Ubuntu中配置Intellij IDEA Spark、Scala開發環境，在Linux系統上進行Spark、Scala應用程式開發，因此之故本教程決定採用Ubuntu Desktop版本進行教學。

2. Linux系統整體介紹

下圖給出的是Linux作業系統分層檢視：

這裡寫圖片描述 
引自：A Practical Guide to Linux Commands, Editors and Shell Programming

從上圖可以看到，Linux大致可以分為四層，分別是硬體、核心、系統應用及使用者軟體層，分層結構具有較強的安全性，也為我們遮蔽了底層硬體的複雜性。所有的系統應用都是通過核心來與底層硬體打交道的。Linux主要有如下特點：

  • 提供核心程式設計介面，為使用者操縱核心實現硬體資源訪問提供了通道
  • 它是一種多使用者的作業系統
  • 它是一種多工的作業系統
  • 強大的檔案系統
  • 提供Shell指令碼
  • 豐富的系統命令

3. Ubuntu Linux安裝

對於初學者，為方便Linux的學習，可以採用安裝虛擬機器的方式進行，目前流行的虛擬機器有：

  1. Xen。Xen出身名門，起源於劍橋大學，後來被開源出來，它可以讓多個虛擬機器在單獨一臺機器上執行各自的作業系統。
  2. VMware。由VMware公司開發，功能強大，軟體比較成熟，本課程採用VMWare作為虛擬機器的容器
  3. KVM，基於Kernel的虛擬機器，它也是一個開源的產品，只不過它執行在Linux上，作為Linux核心的一部分
  4. Virtual Box。Sun公司的大作，可以在Windows上執行。

由於後期需要在本機上搭建Spark叢集，建議機器配置記憶體12G以上，一般叢集至少三臺，SparkMaster 4G，SparkSlave01 2G，SparkSlave02 2G，本機4G，這樣整體機器執行起來才會比較流暢。現在Ubuntu版本已經升到了ubuntu 15.04，但它太耗記憶體了，出於機器效能考慮，本教程採用Ubuntu 10.04版，VMware版本是8.0.0

VMWare下載後按預設安裝即可，下面講解一下如何安裝Ubuntu 10.04 
1 File->New Virtual Machine 
這裡寫圖片描述

2 選擇typical，然後next 
這裡寫圖片描述

3 選擇Installer disc image file(ISO)，選擇Ubuntu 10.04 ISO檔案 
這裡寫圖片描述

4 Personlize Linux，Full Name表示安裝好的Linux hostname，Username，Password可以根據自己的需要做任意設定，然後下一步 
這裡寫圖片描述 
5 設定虛擬機器名稱，然後next 
這裡寫圖片描述 
6 設定磁碟容量，預設為20G，建議選擇split virtual disk into multiple files，然後next 
這裡寫圖片描述 
7 其它預設設定就可以，然後Finish 
這裡寫圖片描述 
8 如此便完成Linux的配置，接下來便是系統安裝過程，整個安裝過程中無需人工干預，大約30分鐘 
這裡寫圖片描述 
這裡寫圖片描述 
這裡寫圖片描述 
這裡寫圖片描述

4. Linux使用初步

1 命令列終端的使用 
可以直接在圖形使用者介面上進行命令列的使用，Applications->Accessories->Terminal 
這裡寫圖片描述 
這裡寫圖片描述

也可以按Ctr+ALT+F1進入CLI（Command Line Interface）模式， 
這裡寫圖片描述 
輸入使用者名稱和密碼，可以得到如下介面： 
這裡寫圖片描述

切換回圖形使用者介面，用CTR+ALT+F8

2 超級使用者root密碼的設定

<code class="hljs java has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//採用sudo passwd命令修改root密碼</span>
xtwy<span class="hljs-annotation" style="color: rgb(155, 133, 157); box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span>:~$ sudo passwd
[sudo] password <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">for</span> xtwy: 
Enter <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> UNIX password: 
Retype <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> UNIX password: 
passwd: password updated successfully
</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li></ul>

3 切換使用者

<code class="hljs coffeescript has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-regexp" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//</span>採用su(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">switch</span> user)命令切換使用者
xtwy<span class="hljs-property" style="box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span>:~$ su root
<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 136, 0);">Password</span>: 
root<span class="hljs-property" style="box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span>:/home/xtwy<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;"># </span>
</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li></ul>
<code class="hljs java has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//切換回xtwy</span>
root<span class="hljs-annotation" style="color: rgb(155, 133, 157); box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span>:/home/xtwy# su xtwy
xtwy<span class="hljs-annotation" style="color: rgb(155, 133, 157); box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span>:~$ 
</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li></ul>

4 當前使用者工作目錄與根目錄

<code class="hljs mel has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//~表示使用者當前工作目錄</span>
xtwy<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span>:~$ 
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//可以用pwd（Print Working Directory）命令檢視完整路徑</span>
xtwy<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span>:~$ <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">pwd</span>
/home/xtwy
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//用cd(change directory)命令改變工作目錄，例如切換到根目錄</span>
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//在linux中，/表示根目錄</span>
xtwy<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span>:~$ cd /
xtwy<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span>:/$ 
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//切換回當前使用者的工作目錄，可以用cd ~命令(~表示當前使用者預設的工作目錄）</span>
xtwy<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span>:/$ cd ~
xtwy<span class="hljs-variable" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">@ubuntu</span>:~$ 
</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li></ul>

5 列出檔案目錄 ls命令的使用

<code class="hljs lasso has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//不加任何引數的ls命令，簡易列出目錄中的所有檔案和目錄</span>
xtwy@ubuntu:~$ ls
Desktop    Downloads         Music     <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">Public</span>     Videos
Documents  examples<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>desktop  Pictures  Templates
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//ls -a 列出目錄下的所有檔案包括隱含檔案</span>
xtwy@ubuntu:~$ ls <span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-a</span>
<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>             Downloads         <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>gvfs          <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>pulse<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-cookie</span>
<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">..</span>            <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>esd_auth         <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>ICEauthority  <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>recently<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-used</span><span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>xbel
<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>bash_logout  examples<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>desktop  <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span><span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">local</span>         <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>ssh
<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>bashrc       <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>gconf            Music          <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>sudo_as_admin_successful
<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">cache</span>        <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>gconfd           <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>nautilus      Templates
<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>config       <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>gnome2           Pictures       <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>update<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-notifier</span>
<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>dbus         <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>gnome2_private   <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>profile       Videos
Desktop       <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>gnupg            <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">Public</span>         <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>xsession<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-errors</span>
Documents     <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>gtk<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-bookmarks</span>    <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>pulse         <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>xsession<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-errors</span><span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>old

<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//列出目錄下所有檔案和目錄的詳細資訊</span>
xtwy@ubuntu:~$ ls <span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-al</span>
total <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">136</span>
drwxr<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-xr</span><span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-x</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">24</span> xtwy xtwy <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4096</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">58</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>
drwxr<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-xr</span><span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-x</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span> root root <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4096</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">21</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">53</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">..</span>
<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-rw</span><span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-r</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">--</span>r<span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">--</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> xtwy xtwy  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">220</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">21</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">53</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>bash_logout
<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-rw</span><span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-r</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">--</span>r<span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">--</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> xtwy xtwy <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3103</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">21</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">53</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>bashrc
drwx<span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">------</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span> xtwy xtwy <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4096</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">48</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">cache</span>
drwxr<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-xr</span><span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-x</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span> xtwy xtwy <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4096</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">35</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>config
drwx<span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">------</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span> xtwy xtwy <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4096</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">31</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>dbus
drwxr<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-xr</span><span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-x</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span> xtwy xtwy <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4096</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">31</span> Desktop
drwxr<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-xr</span><span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-x</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span> xtwy xtwy <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4096</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">31</span> Documents
drwxr<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-xr</span><span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-x</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span> xtwy xtwy <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4096</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">31</span> Downloads
<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-rw</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-------</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> xtwy xtwy   <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">16</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">31</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>esd_auth
<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-rw</span><span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-r</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">--</span>r<span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">--</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> xtwy xtwy  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">179</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">21</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">53</span> examples<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>desktop
drwx<span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">------</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4</span> xtwy xtwy <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4096</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">34</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>gconf
drwx<span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">------</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span> xtwy xtwy <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4096</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">21</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">00</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">12</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>gconfd
drwx<span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">------</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">6</span> xtwy xtwy <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4096</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">32</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>gnome2
drwx<span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">------</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span> xtwy xtwy <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4096</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">32</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>gnome2_private
drwx<span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">------</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span> xtwy xtwy <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4096</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">50</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>gnupg
<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-rw</span><span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-r</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">--</span>r<span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">--</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> xtwy xtwy  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">132</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">34</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>gtk<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-bookmarks</span>
dr<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-x</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">------</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span> xtwy xtwy    <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">34</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>gvfs
<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-rw</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-------</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> xtwy xtwy  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">636</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">34</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>ICEauthority
drwx<span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">------</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3</span> xtwy xtwy <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4096</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">34</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span><span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">local</span>
drwxr<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-xr</span><span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-x</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span> xtwy xtwy <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4096</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">31</span> Music
drwxr<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-xr</span><span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-x</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span> xtwy xtwy <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4096</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">31</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>nautilus
drwxr<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-xr</span><span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-x</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span> xtwy xtwy <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4096</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">31</span> Pictures
<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-rw</span><span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-r</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">--</span>r<span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">--</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> xtwy xtwy  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">675</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">21</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">53</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>profile
drwxr<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-xr</span><span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-x</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span> xtwy xtwy <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4096</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">31</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">Public</span>
drwx<span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">------</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span> xtwy xtwy <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4096</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">32</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>pulse
<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-rw</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-------</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> xtwy xtwy  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">256</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">31</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>pulse<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-cookie</span>
<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-rw</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-------</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> xtwy xtwy  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">218</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">32</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>recently<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-used</span><span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>xbel
drwx<span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">------</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span> xtwy xtwy <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4096</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">50</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>ssh
<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-rw</span><span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-r</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">--</span>r<span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">--</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> xtwy xtwy    <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">0</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">58</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>sudo_as_admin_successful
drwxr<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-xr</span><span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-x</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span> xtwy xtwy <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4096</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">31</span> Templates
drwx<span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">------</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span> xtwy xtwy <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4096</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">35</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>update<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-notifier</span>
drwxr<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-xr</span><span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-x</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span> xtwy xtwy <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4096</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">31</span> Videos
<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-rw</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-------</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> xtwy xtwy <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1681</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">52</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>xsession<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-errors</span>
<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-rw</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-------</span>  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> xtwy xtwy <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2829</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">32</span> <span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>xsession<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-errors</span><span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>old
<span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//ls -l列出檔案和目錄的詳細使用者，不包括隱含檔案和當前目錄.、上級目錄..</span>
xtwy@ubuntu:~$ ls <span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-l</span>
total <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">36</span>
drwxr<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-xr</span><span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-x</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span> xtwy xtwy <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4096</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">31</span> Desktop
drwxr<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-xr</span><span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-x</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span> xtwy xtwy <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4096</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">31</span> Documents
drwxr<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-xr</span><span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-x</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span> xtwy xtwy <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4096</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">31</span> Downloads
<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-rw</span><span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-r</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">--</span>r<span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">--</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> xtwy xtwy  <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">179</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">21</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">53</span> examples<span class="hljs-built_in" style="color: rgb(102, 0, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">.</span>desktop
drwxr<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-xr</span><span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-x</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span> xtwy xtwy <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4096</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">31</span> Music
drwxr<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-xr</span><span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-x</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span> xtwy xtwy <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4096</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">31</span> Pictures
drwxr<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-xr</span><span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-x</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span> xtwy xtwy <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4096</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">31</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">Public</span>
drwxr<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-xr</span><span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-x</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span> xtwy xtwy <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4096</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">31</span> Templates
drwxr<span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-xr</span><span class="hljs-attribute" style="box-sizing: border-box;">-x</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2</span> xtwy xtwy <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4096</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">2015</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">08</span><span class="hljs-subst" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">-</span><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">20</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">23</span>:<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">31</span> Videos
</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">19</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">20</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">21</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">22</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">23</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">24</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">25</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">26</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">27</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">28</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">29</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">30</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">31</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">32</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">33</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">34</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">35</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">36</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">37</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">38</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">39</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">40</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">41</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">42</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">43</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">44</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">45</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">46</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">47</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">48</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">49</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">50</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">51</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">52</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">53</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">54</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">55</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">56</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">57</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">58</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">59</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">60</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">61</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">62</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">63</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">64</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">65</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">66</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">67</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">68</li></ul>

這裡寫圖片描述 
這裡寫圖片描述 
這裡寫圖片描述

上面四種是最為常用的ls命令，可以滿足日常工作中的絕大部分需求，更多引數如下：

<code class="hljs haml has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">-<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">a 列出目錄下的所有檔案，包括以 . 開頭的隱含檔案。
</span>-<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">b 把檔名中不可輸出的字元用反斜槓加字元編號(就象在<span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">C</span>語言裡一樣)的形式列出。
</span>-<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">c 輸出檔案的 i 節點的修改時間，並以此排序。
</span>-<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">d 將目錄象檔案一樣顯示，而不是顯示其下的檔案。
</span>-<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">e 輸出時間的全部資訊，而不是輸出簡略資訊。
</span>-<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">f -<span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">U</span> 對輸出的檔案不排序。
</span>-<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">g 無用。
</span>-<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">i 輸出檔案的 i 節點的索引資訊。
</span>-<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">k 以 k 位元組的形式表示檔案的大小。
</span>-<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">l 列出檔案的詳細資訊。
</span>-<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">m 橫向輸出檔名，並以“，”作分格符。
</span>-<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">n 用數字的 <span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">UID</span>,<span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">GID</span> 代替名稱。
</span>-<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">o 顯示檔案的除組資訊外的詳細資訊。
</span>-<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">p -<span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">F</span> 在每個檔名後附上一個字元以說明該檔案的型別，“*”表示可執行的普通
</span>檔案；“/”表示目錄；“@”表示符號連結；“|”表示FIFOs；“=”表示套
接字(sockets)。
-<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">q 用?代替不可輸出的字元。
</span>-<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">r 對目錄反向排序。
</span>-<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">s 在每個檔名後輸出該檔案的大小。
</span>-<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">t 以時間排序。
</span>-<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">u 以檔案上次被訪問的時間排序。
</span>-<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;">x 按列輸出，橫向排序。
</span>-<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">A</span> 顯示除 “.”和“..”外的所有檔案。
</span>-<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">B</span> 不輸出以 “~”結尾的備份檔案。
</span>-<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">C</span> 按列輸出，縱向排序。
</span>-<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">G</span> 輸出檔案的組的資訊。
</span>-<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">L</span> 列出連結檔名而不是連結到的檔案。
</span>-<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">N</span> 不限制檔案長度。
</span>-<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Q</span> 把輸出的檔名用雙引號括起來。
</span>-<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">R</span> 列出所有子目錄下的檔案。
</span>-<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">S</span> 以檔案大小排序。
</span>-<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-constant" style="box-sizing: border-box;">X</span> 以檔案的副檔名(最後一個 . 後的字元)排序。
</span>-<span class="ruby" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span> 一行只輸出一個檔案。</span></code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">19</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">20</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">21</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">22</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">23</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">24</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">25</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">26</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">27</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">28</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">29</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">30</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">31</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">32</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">33</li></ul>

在需要時去查文件即可。

內容轉載： http://blog.csdn.net/lovehuangjiaju/article/details/47811709  多謝！

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