最近在看Redux的原始碼,發現Redux在使用中介軟體applyMiddleware.js的原始碼中,有一個對閉包非常巧妙的使用,解決了“雞生蛋,蛋生雞”的問題,特分享給大家。
Redux中介軟體的函式簽名形式如下:
({dispatch, getState}) => next => action => {
// 函式體
}
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applyMiddleware.js中的函式applyMiddleware(…middlewares)用於根據中介軟體生成action經過的中介軟體鏈。先來看一個錯誤版本的實現:
/*
* @param {...Function} middlewares The middleware chain to be applied.
* @returns {Function} A store enhancer applying the middleware.
*/
export default function applyMiddleware(...middlewares) {
return (createStore) => (reducer, initialState, enhancer) => {
var store = createStore(reducer, initialState, enhancer)
var chain = []
var middlewareAPI = {
getState: store.getState,
dispatch: store.dispatch
}
chain = middlewares.map(middleware => middleware(middlewareAPI))
var dispatch = compose(...chain)(store.dispatch) //compose(f, g, h) 等價於函式
//(...args)=>f(g(h(args)))
return {
...store,
dispatch
}
}
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核心邏輯是chain = middlewares.map(middleware => middleware(middlewareAPI))和dispatch = compose(…chain)(store.dispatch)這兩行。第1句程式碼是根據中介軟體生成一個陣列chain,chain的元素是簽名為next => action => {…}形式的函式,每個元素就是最終中介軟體鏈上的一環。第2句程式碼利用compose函式,將chain中的函式元素組成一個“洋蔥式”的大函式,chain的每個函式元素相當於一層洋蔥表皮。Redux傳送的每一個action都會由外到內依次經過每一層函式的處理。假設有3層函式,從外到內依次是a,b,c,函式的實際呼叫過程是,a接收到action,在a函式體內會呼叫b(a的引數next,指向的就是b),並把action傳遞給b,然後b呼叫c(b的引數next指向的就是c),同時也把action傳遞給c,c的引數next指向的是原始的store.dispatch,因此是action dispatch的最後一環。這樣分析下來,程式是沒有問題的,但當我們的中介軟體需要直接使用dispatch函式時,問題就出來了。例如,常用於傳送非同步action的中介軟體redux-thunk,就需要在非同步action中使用dispatch:
export function fetchPosts(subreddit) {
return function (dispatch) {
dispatch(requestPosts(subreddit))
return fetch(`https://www.reddit.com/r/${subreddit}.json`)
.then(
response => response.json(),
error => console.log(`An error occured.`, error)
)
.then(json =>
dispatch(receivePosts(subreddit, json))
)
}
}
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fetchPosts使用的dispatch,是redux-thunk傳遞過來的,指向的是middlewareAPI物件中的dispatch,實際等於store.dispatch。當執行dispatch(requestPosts(subreddit))時,這個action直接就到了最後一環節的處理,跳過了redux-thunk中介軟體之後的其他中介軟體的處理,顯然是不合適的。我們希望的方式是,這個action依然會從最外層的中介軟體開始,由外到內經過每一層中介軟體的處理。所以,這裡使用的dispatch函式不能等於store.dispatch,應該等於compose(…chain)(store.dispatch),只有這樣,傳送的action才能經過每一層中介軟體的處理。現在問題出來了,chain = middlewares.map(middleware => middleware(middlewareAPI))需要使用dispatch = compose(…chain)(store.dispatch)返回的dispatch函式,而dispatch = compose(…chain)(store.dispatch)的執行又依賴於chain = middlewares.map(middleware => middleware(middlewareAPI))的執行結果,我們進入死迴圈了。
問題的解決方案就是閉包。當我們定義middlewareAPI的dispatch時,不直接把它指向store.dispatch,而是定義一個新的函式,在函式中引用外部的一個區域性變數dispatch,這樣就形成了一個閉包,外部dispatch變數的變化會同步反映到內部函式中。如下所示:
export default function applyMiddleware(...middlewares) {
return (createStore) => (reducer, initialState, enhancer) => {
var store = createStore(reducer, initialState, enhancer)
var dispatch = store.dispatch; // 需要有初始值,保證中介軟體在初始化過程中也可以正常使用dispatch
var chain = []
var middlewareAPI = {
getState: store.getState,
dispatch: (...args) => dispatch(...args) // 通過閉包引用外部的dispatch變數
}
chain = middlewares.map(middleware => middleware(middlewareAPI))
dispatch = compose(...chain)(store.dispatch) //compose(f, g, h) 等價於函式
//(...args)=>f(g(h(args)))
return {
...store,
dispatch
}
}
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這樣,“雞生蛋,蛋生雞”的問題就解決了。如果這個例子對你來說太複雜,可以用下面這個簡化的例子幫助你理解:
const middleware = ({dispatch}) => (next) => (number) => {
console.log("in middleware");
if(number !== 0){
return dispatch(--number);
}
return next(number);
}
function test() {
var dispatch = (number) => {
console.log("original dispatch");
return number;
};
var middlewareAPI = {
dispatch
}
dispatch = middleware(middlewareAPI)(dispatch);
return {
dispatch
}
}
var {dispatch} = test();
dispatch(3);
//輸出:
"in middleware"
"original dispatch"
const middleware = ({dispatch}) => (next) => (number) => {
console.log("in middleware");
if(number !== 0){
return dispatch(--number);
}
return next(number);
}
function test() {
var dispatch = (number) => {
console.log("original dispatch");
return number;
};
var middlewareAPI = {
dispatch: (number) => {dispatch(number);}
}
dispatch = middleware(middlewareAPI)(dispatch);
return {
dispatch
}
}
var {dispatch} = test();
dispatch(3);
//輸出
"in middleware"
"in middleware"
"in middleware"
"in middleware"
"original dispatch"
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第二種方式,middleware中dispatch的number會再次經歷中介軟體的處理,當number=3,2,1,0時,都會進入一次middleware函式,當number=0時,next(0)呼叫的是test中定義的初始dispatch函式,因此不再經過middleware的處理。
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