BAT前端經典面試問題:史上最最最詳細的手寫Promise教程

Carus發表於2018-06-27

我們工作中免不了運用promise用來解決非同步回撥問題。平時用的很多庫或者外掛都運用了promise 例如axios、fetch等等。但是你知道promise是咋寫出來的呢?

別怕~這裡有本promisesA+規範,便宜點10元賣給你了。

BAT前端經典面試問題:史上最最最詳細的手寫Promise教程

1、Promise 的宣告

首先呢,promise肯定是一個類,我們就用class來宣告。

  • 由於new Promise((resolve, reject)=>{}),所以傳入一個引數(函式),祕籍裡叫他executor,傳入就執行。
  • executor裡面有兩個引數,一個叫resolve(成功),一個叫reject(失敗)。
  • 由於resolve和reject可執行,所以都是函式,我們用let宣告。
class Promise{
  // 構造器
  constructor(executor){
    // 成功
    let resolve = () => { };
    // 失敗
    let reject = () => { };
    // 立即執行
    executor(resolve, reject);
  }
}
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解決基本狀態

祕籍對Promise有規定:

  • Promise存在三個狀態(state)pending、fulfilled、rejected

  • pending(等待態)為初始態,並可以轉化為fulfilled(成功態)和rejected(失敗態)

  • 成功時,不可轉為其他狀態,且必須有一個不可改變的值(value)

  • 失敗時,不可轉為其他狀態,且必須有一個不可改變的原因(reason)

  • new Promise((resolve, reject)=>{resolve(value)}) resolve為成功,接收引數value,狀態改變為fulfilled,不可再次改變。

  • new Promise((resolve, reject)=>{reject(reason)}) reject為失敗,接收引數reason,狀態改變為rejected,不可再次改變。

  • 若是executor函式報錯 直接執行reject();

於是乎,我們獲得以下程式碼

class Promise{
  constructor(executor){
    // 初始化state為等待態
    this.state = 'pending';
    // 成功的值
    this.value = undefined;
    // 失敗的原因
    this.reason = undefined;
    let resolve = value => {
      // state改變,resolve呼叫就會失敗
      if (this.state === 'pending') {
        // resolve呼叫後,state轉化為成功態
        this.state = 'fulfilled';
        // 儲存成功的值
        this.value = value;
      }
    };
    let reject = reason => {
      // state改變,reject呼叫就會失敗
      if (this.state === 'pending') {
        // reject呼叫後,state轉化為失敗態
        this.state = 'rejected';
        // 儲存失敗的原因
        this.reason = reason;
      }
    };
    // 如果executor執行報錯,直接執行reject
    try{
      executor(resolve, reject);
    } catch (err) {
      reject(err);
    }
  }
}

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then方法

祕籍規定:Promise有一個叫做then的方法,裡面有兩個引數:onFulfilled,onRejected,成功有成功的值,失敗有失敗的原因

  • 當狀態state為fulfilled,則執行onFulfilled,傳入this.value。當狀態state為rejected,則執行onRejected,傳入this.reason
  • onFulfilled,onRejected如果他們是函式,則必須分別在fulfilled,rejected後被呼叫,value或reason依次作為他們的第一個引數
class Promise{
  constructor(executor){...}
  // then 方法 有兩個引數onFulfilled onRejected
  then(onFulfilled,onRejected) {
    // 狀態為fulfilled,執行onFulfilled,傳入成功的值
    if (this.state === 'fulfilled') {
      onFulfilled(this.value);
    };
    // 狀態為rejected,執行onRejected,傳入失敗的原因
    if (this.state === 'rejected') {
      onRejected(this.reason);
    };
  }
}
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這下武學初成,可以對付對付江湖小雜毛了,但是對於帶setTimeout的江洋大盜還是沒轍。

BAT前端經典面試問題:史上最最最詳細的手寫Promise教程

解決非同步實現

現在基本可以實現簡單的同步程式碼,但是當resolve在setTomeout內執行,then時state還是pending等待狀態 我們就需要在then呼叫的時候,將成功和失敗存到各自的陣列,一旦reject或者resolve,就呼叫它們

類似於釋出訂閱,先將then裡面的兩個函式儲存起來,由於一個promise可以有多個then,所以存在同一個陣列內。

// 多個then的情況
let p = new Promise();
p.then();
p.then();
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成功或者失敗時,forEach呼叫它們

class Promise{
  constructor(executor){
    this.state = 'pending';
    this.value = undefined;
    this.reason = undefined;
    // 成功存放的陣列
    this.onResolvedCallbacks = [];
    // 失敗存放法陣列
    this.onRejectedCallbacks = [];
    let resolve = value => {
      if (this.state === 'pending') {
        this.state = 'fulfilled';
        this.value = value;
        // 一旦resolve執行,呼叫成功陣列的函式
        this.onResolvedCallbacks.forEach(fn=>fn());
      }
    };
    let reject = reason => {
      if (this.state === 'pending') {
        this.state = 'rejected';
        this.reason = reason;
        // 一旦reject執行,呼叫失敗陣列的函式
        this.onRejectedCallbacks.forEach(fn=>fn());
      }
    };
    try{
      executor(resolve, reject);
    } catch (err) {
      reject(err);
    }
  }
  then(onFulfilled,onRejected) {
    if (this.state === 'fulfilled') {
      onFulfilled(this.value);
    };
    if (this.state === 'rejected') {
      onRejected(this.reason);
    };
    // 當狀態state為pending時
    if (this.state === 'pending') {
      // onFulfilled傳入到成功陣列
      this.onResolvedCallbacks.push(()=>{
        onFulfilled(this.value);
      })
      // onRejected傳入到失敗陣列
      this.onRejectedCallbacks.push(()=>{
        onRejected(this.reason);
      })
    }
  }
}
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解決鏈式呼叫

我門常常用到new Promise().then().then(),這就是鏈式呼叫,用來解決回撥地獄

1、為了達成鏈式,我們預設在第一個then裡返回一個promise。祕籍規定了一種方法,就是在then裡面返回一個新的promise,稱為promise2:promise2 = new Promise((resolve, reject)=>{})

  • 將這個promise2返回的值傳遞到下一個then中
  • 如果返回一個普通的值,則將普通的值傳遞給下一個then中

2、當我們在第一個then中return了一個引數(引數未知,需判斷)。這個return出來的新的promise就是onFulfilled()或onRejected()的值

祕籍則規定onFulfilled()或onRejected()的值,即第一個then返回的值,叫做x,判斷x的函式叫做resolvePromise

  • 首先,要看x是不是promise。
  • 如果是promise,則取它的結果,作為新的promise2成功的結果
  • 如果是普通值,直接作為promise2成功的結果
  • 所以要比較x和promise2
  • resolvePromise的引數有promise2(預設返回的promise)、x(我們自己return的物件)、resolve、reject
  • resolve和reject是promise2的
class Promise{
  constructor(executor){
    this.state = 'pending';
    this.value = undefined;
    this.reason = undefined;
    this.onResolvedCallbacks = [];
    this.onRejectedCallbacks = [];
    let resolve = value => {
      if (this.state === 'pending') {
        this.state = 'fulfilled';
        this.value = value;
        this.onResolvedCallbacks.forEach(fn=>fn());
      }
    };
    let reject = reason => {
      if (this.state === 'pending') {
        this.state = 'rejected';
        this.reason = reason;
        this.onRejectedCallbacks.forEach(fn=>fn());
      }
    };
    try{
      executor(resolve, reject);
    } catch (err) {
      reject(err);
    }
  }
  then(onFulfilled,onRejected) {
    // 宣告返回的promise2
    let promise2 = new Promise((resolve, reject)=>{
      if (this.state === 'fulfilled') {
        let x = onFulfilled(this.value);
        // resolvePromise函式,處理自己return的promise和預設的promise2的關係
        resolvePromise(promise2, x, resolve, reject);
      };
      if (this.state === 'rejected') {
        let x = onRejected(this.reason);
        resolvePromise(promise2, x, resolve, reject);
      };
      if (this.state === 'pending') {
        this.onResolvedCallbacks.push(()=>{
          let x = onFulfilled(this.value);
          resolvePromise(promise2, x, resolve, reject);
        })
        this.onRejectedCallbacks.push(()=>{
          let x = onRejected(this.reason);
          resolvePromise(promise2, x, resolve, reject);
        })
      }
    });
    // 返回promise,完成鏈式
    return promise2;
  }
}
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完成resolvePromise函式

祕籍規定了一段程式碼,讓不同的promise程式碼互相套用,叫做resolvePromise

  • 如果 x === promise2,則是會造成迴圈引用,自己等待自己完成,則報“迴圈引用”錯誤
let p = new Promise(resolve => {
  resolve(0);
});
var p2 = p.then(data => {
  // 迴圈引用,自己等待自己完成,一輩子完不成
  return p2;
})
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1、判斷x

  • Otherwise, if x is an object or function,Let then be x.then
  • x 不能是null
  • x 是普通值 直接resolve(x)
  • x 是物件或者函式(包括promise),let then = x.then 2、當x是物件或者函式(預設promise)
  • 宣告瞭then
  • 如果取then報錯,則走reject()
  • 如果then是個函式,則用call執行then,第一個引數是this,後面是成功的回撥和失敗的回撥
  • 如果成功的回撥還是pormise,就遞迴繼續解析 3、成功和失敗只能呼叫一個 所以設定一個called來防止多次呼叫
function resolvePromise(promise2, x, resolve, reject){
  // 迴圈引用報錯
  if(x === promise2){
    // reject報錯
    return reject(new TypeError('Chaining cycle detected for promise'));
  }
  // 防止多次呼叫
  let called;
  // x不是null 且x是物件或者函式
  if (x != null && (typeof x === 'object' || typeof x === 'function')) {
    try {
      // A+規定,宣告then = x的then方法
      let then = x.then;
      // 如果then是函式,就預設是promise了
      if (typeof then === 'function') { 
        // 就讓then執行 第一個引數是this   後面是成功的回撥 和 失敗的回撥
        then.call(x, y => {
          // 成功和失敗只能呼叫一個
          if (called) return;
          called = true;
          // resolve的結果依舊是promise 那就繼續解析
          resolvePromise(promise2, y, resolve, reject);
        }, err => {
          // 成功和失敗只能呼叫一個
          if (called) return;
          called = true;
          reject(err);// 失敗了就失敗了
        })
      } else {
        resolve(x); // 直接成功即可
      }
    } catch (e) {
      // 也屬於失敗
      if (called) return;
      called = true;
      // 取then出錯了那就不要在繼續執行了
      reject(e); 
    }
  } else {
    resolve(x);
  }
}
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解決其他問題

1、祕籍規定onFulfilled,onRejected都是可選引數,如果他們不是函式,必須被忽略

  • onFulfilled返回一個普通的值,成功時直接等於 value => value
  • onRejected返回一個普通的值,失敗時如果直接等於 value => value,則會跑到下一個then中的onFulfilled中,所以直接扔出一個錯誤reason => throw err 2、祕籍規定onFulfilled或onRejected不能同步被呼叫,必須非同步呼叫。我們就用setTimeout解決非同步問題
  • 如果onFulfilled或onRejected報錯,則直接返回reject()
class Promise{
  constructor(executor){
    this.state = 'pending';
    this.value = undefined;
    this.reason = undefined;
    this.onResolvedCallbacks = [];
    this.onRejectedCallbacks = [];
    let resolve = value => {
      if (this.state === 'pending') {
        this.state = 'fulfilled';
        this.value = value;
        this.onResolvedCallbacks.forEach(fn=>fn());
      }
    };
    let reject = reason => {
      if (this.state === 'pending') {
        this.state = 'rejected';
        this.reason = reason;
        this.onRejectedCallbacks.forEach(fn=>fn());
      }
    };
    try{
      executor(resolve, reject);
    } catch (err) {
      reject(err);
    }
  }
  then(onFulfilled,onRejected) {
    // onFulfilled如果不是函式,就忽略onFulfilled,直接返回value
    onFulfilled = typeof onFulfilled === 'function' ? onFulfilled : value => value;
    // onRejected如果不是函式,就忽略onRejected,直接扔出錯誤
    onRejected = typeof onRejected === 'function' ? onRejected : err => { throw err };
    let promise2 = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
      if (this.state === 'fulfilled') {
        // 非同步
        setTimeout(() => {
          try {
            let x = onFulfilled(this.value);
            resolvePromise(promise2, x, resolve, reject);
          } catch (e) {
            reject(e);
          }
        }, 0);
      };
      if (this.state === 'rejected') {
        // 非同步
        setTimeout(() => {
          // 如果報錯
          try {
            let x = onRejected(this.reason);
            resolvePromise(promise2, x, resolve, reject);
          } catch (e) {
            reject(e);
          }
        }, 0);
      };
      if (this.state === 'pending') {
        this.onResolvedCallbacks.push(() => {
          // 非同步
          setTimeout(() => {
            try {
              let x = onFulfilled(this.value);
              resolvePromise(promise2, x, resolve, reject);
            } catch (e) {
              reject(e);
            }
          }, 0);
        });
        this.onRejectedCallbacks.push(() => {
          // 非同步
          setTimeout(() => {
            try {
              let x = onRejected(this.reason);
              resolvePromise(promise2, x, resolve, reject);
            } catch (e) {
              reject(e);
            }
          }, 0)
        });
      };
    });
    // 返回promise,完成鏈式
    return promise2;
  }
}
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大功告成

BAT前端經典面試問題:史上最最最詳細的手寫Promise教程
順便附贈catch和resolve、reject、race、all方法

class Promise{
  constructor(executor){
    this.state = 'pending';
    this.value = undefined;
    this.reason = undefined;
    this.onResolvedCallbacks = [];
    this.onRejectedCallbacks = [];
    let resolve = value => {
      if (this.state === 'pending') {
        this.state = 'fulfilled';
        this.value = value;
        this.onResolvedCallbacks.forEach(fn=>fn());
      }
    };
    let reject = reason => {
      if (this.state === 'pending') {
        this.state = 'rejected';
        this.reason = reason;
        this.onRejectedCallbacks.forEach(fn=>fn());
      }
    };
    try{
      executor(resolve, reject);
    } catch (err) {
      reject(err);
    }
  }
  then(onFulfilled,onRejected) {
    onFulfilled = typeof onFulfilled === 'function' ? onFulfilled : value => value;
    onRejected = typeof onRejected === 'function' ? onRejected : err => { throw err };
    let promise2 = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
      if (this.state === 'fulfilled') {
        setTimeout(() => {
          try {
            let x = onFulfilled(this.value);
            resolvePromise(promise2, x, resolve, reject);
          } catch (e) {
            reject(e);
          }
        }, 0);
      };
      if (this.state === 'rejected') {
        setTimeout(() => {
          try {
            let x = onRejected(this.reason);
            resolvePromise(promise2, x, resolve, reject);
          } catch (e) {
            reject(e);
          }
        }, 0);
      };
      if (this.state === 'pending') {
        this.onResolvedCallbacks.push(() => {
          setTimeout(() => {
            try {
              let x = onFulfilled(this.value);
              resolvePromise(promise2, x, resolve, reject);
            } catch (e) {
              reject(e);
            }
          }, 0);
        });
        this.onRejectedCallbacks.push(() => {
          setTimeout(() => {
            try {
              let x = onRejected(this.reason);
              resolvePromise(promise2, x, resolve, reject);
            } catch (e) {
              reject(e);
            }
          }, 0)
        });
      };
    });
    return promise2;
  }
  catch(fn){
    return this.then(null,fn);
  }
}
function resolvePromise(promise2, x, resolve, reject){
  if(x === promise2){
    return reject(new TypeError('Chaining cycle detected for promise'));
  }
  let called;
  if (x != null && (typeof x === 'object' || typeof x === 'function')) {
    try {
      let then = x.then;
      if (typeof then === 'function') { 
        then.call(x, y => {
          if(called)return;
          called = true;
          resolvePromise(promise2, y, resolve, reject);
        }, err => {
          if(called)return;
          called = true;
          reject(err);
        })
      } else {
        resolve(x);
      }
    } catch (e) {
      if(called)return;
      called = true;
      reject(e); 
    }
  } else {
    resolve(x);
  }
}
//resolve方法
Promise.resolve = function(val){
  return new Promise((resolve,reject)=>{
    resolve(val)
  });
}
//reject方法
Promise.reject = function(val){
  return new Promise((resolve,reject)=>{
    reject(val)
  });
}
//race方法 
Promise.race = function(promises){
  return new Promise((resolve,reject)=>{
    for(let i=0;i<promises.length;i++){
      promises[i].then(resolve,reject)
    };
  })
}
//all方法(獲取所有的promise,都執行then,把結果放到陣列,一起返回)
Promise.all = function(promises){
  let arr = [];
  let i = 0;
  function processData(index,data){
    arr[index] = data;
    i++;
    if(i == promises.length){
      resolve(arr);
    };
  };
  return new Promise((resolve,reject)=>{
    for(let i=0;i<promises.length;i++){
      promises[i].then(data=>{
        processData(i,data);
      },reject);
    };
  });
}
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如何驗證我們的promise是否正確

1、先在後面加上下述程式碼

2、npm 有一個promises-aplus-tests外掛 npm i promises-aplus-tests -g 可以全域性安裝 mac使用者最前面加上sudo

3、命令列 promises-aplus-tests [js檔名] 即可驗證

// 目前是通過他測試 他會測試一個物件
// 語法糖
Promise.defer = Promise.deferred = function () {
  let dfd = {}
  dfd.promise = new Promise((resolve,reject)=>{
    dfd.resolve = resolve;
    dfd.reject = reject;
  });
  return dfd;
}
module.exports = Promise;
//npm install promises-aplus-tests 用來測試自己的promise 符不符合promisesA+規範
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