Unit testing framework

https://docs.python.org/2.7/library/unittest.html
翻譯以及簡單見解

Python單元測試的框架，有時也別稱為“PyUnit”，其實是一種python語言的Junit，由 Kent Beck and Erich Gamma創作。

unittest支援自動測試、分步測試、聯合測試以及提供了從框架返回的獨立的測試單元，unittest提供了簡單高效的一些類來進行單元測試。

為了實現次目的，unittest 提供了以下的概念：

1、測試框架

一些測試前平臺的準備、測試產生的多餘的資料的清除，包括建立代理資料庫產生的資料、字典和一些伺服器執行產生的冗餘。

2、測試案例

測試案例對單元測試來說十分重要的，它可以幫助我們實現一些由於特殊的輸入導致的特別的異常，unittest給我們提供了一個類TestCase來實現新的測試案例的建立。

3、測試叢集

所謂測試叢集就是一些測試案例的集合，他們同時執行來進行測試

balabal…..
TestCase，大概是說在測試案例執行之前會有initial的方法seup（）先執行，測試案例結束之後會有cleanup執行，以及一些測試執行中run（）的引數和執行情況等

這裡有一個簡單的測試字串的例子：

import unittest

class TestStringMethods(unittest.TestCase):

    def test_upper(self):
        self.assertEqual('foo'.upper(), 'FOO')

    def test_isupper(self):
        self.assertTrue('FOO'.isupper())
        self.assertFalse('Foo'.isupper())

    def test_split(self):
        s = 'hello world'
        self.assertEqual(s.split(), ['hello', 'world'])
        # check that s.split fails when the separator is not string
        with self.assertRaises(TypeError):
            s.split(2)

if __name__ == '__main__':
unittest.main()

一個繼承於unittes.TsetCase的測試類的例子，三個方法定義了三個測試例子，通過方法名我們就可以看出所需要的測試內容

我們可以使用這些判斷函式來模擬所有的輸入以及輸出情況，assertEqual()用來檢測一些不正常的輸出結果，assertTrue和assertFalse則用來檢測等實現測試反饋。

setup()和tearDown()方法會在測試用例執行前後執行，可以將一些通用的結構放在這兩個方法中，實現測試用例的公共程式碼表達。

unittest.main()提供了一個指令碼執行的命令列介面，當指令碼執行的時候命令列會輸出下面的內容：

…

Ran 3 tests in 0.000s

OK
Instead of unittest.main(), there are other ways to run the tests with a finer level of control, less terse output, and no requirement to be run from the command line. For example, the last two lines may be replaced with:

suite = unittest.TestLoader().loadTestsFromTestCase(TestStringMethods)
unittest.TextTestRunner(verbosity=2).run(suite)
Running the revised script from the interpreter or another script produces the following output:

test_isupper (main.TestStringMethods) … ok
test_split (main.TestStringMethods) … ok
test_upper (main.TestStringMethods) … ok

---

Ran 3 tests in 0.001s

OK
上面的例子是一個在測試中十分常見的例子，下面的文件會全面介紹unittest的所有功能。

命令列介面

unittest模組可以使用以下的命令來執行單獨的模組、類、甚至類中的方法：

python -m unittest test_module1 test_module2
python -m unittest test_module.TestClass
python -m unittest test_module.TestClass.test_method

You can pass in a list with any combination of module names, and fully qualified class or method names.

你可以通過新增 -v來獲取更多的細節資訊：

python -m unittest -v test_module
For a list of all the command-line options:

python -m unittest -h
在python 2.7以後才新增，在以前的版本中只能測試單獨的方法，而不能測試類和模組。

命令列的選擇：
uinttest支援下面這些命令引數的選擇：

-b, –buffer
當測試用例執行時將標準輸出和標準錯誤流快取，通過的測試用例將不會輸出，輸出流只顯示錯誤和測試失敗的資訊。

-c, –catch
Control-C during the test run waits for the current test to end and then reports all the results so far. A second Control-C raises the normal KeyboardInterrupt exception.

See Signal Handling for the functions that provide this functionality.

-f, –failfast
Stop the test run on the first error or failure.

New in version 2.7: The command-line options -b, -c and -f were added.

The command line can also be used for test discovery, for running all of the tests in a project or just a subset.

25.3.3. Test Discovery
New in version 2.7.

Unittest supports simple test discovery. In order to be compatible with test discovery, all of the test files must be modules or packages importable from the top-level directory of the project (this means that their filenames must be valid identifiers).

Test discovery is implemented in TestLoader.discover(), but can also be used from the command line. The basic command-line usage is:

cd project_directory
python -m unittest discover
The discover sub-command has the following options:

-v, –verbose
Verbose output

-s, –start-directory directory
Directory to start discovery (. default)

-p, –pattern pattern
Pattern to match test files (test*.py default)

-t, –top-level-directory directory
Top level directory of project (defaults to start directory)

The -s, -p, and -t options can be passed in as positional arguments in that order. The following two command lines are equivalent:

python -m unittest discover -s project_directory -p “*_test.py”
python -m unittest discover project_directory “*_test.py”
As well as being a path it is possible to pass a package name, for example myproject.subpackage.test, as the start directory. The package name you supply will then be imported and its location on the filesystem will be used as the start directory.

Caution Test discovery loads tests by importing them. Once test discovery has found all the test files from the start directory you specify it turns the paths into package names to import. For example foo/bar/baz.py will be imported as foo.bar.baz.
If you have a package installed globally and attempt test discovery on a different copy of the package then the import could happen from the wrong place. If this happens test discovery will warn you and exit.
If you supply the start directory as a package name rather than a path to a directory then discover assumes that whichever location it imports from is the location you intended, so you will not get the warning.
Test modules and packages can customize test loading and discovery by through the load_tests protocol.

25.3.4. Organizing test code
The basic building blocks of unit testing are test cases — single scenarios that must be set up and checked for correctness. In unittest, test cases are represented by instances of unittest‘s TestCase class. To make your own test cases you must write subclasses of TestCase, or use FunctionTestCase.

An instance of a TestCase-derived class is an object that can completely run a single test method, together with optional set-up and tidy-up code.

The testing code of a TestCase instance should be entirely self contained, such that it can be run either in isolation or in arbitrary combination with any number of other test cases.

The simplest TestCase subclass will simply override the runTest() method in order to perform specific testing code:

import unittest

class DefaultWidgetSizeTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def runTest(self):
widget = Widget(‘The widget’)
self.assertEqual(widget.size(), (50, 50), ‘incorrect default size’)
Note that in order to test something, we use one of the assert*() methods provided by the TestCase base class. If the test fails, an exception will be raised, and unittest will identify the test case as a failure. Any other exceptions will be treated as errors. This helps you identify where the problem is: failures are caused by incorrect results - a 5 where you expected a 6. Errors are caused by incorrect code - e.g., a TypeError caused by an incorrect function call.

The way to run a test case will be described later. For now, note that to construct an instance of such a test case, we call its constructor without arguments:

testCase = DefaultWidgetSizeTestCase()
Now, such test cases can be numerous, and their set-up can be repetitive. In the above case, constructing a Widget in each of 100 Widget test case subclasses would mean unsightly duplication.

Luckily, we can factor out such set-up code by implementing a method called setUp(), which the testing framework will automatically call for us when we run the test:

import unittest

class SimpleWidgetTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def setUp(self):
self.widget = Widget(‘The widget’)

class DefaultWidgetSizeTestCase(SimpleWidgetTestCase):
def runTest(self):
self.assertEqual(self.widget.size(), (50,50),
‘incorrect default size’)

class WidgetResizeTestCase(SimpleWidgetTestCase):
def runTest(self):
self.widget.resize(100,150)
self.assertEqual(self.widget.size(), (100,150),
‘wrong size after resize’)
If the setUp() method raises an exception while the test is running, the framework will consider the test to have suffered an error, and the runTest() method will not be executed.

Similarly, we can provide a tearDown() method that tidies up after the runTest() method has been run:

import unittest

class SimpleWidgetTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def setUp(self):
self.widget = Widget(‘The widget’)

def tearDown(self):
    self.widget.dispose()
    self.widget = None

If setUp() succeeded, the tearDown() method will be run whether runTest() succeeded or not.

Such a working environment for the testing code is called a fixture.

Often, many small test cases will use the same fixture. In this case, we would end up subclassing SimpleWidgetTestCase into many small one-method classes such as DefaultWidgetSizeTestCase. This is time-consuming and discouraging, so in the same vein as JUnit, unittest provides a simpler mechanism:

import unittest

class WidgetTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def setUp(self):
self.widget = Widget(‘The widget’)

def tearDown(self):
    self.widget.dispose()
    self.widget = None

def test_default_size(self):
    self.assertEqual(self.widget.size(), (50,50),
                     'incorrect default size')

def test_resize(self):
    self.widget.resize(100,150)
    self.assertEqual(self.widget.size(), (100,150),
                     'wrong size after resize')

Here we have not provided a runTest() method, but have instead provided two different test methods. Class instances will now each run one of the test_*() methods, with self.widget created and destroyed separately for each instance. When creating an instance we must specify the test method it is to run. We do this by passing the method name in the constructor:

defaultSizeTestCase = WidgetTestCase(‘test_default_size’)
resizeTestCase = WidgetTestCase(‘test_resize’)
Test case instances are grouped together according to the features they test. unittest provides a mechanism for this: the test suite, represented by unittest‘s TestSuite class:

widgetTestSuite = unittest.TestSuite()
widgetTestSuite.addTest(WidgetTestCase(‘test_default_size’))
widgetTestSuite.addTest(WidgetTestCase(‘test_resize’))
For the ease of running tests, as we will see later, it is a good idea to provide in each test module a callable object that returns a pre-built test suite:

def suite():
suite = unittest.TestSuite()
suite.addTest(WidgetTestCase(‘test_default_size’))
suite.addTest(WidgetTestCase(‘test_resize’))
return suite
or even:

def suite():
tests = [‘test_default_size’, ‘test_resize’]

return unittest.TestSuite(map(WidgetTestCase, tests))

Since it is a common pattern to create a TestCase subclass with many similarly named test functions, unittest provides a TestLoader class that can be used to automate the process of creating a test suite and populating it with individual tests. For example,

suite = unittest.TestLoader().loadTestsFromTestCase(WidgetTestCase)
will create a test suite that will run WidgetTestCase.test_default_size() and WidgetTestCase.test_resize. TestLoader uses the ‘test’ method name prefix to identify test methods automatically.

Note that the order in which the various test cases will be run is determined by sorting the test function names with respect to the built-in ordering for strings.

Often it is desirable to group suites of test cases together, so as to run tests for the whole system at once. This is easy, since TestSuite instances can be added to a TestSuite just as TestCase instances can be added to a TestSuite:

suite1 = module1.TheTestSuite()
suite2 = module2.TheTestSuite()
alltests = unittest.TestSuite([suite1, suite2])
You can place the definitions of test cases and test suites in the same modules as the code they are to test (such as widget.py), but there are several advantages to placing the test code in a separate module, such as test_widget.py:

The test module can be run standalone from the command line.
The test code can more easily be separated from shipped code.
There is less temptation to change test code to fit the code it tests without a good reason.
Test code should be modified much less frequently than the code it tests.
Tested code can be refactored more easily.
Tests for modules written in C must be in separate modules anyway, so why not be consistent?
If the testing strategy changes, there is no need to change the source code.
25.3.5. Re-using old test code
Some users will find that they have existing test code that they would like to run from unittest, without converting every old test function to a TestCase subclass.

For this reason, unittest provides a FunctionTestCase class. This subclass of TestCase can be used to wrap an existing test function. Set-up and tear-down functions can also be provided.

Given the following test function:

def testSomething():
something = makeSomething()
assert something.name is not None
# …
one can create an equivalent test case instance as follows:

testcase = unittest.FunctionTestCase(testSomething)
If there are additional set-up and tear-down methods that should be called as part of the test case’s operation, they can also be provided like so:

testcase = unittest.FunctionTestCase(testSomething,
setUp=makeSomethingDB,
tearDown=deleteSomethingDB)
To make migrating existing test suites easier, unittest supports tests raising AssertionError to indicate test failure. However, it is recommended that you use the explicit TestCase.fail*() and TestCase.assert*() methods instead, as future versions of unittest may treat AssertionError differently.

Note Even though FunctionTestCase can be used to quickly convert an existing test base over to a unittest-based system, this approach is not recommended. Taking the time to set up proper TestCase subclasses will make future test refactorings infinitely easier.
In some cases, the existing tests may have been written using the doctest module. If so, doctest provides a DocTestSuite class that can automatically build unittest.TestSuite instances from the existing doctest-based tests.

25.3.6. Skipping tests and expected failures
New in version 2.7.

Unittest supports skipping individual test methods and even whole classes of tests. In addition, it supports marking a test as an “expected failure,” a test that is broken and will fail, but shouldn’t be counted as a failure on a TestResult.

Skipping a test is simply a matter of using the skip() decorator or one of its conditional variants.

Basic skipping looks like this:

class MyTestCase(unittest.TestCase):

@unittest.skip("demonstrating skipping")
def test_nothing(self):
    self.fail("shouldn't happen")

@unittest.skipIf(mylib.__version__ < (1, 3),
                 "not supported in this library version")
def test_format(self):
    # Tests that work for only a certain version of the library.
    pass

@unittest.skipUnless(sys.platform.startswith("win"), "requires Windows")
def test_windows_support(self):
    # windows specific testing code
    pass

This is the output of running the example above in verbose mode:

test_format (main.MyTestCase) … skipped ‘not supported in this library version’
test_nothing (main.MyTestCase) … skipped ‘demonstrating skipping’
test_windows_support (main.MyTestCase) … skipped ‘requires Windows’

---

Ran 3 tests in 0.005s

OK (skipped=3)
Classes can be skipped just like methods:

@unittest.skip(“showing class skipping”)
class MySkippedTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
def test_not_run(self):
pass
TestCase.setUp() can also skip the test. This is useful when a resource that needs to be set up is not available.

Expected failures use the expectedFailure() decorator.

class ExpectedFailureTestCase(unittest.TestCase):
@unittest.expectedFailure
def test_fail(self):
self.assertEqual(1, 0, “broken”)
It’s easy to roll your own skipping decorators by making a decorator that calls skip() on the test when it wants it to be skipped. This decorator skips the test unless the passed object has a certain attribute:

def skipUnlessHasattr(obj, attr):
if hasattr(obj, attr):
return lambda func: func
return unittest.skip(“{!r} doesn’t have {!r}”.format(obj, attr))
The following decorators implement test skipping and expected failures:

unittest.skip(reason)
Unconditionally skip the decorated test. reason should describe why the test is being skipped.

unittest.skipIf(condition, reason)
Skip the decorated test if condition is true.

unittest.skipUnless(condition, reason)
Skip the decorated test unless condition is true.

unittest.expectedFailure()
Mark the test as an expected failure. If the test fails when run, the test is not counted as a failure.

exception unittest.SkipTest(reason)
This exception is raised to skip a test.

Usually you can use TestCase.skipTest() or one of the skipping decorators instead of raising this directly.

Skipped tests will not have setUp() or tearDown() run around them. Skipped classes will not have setUpClass() or tearDownClass() run.

25.3.7. Classes and functions
This section describes in depth the API of unittest.

25.3.7.1. Test cases
class unittest.TestCase(methodName=’runTest’)
Instances of the TestCase class represent the smallest testable units in the unittest universe. This class is intended to be used as a base class, with specific tests being implemented by concrete subclasses. This class implements the interface needed by the test runner to allow it to drive the test, and methods that the test code can use to check for and report various kinds of failure.

Each instance of TestCase will run a single test method: the method named methodName. If you remember, we had an earlier example that went something like this:

def suite():
suite = unittest.TestSuite()
suite.addTest(WidgetTestCase(‘test_default_size’))
suite.addTest(WidgetTestCase(‘test_resize’))
return suite
Here, we create two instances of WidgetTestCase, each of which runs a single test.

methodName defaults to runTest().

TestCase instances provide three groups of methods: one group used to run the test, another used by the test implementation to check conditions and report failures, and some inquiry methods allowing information about the test itself to be gathered.

Methods in the first group (running the test) are:

setUp()
Method called to prepare the test fixture. This is called immediately before calling the test method; other than AssertionError or SkipTest, any exception raised by this method will be considered an error rather than a test failure. The default implementation does nothing.

tearDown()
Method called immediately after the test method has been called and the result recorded. This is called even if the test method raised an exception, so the implementation in subclasses may need to be particularly careful about checking internal state. Any exception, other than AssertionError or SkipTest, raised by this method will be considered an additional error rather than a test failure (thus increasing the total number of reported errors). This method will only be called if the setUp() succeeds, regardless of the outcome of the test method. The default implementation does nothing.

setUpClass()
A class method called before tests in an individual class run. setUpClass is called with the class as the only argument and must be decorated as a classmethod():

@classmethod
def setUpClass(cls):
…
See Class and Module Fixtures for more details.

New in version 2.7.

tearDownClass()
A class method called after tests in an individual class have run. tearDownClass is called with the class as the only argument and must be decorated as a classmethod():

@classmethod
def tearDownClass(cls):
…
See Class and Module Fixtures for more details.

New in version 2.7.

run(result=None)
Run the test, collecting the result into the test result object passed as result. If result is omitted or None, a temporary result object is created (by calling the defaultTestResult() method) and used. The result object is not returned to run()‘s caller.

The same effect may be had by simply calling the TestCase instance.

skipTest(reason)
Calling this during a test method or setUp() skips the current test. See Skipping tests and expected failures for more information.

New in version 2.7.

debug()
Run the test without collecting the result. This allows exceptions raised by the test to be propagated to the caller, and can be used to support running tests under a debugger.

The TestCase class provides several assert methods to check for and report failures. The following table lists the most commonly used methods (see the tables below for more assert methods):

Method Checks that New in
assertEqual(a, b) a == b
assertNotEqual(a, b) a != b
assertTrue(x) bool(x) is True
assertFalse(x) bool(x) is False
assertIs(a, b) a is b 2.7
assertIsNot(a, b) a is not b 2.7
assertIsNone(x) x is None 2.7
assertIsNotNone(x) x is not None 2.7
assertIn(a, b) a in b 2.7
assertNotIn(a, b) a not in b 2.7
assertIsInstance(a, b) isinstance(a, b) 2.7
assertNotIsInstance(a, b) not isinstance(a, b) 2.7
All the assert methods (except assertRaises(), assertRaisesRegexp()) accept a msg argument that, if specified, is used as the error message on failure (see also longMessage).

assertEqual(first, second, msg=None)
Test that first and second are equal. If the values do not compare equal, the test will fail.

In addition, if first and second are the exact same type and one of list, tuple, dict, set, frozenset or unicode or any type that a subclass registers with addTypeEqualityFunc() the type-specific equality function will be called in order to generate a more useful default error message (see also the list of type-specific methods).

Changed in version 2.7: Added the automatic calling of type-specific equality function.

assertNotEqual(first, second, msg=None)
Test that first and second are not equal. If the values do compare equal, the test will fail.

assertTrue(expr, msg=None)
assertFalse(expr, msg=None)
Test that expr is true (or false).

Note that this is equivalent to bool(expr) is True and not to expr is True (use assertIs(expr, True) for the latter). This method should also be avoided when more specific methods are available (e.g. assertEqual(a, b) instead of assertTrue(a == b)), because they provide a better error message in case of failure.

assertIs(first, second, msg=None)
assertIsNot(first, second, msg=None)
Test that first and second evaluate (or don’t evaluate) to the same object.

New in version 2.7.

assertIsNone(expr, msg=None)
assertIsNotNone(expr, msg=None)
Test that expr is (or is not) None.

New in version 2.7.

assertIn(first, second, msg=None)
assertNotIn(first, second, msg=None)
Test that first is (or is not) in second.

New in version 2.7.

assertIsInstance(obj, cls, msg=None)
assertNotIsInstance(obj, cls, msg=None)
Test that obj is (or is not) an instance of cls (which can be a class or a tuple of classes, as supported by isinstance()). To check for the exact type, use assertIs(type(obj), cls).

New in version 2.7.

It is also possible to check that exceptions and warnings are raised using the following methods:

Method Checks that New in
assertRaises(exc, fun, *args, **kwds) fun(*args, **kwds) raises exc
assertRaisesRegexp(exc, r, fun, *args, **kwds) fun(*args, **kwds) raises exc and the message matches regex r 2.7
assertRaises(exception, callable, *args, **kwds)
assertRaises(exception)
Test that an exception is raised when callable is called with any positional or keyword arguments that are also passed to assertRaises(). The test passes if exception is raised, is an error if another exception is raised, or fails if no exception is raised. To catch any of a group of exceptions, a tuple containing the exception classes may be passed as exception.

If only the exception argument is given, returns a context manager so that the code under test can be written inline rather than as a function:

with self.assertRaises(SomeException):
do_something()
The context manager will store the caught exception object in its exception attribute. This can be useful if the intention is to perform additional checks on the exception raised:

with self.assertRaises(SomeException) as cm:
do_something()

the_exception = cm.exception
self.assertEqual(the_exception.error_code, 3)
Changed in version 2.7: Added the ability to use assertRaises() as a context manager.

assertRaisesRegexp(exception, regexp, callable, *args, **kwds)
assertRaisesRegexp(exception, regexp)
Like assertRaises() but also tests that regexp matches on the string representation of the raised exception. regexp may be a regular expression object or a string containing a regular expression suitable for use by re.search(). Examples:

self.assertRaisesRegexp(ValueError, “invalid literal for.*XYZ’$”,
int, ‘XYZ’)
or:

with self.assertRaisesRegexp(ValueError, ‘literal’):
int(‘XYZ’)
New in version 2.7.

There are also other methods used to perform more specific checks, such as:

Method Checks that New in
assertAlmostEqual(a, b) round(a-b, 7) == 0
assertNotAlmostEqual(a, b) round(a-b, 7) != 0
assertGreater(a, b) a > b 2.7
assertGreaterEqual(a, b) a >= b 2.7
assertLess(a, b) a < b 2.7
assertLessEqual(a, b) a <= b 2.7
assertRegexpMatches(s, r) r.search(s) 2.7
assertNotRegexpMatches(s, r) not r.search(s) 2.7
assertItemsEqual(a, b) sorted(a) == sorted(b) and works with unhashable objs 2.7
assertDictContainsSubset(a, b) all the key/value pairs in a exist in b 2.7
assertAlmostEqual(first, second, places=7, msg=None, delta=None)
assertNotAlmostEqual(first, second, places=7, msg=None, delta=None)
Test that first and second are approximately (or not approximately) equal by computing the difference, rounding to the given number of decimal places (default 7), and comparing to zero. Note that these methods round the values to the given number of decimal places (i.e. like the round() function) and not significant digits.

If delta is supplied instead of places then the difference between first and second must be less or equal to (or greater than) delta.

Supplying both delta and places raises a TypeError.

Changed in version 2.7: assertAlmostEqual() automatically considers almost equal objects that compare equal. assertNotAlmostEqual() automatically fails if the objects compare equal. Added the delta keyword argument.

assertGreater(first, second, msg=None)
assertGreaterEqual(first, second, msg=None)
assertLess(first, second, msg=None)
assertLessEqual(first, second, msg=None)
Test that first is respectively >, >=, < or <= than second depending on the method name. If not, the test will fail:

>

self.assertGreaterEqual(3, 4)
AssertionError: “3” unexpectedly not greater than or equal to “4”
New in version 2.7.

assertRegexpMatches(text, regexp, msg=None)
Test that a regexp search matches text. In case of failure, the error message will include the pattern and the text (or the pattern and the part of text that unexpectedly matched). regexp may be a regular expression object or a string containing a regular expression suitable for use by re.search().

New in version 2.7.

assertNotRegexpMatches(text, regexp, msg=None)
Verifies that a regexp search does not match text. Fails with an error message including the pattern and the part of text that matches. regexp may be a regular expression object or a string containing a regular expression suitable for use by re.search().

New in version 2.7.

assertItemsEqual(actual, expected, msg=None)
Test that sequence expected contains the same elements as actual, regardless of their order. When they don’t, an error message listing the differences between the sequences will be generated.

Duplicate elements are not ignored when comparing actual and expected. It verifies if each element has the same count in both sequences. It is the equivalent of assertEqual(sorted(expected), sorted(actual)) but it works with sequences of unhashable objects as well.

In Python 3, this method is named assertCountEqual.

New in version 2.7.

assertDictContainsSubset(expected, actual, msg=None)
Tests whether the key/value pairs in dictionary actual are a superset of those in expected. If not, an error message listing the missing keys and mismatched values is generated.

New in version 2.7.

Deprecated since version 3.2.
The assertEqual() method dispatches the equality check for objects of the same type to different type-specific methods. These methods are already implemented for most of the built-in types, but it’s also possible to register new methods using addTypeEqualityFunc():

addTypeEqualityFunc(typeobj, function)
Registers a type-specific method called by assertEqual() to check if two objects of exactly the same typeobj (not subclasses) compare equal. function must take two positional arguments and a third msg=None keyword argument just as assertEqual() does. It must raise self.failureException(msg) when inequality between the first two parameters is detected – possibly providing useful information and explaining the inequalities in details in the error message.

New in version 2.7.

The list of type-specific methods automatically used by assertEqual() are summarized in the following table. Note that it’s usually not necessary to invoke these methods directly.

Method Used to compare New in
assertMultiLineEqual(a, b) strings 2.7
assertSequenceEqual(a, b) sequences 2.7
assertListEqual(a, b) lists 2.7
assertTupleEqual(a, b) tuples 2.7
assertSetEqual(a, b) sets or frozensets 2.7
assertDictEqual(a, b) dicts 2.7
assertMultiLineEqual(first, second, msg=None)
Test that the multiline string first is equal to the string second. When not equal a diff of the two strings highlighting the differences will be included in the error message. This method is used by default when comparing strings with assertEqual().

New in version 2.7.

assertSequenceEqual(seq1, seq2, msg=None, seq_type=None)
Tests that two sequences are equal. If a seq_type is supplied, both seq1 and seq2 must be instances of seq_type or a failure will be raised. If the sequences are different an error message is constructed that shows the difference between the two.

This method is not called directly by assertEqual(), but it’s used to implement assertListEqual() and assertTupleEqual().

New in version 2.7.

assertListEqual(list1, list2, msg=None)
assertTupleEqual(tuple1, tuple2, msg=None)
Tests that two lists or tuples are equal. If not, an error message is constructed that shows only the differences between the two. An error is also raised if either of the parameters are of the wrong type. These methods are used by default when comparing lists or tuples with assertEqual().

New in version 2.7.

assertSetEqual(set1, set2, msg=None)
Tests that two sets are equal. If not, an error message is constructed that lists the differences between the sets. This method is used by default when comparing sets or frozensets with assertEqual().

Fails if either of set1 or set2 does not have a set.difference() method.

New in version 2.7.

assertDictEqual(expected, actual, msg=None)
Test that two dictionaries are equal. If not, an error message is constructed that shows the differences in the dictionaries. This method will be used by default to compare dictionaries in calls to assertEqual().

New in version 2.7.

Finally the TestCase provides the following methods and attributes:

fail(msg=None)
Signals a test failure unconditionally, with msg or None for the error message.

failureException
This class attribute gives the exception raised by the test method. If a test framework needs to use a specialized exception, possibly to carry additional information, it must subclass this exception in order to “play fair” with the framework. The initial value of this attribute is AssertionError.

longMessage
If set to True then any explicit failure message you pass in to the assert methods will be appended to the end of the normal failure message. The normal messages contain useful information about the objects involved, for example the message from assertEqual shows you the repr of the two unequal objects. Setting this attribute to True allows you to have a custom error message in addition to the normal one.

This attribute defaults to False, meaning that a custom message passed to an assert method will silence the normal message.

The class setting can be overridden in individual tests by assigning an instance attribute to True or False before calling the assert methods.

New in version 2.7.

maxDiff
This attribute controls the maximum length of diffs output by assert methods that report diffs on failure. It defaults to 80*8 characters. Assert methods affected by this attribute are assertSequenceEqual() (including all the sequence comparison methods that delegate to it), assertDictEqual() and assertMultiLineEqual().

Setting maxDiff to None means that there is no maximum length of diffs.

New in version 2.7.

Testing frameworks can use the following methods to collect information on the test:

countTestCases()
Return the number of tests represented by this test object. For TestCase instances, this will always be 1.

defaultTestResult()
Return an instance of the test result class that should be used for this test case class (if no other result instance is provided to the run() method).

For TestCase instances, this will always be an instance of TestResult; subclasses of TestCase should override this as necessary.

id()
Return a string identifying the specific test case. This is usually the full name of the test method, including the module and class name.

shortDescription()
Returns a description of the test, or None if no description has been provided. The default implementation of this method returns the first line of the test method’s docstring, if available, or None.

addCleanup(function, *args, **kwargs)
Add a function to be called after tearDown() to cleanup resources used during the test. Functions will be called in reverse order to the order they are added (LIFO). They are called with any arguments and keyword arguments passed into addCleanup() when they are added.

If setUp() fails, meaning that tearDown() is not called, then any cleanup functions added will still be called.

New in version 2.7.

doCleanups()
This method is called unconditionally after tearDown(), or after setUp() if setUp() raises an exception.

It is responsible for calling all the cleanup functions added by addCleanup(). If you need cleanup functions to be called prior to tearDown() then you can call doCleanups() yourself.

doCleanups() pops methods off the stack of cleanup functions one at a time, so it can be called at any time.

New in version 2.7.

class unittest.FunctionTestCase(testFunc, setUp=None, tearDown=None, description=None)
This class implements the portion of the TestCase interface which allows the test runner to drive the test, but does not provide the methods which test code can use to check and report errors. This is used to create test cases using legacy test code, allowing it to be integrated into a unittest-based test framework.

25.3.7.1.1. Deprecated aliases

For historical reasons, some of the TestCase methods had one or more aliases that are now deprecated. The following table lists the correct names along with their deprecated aliases:

Method Name Deprecated alias(es)
assertEqual() failUnlessEqual, assertEquals
assertNotEqual() failIfEqual
assertTrue() failUnless, assert_
assertFalse() failIf
assertRaises() failUnlessRaises
assertAlmostEqual() failUnlessAlmostEqual
assertNotAlmostEqual() failIfAlmostEqual
Deprecated since version 2.7: the aliases listed in the second column
25.3.7.2. Grouping tests
class unittest.TestSuite(tests=())
This class represents an aggregation of individual test cases and test suites. The class presents the interface needed by the test runner to allow it to be run as any other test case. Running a TestSuite instance is the same as iterating over the suite, running each test individually.

If tests is given, it must be an iterable of individual test cases or other test suites that will be used to build the suite initially. Additional methods are provided to add test cases and suites to the collection later on.

TestSuite objects behave much like TestCase objects, except they do not actually implement a test. Instead, they are used to aggregate tests into groups of tests that should be run together. Some additional methods are available to add tests to TestSuite instances:

addTest(test)
Add a TestCase or TestSuite to the suite.

addTests(tests)
Add all the tests from an iterable of TestCase and TestSuite instances to this test suite.

This is equivalent to iterating over tests, calling addTest() for each element.

TestSuite shares the following methods with TestCase:

run(result)
Run the tests associated with this suite, collecting the result into the test result object passed as result. Note that unlike TestCase.run(), TestSuite.run() requires the result object to be passed in.

debug()
Run the tests associated with this suite without collecting the result. This allows exceptions raised by the test to be propagated to the caller and can be used to support running tests under a debugger.

countTestCases()
Return the number of tests represented by this test object, including all individual tests and sub-suites.

iter()
Tests grouped by a TestSuite are always accessed by iteration. Subclasses can lazily provide tests by overriding iter(). Note that this method maybe called several times on a single suite (for example when counting tests or comparing for equality) so the tests returned must be the same for repeated iterations.

Changed in version 2.7: In earlier versions the TestSuite accessed tests directly rather than through iteration, so overriding iter() wasn’t sufficient for providing tests.

In the typical usage of a TestSuite object, the run() method is invoked by a TestRunner rather than by the end-user test harness.

25.3.7.3. Loading and running tests
class unittest.TestLoader
The TestLoader class is used to create test suites from classes and modules. Normally, there is no need to create an instance of this class; the unittest module provides an instance that can be shared as unittest.defaultTestLoader. Using a subclass or instance, however, allows customization of some configurable properties.

TestLoader objects have the following methods:

loadTestsFromTestCase(testCaseClass)
Return a suite of all test cases contained in the TestCase-derived testCaseClass.

loadTestsFromModule(module)
Return a suite of all test cases contained in the given module. This method searches module for classes derived from TestCase and creates an instance of the class for each test method defined for the class.

Note While using a hierarchy of TestCase-derived classes can be convenient in sharing fixtures and helper functions, defining test methods on base classes that are not intended to be instantiated directly does not play well with this method. Doing so, however, can be useful when the fixtures are different and defined in subclasses.
If a module provides a load_tests function it will be called to load the tests. This allows modules to customize test loading. This is the load_tests protocol.

Changed in version 2.7: Support for load_tests added.

loadTestsFromName(name, module=None)
Return a suite of all test cases given a string specifier.

The specifier name is a “dotted name” that may resolve either to a module, a test case class, a test method within a test case class, a TestSuite instance, or a callable object which returns a TestCase or TestSuite instance. These checks are applied in the order listed here; that is, a method on a possible test case class will be picked up as “a test method within a test case class”, rather than “a callable object”.

For example, if you have a module SampleTests containing a TestCase-derived class SampleTestCase with three test methods (test_one(), test_two(), and test_three()), the specifier ‘SampleTests.SampleTestCase’ would cause this method to return a suite which will run all three test methods. Using the specifier ‘SampleTests.SampleTestCase.test_two’ would cause it to return a test suite which will run only the test_two() test method. The specifier can refer to modules and packages which have not been imported; they will be imported as a side-effect.

The method optionally resolves name relative to the given module.

loadTestsFromNames(names, module=None)
Similar to loadTestsFromName(), but takes a sequence of names rather than a single name. The return value is a test suite which supports all the tests defined for each name.

getTestCaseNames(testCaseClass)
Return a sorted sequence of method names found within testCaseClass; this should be a subclass of TestCase.

discover(start_dir, pattern=’test*.py’, top_level_dir=None)
Find all the test modules by recursing into subdirectories from the specified start directory, and return a TestSuite object containing them. Only test files that match pattern will be loaded. (Using shell style pattern matching.) Only module names that are importable (i.e. are valid Python identifiers) will be loaded.

All test modules must be importable from the top level of the project. If the start directory is not the top level directory then the top level directory must be specified separately.

If importing a module fails, for example due to a syntax error, then this will be recorded as a single error and discovery will continue.

If a test package name (directory with init.py) matches the pattern then the package will be checked for a load_tests function. If this exists then it will be called with loader, tests, pattern.

If load_tests exists then discovery does not recurse into the package, load_tests is responsible for loading all tests in the package.

The pattern is deliberately not stored as a loader attribute so that packages can continue discovery themselves. top_level_dir is stored so load_tests does not need to pass this argument in to loader.discover().

start_dir can be a dotted module name as well as a directory.

New in version 2.7.

The following attributes of a TestLoader can be configured either by subclassing or assignment on an instance:

testMethodPrefix
String giving the prefix of method names which will be interpreted as test methods. The default value is ‘test’.

This affects getTestCaseNames() and all the loadTestsFrom*() methods.

sortTestMethodsUsing
Function to be used to compare method names when sorting them in getTestCaseNames() and all the loadTestsFrom*() methods. The default value is the built-in cmp() function; the attribute can also be set to None to disable the sort.

suiteClass
Callable object that constructs a test suite from a list of tests. No methods on the resulting object are needed. The default value is the TestSuite class.

This affects all the loadTestsFrom*() methods.

class unittest.TestResult
This class is used to compile information about which tests have succeeded and which have failed.

A TestResult object stores the results of a set of tests. The TestCase and TestSuite classes ensure that results are properly recorded; test authors do not need to worry about recording the outcome of tests.

Testing frameworks built on top of unittest may want access to the TestResult object generated by running a set of tests for reporting purposes; a TestResult instance is returned by the TestRunner.run() method for this purpose.

TestResult instances have the following attributes that will be of interest when inspecting the results of running a set of tests:

errors
A list containing 2-tuples of TestCase instances and strings holding formatted tracebacks. Each tuple represents a test which raised an unexpected exception.

Changed in version 2.2: Contains formatted tracebacks instead of sys.exc_info() results.

failures
A list containing 2-tuples of TestCase instances and strings holding formatted tracebacks. Each tuple represents a test where a failure was explicitly signalled using the TestCase.assert*() methods.

Changed in version 2.2: Contains formatted tracebacks instead of sys.exc_info() results.

skipped
A list containing 2-tuples of TestCase instances and strings holding the reason for skipping the test.

New in version 2.7.

expectedFailures
A list containing 2-tuples of TestCase instances and strings holding formatted tracebacks. Each tuple represents an expected failure of the test case.

unexpectedSuccesses
A list containing TestCase instances that were marked as expected failures, but succeeded.

shouldStop
Set to True when the execution of tests should stop by stop().

testsRun
The total number of tests run so far.

buffer
If set to true, sys.stdout and sys.stderr will be buffered in between startTest() and stopTest() being called. Collected output will only be echoed onto the real sys.stdout and sys.stderr if the test fails or errors. Any output is also attached to the failure / error message.

New in version 2.7.

failfast
If set to true stop() will be called on the first failure or error, halting the test run.

New in version 2.7.

wasSuccessful()
Return True if all tests run so far have passed, otherwise returns False.

stop()
This method can be called to signal that the set of tests being run should be aborted by setting the shouldStop attribute to True. TestRunner objects should respect this flag and return without running any additional tests.

For example, this feature is used by the TextTestRunner class to stop the test framework when the user signals an interrupt from the keyboard. Interactive tools which provide TestRunner implementations can use this in a similar manner.

The following methods of the TestResult class are used to maintain the internal data structures, and may be extended in subclasses to support additional reporting requirements. This is particularly useful in building tools which support interactive reporting while tests are being run.

startTest(test)
Called when the test case test is about to be run.

stopTest(test)
Called after the test case test has been executed, regardless of the outcome.

startTestRun()
Called once before any tests are executed.

New in version 2.7.

stopTestRun()
Called once after all tests are executed.

New in version 2.7.

addError(test, err)
Called when the test case test raises an unexpected exception. err is a tuple of the form returned by sys.exc_info(): (type, value, traceback).

The default implementation appends a tuple (test, formatted_err) to the instance’s errors attribute, where formatted_err is a formatted traceback derived from err.

addFailure(test, err)
Called when the test case test signals a failure. err is a tuple of the form returned by sys.exc_info(): (type, value, traceback).

The default implementation appends a tuple (test, formatted_err) to the instance’s failures attribute, where formatted_err is a formatted traceback derived from err.

addSuccess(test)
Called when the test case test succeeds.

The default implementation does nothing.

addSkip(test, reason)
Called when the test case test is skipped. reason is the reason the test gave for skipping.

The default implementation appends a tuple (test, reason) to the instance’s skipped attribute.

addExpectedFailure(test, err)
Called when the test case test fails, but was marked with the expectedFailure() decorator.

The default implementation appends a tuple (test, formatted_err) to the instance’s expectedFailures attribute, where formatted_err is a formatted traceback derived from err.

addUnexpectedSuccess(test)
Called when the test case test was marked with the expectedFailure() decorator, but succeeded.

The default implementation appends the test to the instance’s unexpectedSuccesses attribute.

class unittest.TextTestResult(stream, descriptions, verbosity)
A concrete implementation of TestResult used by the TextTestRunner.

New in version 2.7: This class was previously named _TextTestResult. The old name still exists as an alias but is deprecated.

unittest.defaultTestLoader
Instance of the TestLoader class intended to be shared. If no customization of the TestLoader is needed, this instance can be used instead of repeatedly creating new instances.

class unittest.TextTestRunner(stream=sys.stderr, descriptions=True, verbosity=1, failfast=False, buffer=False, resultclass=None)
A basic test runner implementation which prints results on standard error. It has a few configurable parameters, but is essentially very simple. Graphical applications which run test suites should provide alternate implementations.

_makeResult()
This method returns the instance of TestResult used by run(). It is not intended to be called directly, but can be overridden in subclasses to provide a custom TestResult.

_makeResult() instantiates the class or callable passed in the TextTestRunner constructor as the resultclass argument. It defaults to TextTestResult if no resultclass is provided. The result class is instantiated with the following arguments:

stream, descriptions, verbosity
unittest.main([module[, defaultTest[, argv[, testRunner[, testLoader[, exit[, verbosity[, failfast[, catchbreak[, buffer]]]]]]]]]])
A command-line program that loads a set of tests from module and runs them; this is primarily for making test modules conveniently executable. The simplest use for this function is to include the following line at the end of a test script:

if name == ‘main‘:
unittest.main()
You can run tests with more detailed information by passing in the verbosity argument:

if name == ‘main‘:
unittest.main(verbosity=2)
The defaultTest argument is the name of the test to run if no test names are specified via argv. If not specified or None and no test names are provided via argv, all tests found in module are run.

The argv argument can be a list of options passed to the program, with the first element being the program name. If not specified or None, the values of sys.argv are used.

The testRunner argument can either be a test runner class or an already created instance of it. By default main calls sys.exit() with an exit code indicating success or failure of the tests run.

The testLoader argument has to be a TestLoader instance, and defaults to defaultTestLoader.

main supports being used from the interactive interpreter by passing in the argument exit=False. This displays the result on standard output without calling sys.exit():

>

from unittest import main
main(module=’test_module’, exit=False)
The failfast, catchbreak and buffer parameters have the same effect as the same-name command-line options.

Calling main actually returns an instance of the TestProgram class. This stores the result of the tests run as the result attribute.

Changed in version 2.7: The exit, verbosity, failfast, catchbreak and buffer parameters were added.

25.3.7.3.1. load_tests Protocol

New in version 2.7.

Modules or packages can customize how tests are loaded from them during normal test runs or test discovery by implementing a function called load_tests.

If a test module defines load_tests it will be called by TestLoader.loadTestsFromModule() with the following arguments:

load_tests(loader, standard_tests, None)
It should return a TestSuite.

loader is the instance of TestLoader doing the loading. standard_tests are the tests that would be loaded by default from the module. It is common for test modules to only want to add or remove tests from the standard set of tests. The third argument is used when loading packages as part of test discovery.

A typical load_tests function that loads tests from a specific set of TestCase classes may look like:

test_cases = (TestCase1, TestCase2, TestCase3)

def load_tests(loader, tests, pattern):
suite = TestSuite()
for test_class in test_cases:
tests = loader.loadTestsFromTestCase(test_class)
suite.addTests(tests)
return suite
If discovery is started, either from the command line or by calling TestLoader.discover(), with a pattern that matches a package name then the package init.py will be checked for load_tests.

Note The default pattern is ‘test*.py’. This matches all Python files that start with ‘test’ but won’t match any test directories.
A pattern like ‘test*’ will match test packages as well as modules.
If the package init.py defines load_tests then it will be called and discovery not continued into the package. load_tests is called with the following arguments:

load_tests(loader, standard_tests, pattern)
This should return a TestSuite representing all the tests from the package. (standard_tests will only contain tests collected from init.py.)

Because the pattern is passed into load_tests the package is free to continue (and potentially modify) test discovery. A ‘do nothing’ load_tests function for a test package would look like:

def load_tests(loader, standard_tests, pattern):
# top level directory cached on loader instance
this_dir = os.path.dirname(file)
package_tests = loader.discover(start_dir=this_dir, pattern=pattern)
standard_tests.addTests(package_tests)
return standard_tests
25.3.8. Class and Module Fixtures
Class and module level fixtures are implemented in TestSuite. When the test suite encounters a test from a new class then tearDownClass() from the previous class (if there is one) is called, followed by setUpClass() from the new class.

Similarly if a test is from a different module from the previous test then tearDownModule from the previous module is run, followed by setUpModule from the new module.

After all the tests have run the final tearDownClass and tearDownModule are run.

Note that shared fixtures do not play well with [potential] features like test parallelization and they break test isolation. They should be used with care.

The default ordering of tests created by the unittest test loaders is to group all tests from the same modules and classes together. This will lead to setUpClass / setUpModule (etc) being called exactly once per class and module. If you randomize the order, so that tests from different modules and classes are adjacent to each other, then these shared fixture functions may be called multiple times in a single test run.

Shared fixtures are not intended to work with suites with non-standard ordering. A BaseTestSuite still exists for frameworks that don’t want to support shared fixtures.

If there are any exceptions raised during one of the shared fixture functions the test is reported as an error. Because there is no corresponding test instance an _ErrorHolder object (that has the same interface as a TestCase) is created to represent the error. If you are just using the standard unittest test runner then this detail doesn’t matter, but if you are a framework author it may be relevant.

25.3.8.1. setUpClass and tearDownClass
These must be implemented as class methods:

import unittest

class Test(unittest.TestCase):
@classmethod
def setUpClass(cls):
cls._connection = createExpensiveConnectionObject()

@classmethod
def tearDownClass(cls):
    cls._connection.destroy()

If you want the setUpClass and tearDownClass on base classes called then you must call up to them yourself. The implementations in TestCase are empty.

If an exception is raised during a setUpClass then the tests in the class are not run and the tearDownClass is not run. Skipped classes will not have setUpClass or tearDownClass run. If the exception is a SkipTest exception then the class will be reported as having been skipped instead of as an error.

25.3.8.2. setUpModule and tearDownModule
These should be implemented as functions:

def setUpModule():
createConnection()

def tearDownModule():
closeConnection()
If an exception is raised in a setUpModule then none of the tests in the module will be run and the tearDownModule will not be run. If the exception is a SkipTest exception then the module will be reported as having been skipped instead of as an error.

25.3.9. Signal Handling
The -c/–catch command-line option to unittest, along with the catchbreak parameter to unittest.main(), provide more friendly handling of control-C during a test run. With catch break behavior enabled control-C will allow the currently running test to complete, and the test run will then end and report all the results so far. A second control-c will raise a KeyboardInterrupt in the usual way.

The control-c handling signal handler attempts to remain compatible with code or tests that install their own signal.SIGINT handler. If the unittest handler is called but isn’t the installed signal.SIGINT handler, i.e. it has been replaced by the system under test and delegated to, then it calls the default handler. This will normally be the expected behavior by code that replaces an installed handler and delegates to it. For individual tests that need unittest control-c handling disabled the removeHandler() decorator can be used.

There are a few utility functions for framework authors to enable control-c handling functionality within test frameworks.

unittest.installHandler()
Install the control-c handler. When a signal.SIGINT is received (usually in response to the user pressing control-c) all registered results have stop() called.

New in version 2.7.

unittest.registerResult(result)
Register a TestResult object for control-c handling. Registering a result stores a weak reference to it, so it doesn’t prevent the result from being garbage collected.

Registering a TestResult object has no side-effects if control-c handling is not enabled, so test frameworks can unconditionally register all results they create independently of whether or not handling is enabled.

New in version 2.7.

unittest.removeResult(result)
Remove a registered result. Once a result has been removed then stop() will no longer be called on that result object in response to a control-c.

New in version 2.7.

unittest.removeHandler(function=None)
When called without arguments this function removes the control-c handler if it has been installed. This function can also be used as a test decorator to temporarily remove the handler whilst the test is being executed:

@unittest.removeHandler
def test_signal_handling(self):
…