koa和express
kao和express都是同一個團隊開發的,koa框架會用也會寫—(koa的實現)已經介紹koa的原理,而koa在express的基礎上進行了優化:
- koa使用了類的概念,express沒有使用類,而是直接使用函式物件,在上面掛載很多方法
- koa封裝了ctx屬性,並且在上面掛載了path、url等屬性,而express沒有ctx,所以其屬性直接掛載在res和req上
- koa將router邏輯從express中抽離出來形成koa-router外掛,所以express中router和中介軟體共用一個佇列,中介軟體預設的路由為'/'
- koa將static從express中抽離出形成koa-static,express自帶static
- koa將views從express中抽離出形成koa-views,express自帶static
- koa將bodyparse從express中抽離出形成koa-bodyparse,express通過body-parser
express的整體框架
從上面的可以知道express的大致框架:
- express是一個物件,上面掛載了static、view、bodyparse等邏輯方法;express也是一個函式,執行會返回一個app物件
- app是一個監聽請求時的處理函式,也是一個物件上面掛載了很多方法。
const http = require('http');
const url = require('url');
cosnt methods = require('methods'); //[get,post.......]
function createApplication() {
//監聽函式
function app(req, res) {
let method = req.method.toLowerCase();
let { pathname, query } = url.parse(req.url,true);
let index = 0;
// 建立了一個next函式,用來派發中介軟體、路由,事項洋蔥模型
function next() {
if(app.routes.length == index) return res.end(`Cannot found`)
let layer = app.routes[index++];
//這裡中介軟體的處理邏輯和路由的處理邏輯不一樣,下面在介紹
layer.handler(req,res,next);
}
next();
}
//內部封裝了http模組
app.listen = function () {
let server = http.createServer(app);
server.listen(...arguments)
}
app.routes = []; //中介軟體和路由佇列
// 批量建立方法:app.get、app.set.....註冊路由
methods.forEach(method => {
app[method] = function (pathname, handler) {
let layer = {
pathname, //路由
handler, //處理函式
method //路由為get、post....,中介軟體為middleware
}
//處理帶引數的路由/user/:id/:name
let keys = [];
if(pathname.includes(":")){
let regStr = pathname.replace(/:([^/]*)/g,function () {
keys.push(arguments[1]);
return '([^\/]*)'
});
layer.params = keys; // 路徑引數key陣列[id,name]
// 轉化成正則類似/\/user\/([^\/]*)\/([^\/]*)/來匹配請求路徑
// 後面會介紹使用的地方
layer.reg = new RegExp(regStr);
}
app.routes.push(layer);
}
});
app.all = function (pathname, handler) {
let layer = {
pathname,
handler,
method:'all'
}
app.routes.push(layer);
}
// 註冊中介軟體
app.use = function (pathname,handler) {
if(typeof handler === 'undefined'){
handler = pathname;
pathname = '/'; //中介軟體也是一種路由,所有的路由都能匹配
}
let layer = {
pathname,
handler,
method:'middleware' //用來和router的方法區別
}
app.routes.push(layer);
}
return app;
}
module.exports = createApplication;
複製程式碼
擴充套件res和req
function createApplication() {
function app(req, res) {
let method = req.method.toLowerCase();
let { pathname, query } = url.parse(req.url,true);
let index = 0;
function next() {
if(app.routes.length == index) return res.end(`Cannot found`)
let layer = app.routes[index++];
layer.handler(req,res,next);
}
next();
}
app.listen = function () {
let server = http.createServer(app);
server.listen(...arguments)
}
app.routes = [];
app.use = function (pathname,handler) {
if(typeof handler === 'undefined'){
handler = pathname;
pathname = '/';
}
let layer = {
pathname,
handler,
method:'middleware'
}
app.routes.push(layer);
}
// 用app.use註冊了內建中介軟體來擴充套件req和res的
app.use(function (req,res,next) {
let method = req.method.toLowerCase();
let { pathname, query } = url.parse(req.url, true);
req.path = pathname;
req.query = query;
req.hostname = req.headers.host.split(':')[0];
//res.send對返回各種型別相容處理
res.send = function (params) {
res.setHeader('Content-Type', 'text/html;charset=utf8');
if (typeof params === 'object') {//返回json物件
res.setHeader('Content-Type', 'application/json;charset=utf8');
res.end(util.inspect(params));
} else if (typeof (params) === 'number') {//數字對應狀態碼
res.statusCode = params;
res.end(require('_http_server').STATUS_CODES[params]);
} else {
res.end(params);
}
}
//res.sendFile返回檔案
res.sendFile = function (pathname) {
res.setHeader('Content-Type', require('mime').getType(pathname) + ';charset=utf8');
fs.createReadStream(pathname).pipe(res);
}
//res.redirect重定向
res.redirect = function (pathname) {
res.statusCode = 302;
res.setHeader('Location',pathname);
res.end();
}
next();
})
return app;
}
module.exports = createApplication;
複製程式碼
區分處理中介軟體和路由
function app(req, res) {
let method = req.method.toLowerCase();
let { pathname, query } = url.parse(req.url,true);
let index = 0;
function next(err) {
let layer = app.routes[index++];
if(layer){
//中介軟體的處理,包含存在請求路徑處理exp:/user/info匹配/user/
if (layer.method === 'middle') {
if (layer.pathname === '/' || req.path.startsWith(layer.pathname + '/') || req.path === layer.pathname) {
return layer.handler(req, res, next); //把控制權next給了使用者
} else {
next(); // 匹配不到路徑就執行next()匹配下一個中介軟體
}
} else {
//router處理含請求引數的路由
if (layer.params) {
if (layer.method === method && (layer.reg.test(req.path))) {
// layer.reg => /\/user\/([^\/]*)\/([^\/]*)/
// req.path => '/user/1/kbz'
// matchers => ['/user/1/kbz','1','2']
// layer.params => [id,name]
// req.params => {id:'1',name:'kbz'}
let matchers = req.path.match(layer.reg);
req.params = layer.params.reduce((memo, current, index) => (memo[current] = matchers[index + 1], memo), {});
return layer.handler(req, res);
}
}
//router處理不含請求引數的路由
if ((layer.pathname === req.path || layer.pathname === '*') && (layer.method === method || layer.method === 'all')) {
return layer.handler(req, res);
}
next() //router的處理會自動呼叫next()
}
}else{
res.end(`Cannot ${pathname} ${method}`);
}
}
next();
}
複製程式碼
next(err)錯誤處理
function app(req, res) {
let method = req.method.toLowerCase();
let { pathname, query } = url.parse(req.url,true);
let index = 0;
function next(err) {
let layer = app.routes[index++];
if(layer){
if(err){
//處理錯誤,應該找到錯誤處理中介軟體,特點是擁有4個引數
//由使用者定義,放在對列最後
if (layer.method === 'middle' && layer.handler.length===4 ){
return layer.handler(err,req,res,next)
}else{
next(err); //不是錯誤處理中介軟體,就向後繼續查詢
}
}else{
if (layer.method === 'middle') {
if (layer.pathname === '/' || req.path.startsWith(layer.pathname + '/') || req.path === layer.pathname) {
return layer.handler(req, res, next);
} else {
next();
}
} else {
if (layer.params) {
if (layer.method === method && (layer.reg.test(req.path))) {
let matchers = req.path.match(layer.reg);
req.params = layer.params.reduce((memo, current, index) => (memo[current] = matchers[index + 1], memo), {});
return layer.handler(req, res);
}
}
if ((layer.pathname === req.path || layer.pathname === '*') && (layer.method === method || layer.method === 'all')) {
return layer.handler(req, res);
}
next()
}
}
}else{
res.end(`Cannot ${pathname} ${method}`);
}
}
next();
}
複製程式碼
內建view渲染邏輯
使用express渲染邏輯主要是呼叫res.render方法,其中使用最多的就是ejs模板引擎,ejs渲染邏輯可以參考koa框架會用也會寫—(koa-view、koa-static)
app.set('views','view'); //渲染檔案目錄
app.set('view engine','html'); //更改省略的字尾為html,而不是.ejs
app.engine('html',require(ejs').__express); //用ejs模板渲染
複製程式碼
function createApplication() {
app.use = function (pathname,handler) {
if(typeof handler !== 'function'){
handler = pathname;
pathname = '/';
}
let layer = {
method:'middle',
pathname,
handler
}
app.routes.push(layer);
}
// 配置
app.settings = {}
app.set = function (key,value) {
app.settings[key] = value;
}
app.engines = {}
app.engine = function (ext,renderFn) {
app.engines[ext] = renderFn
}
app.use(function (req,res,next
let method = req.method.toLowerCase();
let { pathname, query } = url.parse(req.url, true);
req.path = pathname;
req.query = query;
req.hostname = req.headers.host.split(':')[0];
res.send = function (params) {
res.setHeader('Content-Type', 'text/html;charset=utf8');
if (typeof params === 'object') {
res.setHeader('Content-Type', 'application/json;charset=utf8');
res.end(util.inspect(params));
} else if (typeof (params) === 'number') {
res.statusCode = params;
res.end(require('_http_server').STATUS_CODES[params]);
} else {
res.end(params);
}
}
res.sendFile = function (pathname) {
res.setHeader('Content-Type', require('mime').getType(pathname) + ';charset=utf8');
fs.createReadStream(pathname).pipe(res);
}
res.redirect = function (pathname) {
res.statusCode = 302;
res.setHeader('Location',pathname);
res.end();
}
//通過render對頁面進行渲染
res.render = function (filename,obj) {
let dirname = app.settings['views'] ;
let extname = app.settings['view engine'] ;
let p = path.resolve(dirname,filename+'.'+extname);
app.engines[extname](p,obj,function (data) {
res.end(data);
});
}
next();
})
}
複製程式碼
內建static邏輯
這裡簡化了邏輯:
createApplication.static = function (dir) {
return function (req,res,next) {
let p = req.path === '/' ? '/index.html' : req.path
let realPath = path.join(dir, p);
let flag = fs.existsSync(realPath);
if(flag){
fs.createReadStream(realPath).pipe(res);
}else{
next();
}
}
}
複製程式碼
express的bodyparser
express的bodyparser也是通過外掛引入
// body-parser.js
function urlencoded() {
return (req,res,next)=>{
if (req.headers['content-type']==='application/x-www-form-urlencoded'){
let arr = [];
req.on('data',function (data) {
arr.push(data);
})
req.on('end', function (data) {
req.body = require('querystring').parse(Buffer.concat(arr).toString());
next();
})
}else{
next();
}
}
}
function json() {
return (req, res, next) => {
if (req.headers['content-type'] === 'application/json') {
let arr = [];
req.on('data', function (data) {
arr.push(data);
})
req.on('end', function (data) {
req.body = JSON.parse(Buffer.concat(arr).toString());
next();
})
} else {
next();
}
}
}
module.exports.urlencoded = urlencoded
module.exports.json = json
複製程式碼
結語
前面koa框架會用也會寫—(koa的實現)已經詳細介紹了koa的原理和中介軟體,這裡主要是表示express和koa不同的地方,主要的外掛邏輯可能都簡化了,再次說明express的不同:
- koa使用了類的概念,express沒有使用類,而是直接使用函式物件,在上面掛載很多方法
- koa封裝了ctx屬性,並且在上面掛載了path、url等屬性,而express沒有ctx,所以一些屬性和方法直接掛載在res和req上
- koa將router邏輯從express中抽離出來形成koa-router外掛,所以express中router和中介軟體共用一個佇列,中介軟體預設的路由為'/'
- koa將static從express中抽離出形成koa-static,express自帶static
- koa將views從express中抽離出形成koa-views,express自帶res.render
- koa將bodyparse從express中抽離出形成koa-bodyparse,express自帶bodyparse