實驗四 類的組合、繼承、模板類、標準庫

實驗任務1：

task1-1.cpp和task1-2.cpp以及task1-3.cpp的原始碼，執行測試結果如下

#include <iostream>

using std::cout;
using std::endl;

// 類A的定義
class A {
public:
    A(int x0, int y0);
    void display() const;

private:
    int x, y;
};

A::A(int x0, int y0): x{x0}, y{y0} {
}

void A::display() const {
    cout << x << ", " << y << endl;
}

// 類B的定義
class B {
public:
    B(double x0, double y0);
    void display() const;

private:
    double x, y;
};

B::B(double x0, double y0): x{x0}, y{y0} {
}

void B::display() const {
    cout << x << ", " << y << endl;
}

void test() {
    cout << "測試類A: " << endl;
    A a(3, 4);
    a.display();

    cout << "\n測試類B: " << endl;
    B b(3.2, 5.6);
    b.display();
}

int main() {
    test();
}

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

using std::cout;
using std::endl;
using std::string;

// 定義類别範本
template<typename T>
class X{
public:
    X(T x0, T y0);
    void display();

private:
    T x, y;
};

template<typename T>
X<T>::X(T x0, T y0): x{x0}, y{y0} {
}

template<typename T>
void X<T>::display() {
    cout << x << ", " << y << endl;
}


void test() {
    cout << "測試1: 類别範本X中的抽象型別T用int例項化" << endl;
    X<int> x1(3, 4);
    x1.display();
    
    cout << endl;

    cout << "測試2: 類别範本X中的抽象型別T用double例項化" << endl;
    X<double> x2(3.2, 5.6);
    x2.display();

    cout << endl;

    cout << "測試3: 類别範本X中的抽象型別T用string例項化" << endl;
    X<string> x3("hello", "oop");
    x3.display();
}

int main() {
    test();
}

#include <complex>
#include <vector>
#include <array>

int main() {
    using namespace std;
    
    complex<double> x1(5,3);        // complex類别範本，特化到double型別
    vector<int> x2{1, 9, 8, 4};        // vector類别範本，特化到int型別
    array<int, 4> x3{1,9, 8, 4};    // array類别範本，特化到int型別
    // 其它略
}

實驗任務2：

task2.cpp和GradeCalc.hpp的原始碼，執行測試結果如下

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
#include <algorithm>
#include <numeric>
#include <iomanip>

using std::vector;
using std::string;
using std::cin;
using std::cout;
using std::endl;

class GradeCalc: public vector<int> {
public:
    GradeCalc(const string &cname, int size);      
    void input();                             // 錄入成績
    void output() const;                      // 輸出成績
    void sort(bool ascending = false);        // 排序 (預設降序)
    int min() const;                          // 返回最低分
    int max() const;                          // 返回最高分
    float average() const;                    // 返回平均分
    void info();                              // 輸出課程成績資訊 

private:
    void compute();     // 成績統計

private:
    string course_name;     // 課程名
    int n;                  // 課程人數
    vector<int> counts = vector<int>(5, 0);      // 儲存各分數段人數（[0, 60), [60, 70), [70, 80), [80, 90), [90, 100]
    vector<double> rates = vector<double>(5, 0); // 儲存各分數段比例 
};

GradeCalc::GradeCalc(const string &cname, int size): course_name{cname}, n{size} {}   

void GradeCalc::input() {
    int grade;

    for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
        cin >> grade;
        this->push_back(grade);
    } 
}  

void GradeCalc::output() const {
    for(auto ptr = this->begin(); ptr != this->end(); ++ptr)
        cout << *ptr << " ";
    cout << endl;
} 

void GradeCalc::sort(bool ascending) {
    if(ascending)
        std::sort(this->begin(), this->end());
    else
        std::sort(this->begin(), this->end(), std::greater<int>());
}  

int GradeCalc::min() const {
    return *std::min_element(this->begin(), this->end());
}  

int GradeCalc::max() const {
    return *std::max_element(this->begin(), this->end());
}    

float GradeCalc::average() const {
    return std::accumulate(this->begin(), this->end(), 0) * 1.0 / n;
}   

void GradeCalc::compute() {
    for(int grade: *this) {
        if(grade < 60)
            counts.at(0)++;
        else if(grade >= 60 && grade < 70)
            counts.at(1)++;
        else if(grade >= 70 && grade < 80)
            counts.at(2)++;
        else if(grade >= 80 && grade < 90)
            counts.at(3)++;
        else if(grade >= 90)
            counts.at(4)++;
    }

    for(int i = 0; i < rates.size(); ++i)
        rates.at(i) = counts.at(i) * 1.0 / n;
}

void GradeCalc::info()  {
    cout << "課程名稱:\t" << course_name << endl;
    cout << "排序後成績: \t";
    sort();  output();
    cout << "最高分:\t" << max() << endl;
    cout << "最低分:\t" << min() << endl;
    cout << "平均分:\t" << std::fixed << std::setprecision(2) << average() << endl;
    
    compute();  // 統計各分數段人數、比例

    vector<string> tmp{"[0, 60)  ", "[60, 70)", "[70, 80)","[80, 90)", "[90, 100]"};
    for(int i = tmp.size()-1; i >= 0; --i)
        cout << tmp[i] << "\t: " << counts[i] << "人\t" 
             << std::fixed << std::setprecision(2) << rates[i]*100 << "%" << endl; 
} 

#include "GradeCalc.hpp"
#include <iomanip>

void test() {
    int n;
    cout << "輸入班級人數: ";
    cin >> n;

    GradeCalc c1("OOP", n);

    cout << "錄入成績: " << endl;;
    c1.input();
    cout << "輸出成績: " << endl;
    c1.output();

    cout << string(20, '*') + "課程成績資訊"  + string(20, '*') << endl;
    c1.info();
}

int main() {
    test();
}

問題一：

存在GradeCalc類的vector中；透過this->begin()和this->end()介面；透過this->push_back介面返回

問題二：

分母是為了得到平均值而進行的全數；有影響；去掉1.0，我們無法得到小數點後的數字

問題三：

增加學號以便於區別，增加輸入合法性檢測

實驗任務3：

task3.cpp和GradeCalc.hpp的原始碼，執行測試結果如下

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
#include <algorithm>
#include <numeric>
#include <iomanip>

using std::vector;
using std::string;
using std::cin;
using std::cout;
using std::endl;

class GradeCalc {
public:
    GradeCalc(const string &cname, int size);      
    void input();                             // 錄入成績
    void output() const;                      // 輸出成績
    void sort(bool ascending = false);        // 排序 (預設降序)
    int min() const;                          // 返回最低分
    int max() const;                          // 返回最高分
    float average() const;                    // 返回平均分
    void info();                              // 輸出課程成績資訊 

private:
    void compute();     // 成績統計

private:
    string course_name;     // 課程名
    int n;                  // 課程人數
    vector<int> grades;     // 課程成績
    vector<int> counts = vector<int>(5, 0);      // 儲存各分數段人數（[0, 60), [60, 70), [70, 80), [80, 90), [90, 100]
    vector<double> rates = vector<double>(5, 0); // 儲存各分數段比例 
};

GradeCalc::GradeCalc(const string &cname, int size): course_name{cname}, n{size} {}   

void GradeCalc::input() {
    int grade;

    for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
        cin >> grade;
        grades.push_back(grade);
    } 
}  

void GradeCalc::output() const {
    for(int grade: grades)
        cout << grade << " ";
    cout << endl;
} 

void GradeCalc::sort(bool ascending) {
    if(ascending)
        std::sort(grades.begin(), grades.end());
    else
        std::sort(grades.begin(), grades.end(), std::greater<int>());
        
}  

int GradeCalc::min() const {
    return *std::min_element(grades.begin(), grades.end());
}  

int GradeCalc::max() const {
    return *std::max_element(grades.begin(), grades.end());
}    

float GradeCalc::average() const {
    return std::accumulate(grades.begin(), grades.end(), 0) * 1.0 / n;
}   

void GradeCalc::compute() {
    for(int grade: grades) {
        if(grade < 60)
            counts.at(0)++;
        else if(grade >= 60 && grade < 70)
            counts.at(1)++;
        else if(grade >= 70 && grade < 80)
            counts.at(2)++;
        else if(grade >= 80 && grade < 90)
            counts.at(3)++;
        else if(grade >= 90)
            counts.at(4)++;
    }

    for(int i = 0; i < rates.size(); ++i)
        rates.at(i) = counts.at(i) *1.0 / n;
}

void GradeCalc::info()  {
    cout << "課程名稱:\t" << course_name << endl;
    cout << "排序後成績: \t";
    sort();  output();
    cout << "最高分:\t" << max() << endl;
    cout << "最低分:\t" << min() << endl;
    cout << "平均分:\t" << std::fixed << std::setprecision(2) << average() << endl;
    
    compute();  // 統計各分數段人數、比例

    vector<string> tmp{"[0, 60)  ", "[60, 70)", "[70, 80)","[80, 90)", "[90, 100]"};
    for(int i = tmp.size()-1; i >= 0; --i)
        cout << tmp[i] << "\t: " << counts[i] << "人\t" 
             << std::fixed << std::setprecision(2) << rates[i]*100 << "%" << endl; 
} 

#include "GradeCalc.hpp"
#include <iomanip>

void test() {
    int n;
    cout << "輸入班級人數: ";
    cin >> n;

    GradeCalc c1("OOP", n);

    cout << "錄入成績: " << endl;;
    c1.input();
    cout << "輸出成績: " << endl;
    c1.output();

    cout << string(20, '*') + "課程成績資訊"  + string(20, '*') << endl;
    c1.info();
}

int main() {
    test();
}

問題一：

存在vector<int> grades中， 透過grades.brgin()和grades.end()完成

問題二：

介面的運用可以多變

實驗任務四

task4-1.cpp和task4-2.cpp以及task4-3.cpp的原始碼，執行測試結果如下

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <limits>

using namespace std;

void test1() {
    string s1, s2;
    cin >> s1 >> s2;  // cin: 從輸入流讀取字串, 碰到空白符(空格/回車/Tab)即結束
    cout << "s1: " << s1 << endl;
    cout << "s2: " << s2 << endl;
}

void test2() {
    string s1, s2;
    getline(cin, s1);  // getline(): 從輸入流中提取字串，直到遇到換行符
    getline(cin, s2);
    cout << "s1: " << s1 << endl;
    cout << "s2: " << s2 << endl;
}

void test3() {
    string s1, s2;
    getline(cin, s1, ' '); //從輸入流中提取字串，直到遇到指定分隔符
    getline(cin, s2);
    cout << "s1: " << s1 << endl;
    cout << "s2: " << s2 << endl;
}

int main() {
    cout << "測試1: 使用標準輸入流物件cin輸入字串" << endl;
    test1();
    cout << endl;

    cin.ignore(numeric_limits<streamsize>::max(), '\n');

    cout << "測試2: 使用函式getline()輸入字串" << endl;
    test2();
    cout << endl;

    cout << "測試3: 使用函式getline()輸入字串, 指定字串分隔符" << endl;
    test3();
}

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include <limits>

using namespace std;

void output(const vector<string> &v) {
    for(auto &s: v)
        cout << s << endl;
}

void test() {
    int n;
    while(cout << "Enter n: ", cin >> n) {
        vector<string> v1;

        for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
            string s;
            cin >> s;
            v1.push_back(s);
        }

        cout << "output v1: " << endl;
        output(v1); 
        cout << endl;
    }
}

int main() {
    cout << "測試: 使用cin多組輸入字串" << endl;
    test();
}

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
#include <vector>
#include <limits>

using namespace std;

void output(const vector<string> &v) {
    for(auto &s: v)
        cout << s << endl;
}

void test() {
    int n;
    while(cout << "Enter n: ", cin >> n) {
        cin.ignore(numeric_limits<streamsize>::max(), '\n');

        vector<string> v2;

        for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
            string s;
            getline(cin, s);
            v2.push_back(s);
        }
        cout << "output v2: " << endl;
        output(v2); 
        cout << endl;
    }
}

int main() {
    cout << "測試: 使用函式getline()多組輸入字串" << endl;
    test();
}

問題一：

此程式碼作用是將前面的輸入的換行操作清除以避免影響到下方getline()函式的操作

問題二：

此程式碼作用是省掉輸入的當前行的剩餘字元直到換行符

實驗任務五

task5.cpp的原始碼，執行測試結果如下

#include "grm.hpp"
#include <iostream>

using std::cout;
using std::endl;

void test1() {
    GameResourceManager<float> HP_manager(99.99);
    cout << "當前生命值: " << HP_manager.get() << endl;
    HP_manager.update(9.99);
    cout << "增加9.99生命值後, 當前生命值: " << HP_manager.get() << endl;
    HP_manager.update(-999.99);
    cout <<"減少999.99生命值後, 當前生命值: " << HP_manager.get() << endl;
}

void test2() {
    GameResourceManager<int> Gold_manager(100);
    cout << "當前金幣數量: " << Gold_manager.get() << endl;
    Gold_manager.update(50);
    cout << "增加50個金幣後, 當前金幣數量: " << Gold_manager.get() << endl;
    Gold_manager.update(-99);
    cout <<"減少99個金幣後, 當前金幣數量: " << Gold_manager.get() << endl;
}


int main() {
    cout << "測試1: 用float型別對類别範本GameResourceManager例項化" << endl;
    test1();
    cout << endl;

    cout << "測試2: 用int型別對類别範本GameResourceManager例項化" << endl;
    test2();
}

#pragma once
#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

template<typename T>
class GameResourceManager {
private:
    T resource;

public:
    GameResourceManager(T res):resource{res}{}

    T get()const {
        return resource;
    }

    void update(T sum) {
        resource += sum;
        if (resource < 0)
            resource = 0;
    }
};

實驗任務六

task6.cpp和info.hpp的原始碼，執行測試結果如下

#define INFO_HPP
#include <iostream>
#include <string>
 
class Info {
private:
    std::string nickname;
    std::string contact;
    std::string city;
    int n;  
 
public:    
    Info(const std::string& _nickname, const std::string& _contact, const std::string& _city, int _n)
        : nickname(_nickname), contact(_contact), city(_city), n(_n) {}
 
    void display() const {
        std::cout << "暱稱: " << nickname << std::endl;
        std::cout << "聯絡方式: " << contact << std::endl;
        std::cout << "所在城市: " << city << std::endl;
        std::cout << "預定參加人數: " << n << std::endl;
    }
};

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
#include "C:\Users\DELL\Documents\info.hpp"
using namespace std;
 
int main() {
    const int capacity = 100;  
    vector<Info> audience_lst;  
    int total_num = 0;  
 
    while (true) {
        if (total_num >= capacity) {
            cout << "已達到場地最大容納人數，預約結束。" << endl;
            break;
        }
 
        string nickname, contact, city;
        int n;
        cout << "請輸入暱稱: ";
        getline(cin, nickname);
        cout << "請輸入聯絡方式（可以是郵箱或手機號）: ";
        getline(cin, contact);
        cout << "請輸入所在城市: ";
        getline(cin, city);
        cout << "請輸入預定參加人數: ";
        cin >> n;
 
        // 處理超出剩餘容量的情況
        if (total_num + n > capacity) {
            cout << "預定人數超出場地剩餘容量，輸入q退出預定，輸入u更新預定資訊: ";
            string choice;
            cin >> choice;
            cin.ignore();  
            if (choice == "q") {
                continue;
            } else if (choice == "u") {
                cout << "請重新輸入預定參加人數: ";
                cin >> n;
                cin.ignore();
            }
        }
 
        Info new_info(nickname, contact, city, n);
        audience_lst.push_back(new_info);
        total_num += n;
 
        cin.ignore();  // 清除輸入緩衝區的換行符，避免影響下一輪迴圈的輸入讀取
    }
 
    // 列印輸出預約參加livehouse的聽眾資訊
    cout << "預約參加livehouse的聽眾資訊如下：" << endl;
    for (const auto& info : audience_lst) {
        info.display();
        cout << "---------------------------" << endl;
    }
 
    return 0;
}

實驗任務七

accumulator.h;data.h;data.cpp;account.h;account.cpp;task7.cpp的原始碼，執行測試結果如下

#pragma once
#ifndef  DATE H
#define  DATE H
class Date {
private:
    int year;
    int month;
    int day;
    int totalDays;
public:
    Date(int year, int month, int day);
    int getYear()const { return year; }
    int getMonth()const { return month; }
    int getDay()const { return day; }
    int getMaxDay()const;
    bool isLeapYear()const {
        return year % 4 == 0 && year % 100 != 0 || year % 400 == 0;
    }
    void show()const;
    int distance(const Date& date)const {
        return totalDays - date.totalDays;
    }
};
#endif//  DATE H

#include"date.h"
#include<iostream>
#include<cstdlib>
using namespace std;
namespace {
    const int DAYS_BEFORE_MONTH[] = { 0,31,59,90,120,151,181,212,243,273,304,334,365 };
}
Date::Date(int year, int month, int day) :year{ year }, month{ month }, day{ day } {
    if (day <= 0 || day > getMaxDay()) {
        cout << "Invalid date:";
        show();
        cout << endl;
        exit(1);
    }
    int years = year - 1;
    totalDays = years * 365 + years / 4 - years / 100 + years / 400 + DAYS_BEFORE_MONTH[month - 1] + day;
    if (isLeapYear() && month > 2)totalDays++;
}
int Date::getMaxDay()const {
    if (isLeapYear() && month == 2)
        return 29;
    else return DAYS_BEFORE_MONTH[month] - DAYS_BEFORE_MONTH[month - 1];
}

void Date::show()const {
    cout << getYear() << "-" << getMonth() << "-" << getDay();
}

#pragma once
#ifndef  ACCUMULATOR H
#define  ACCUMULATOR H
#include"date.h"
class Accumulator {
private:
    Date lastDate;
    double value;
    double sum;
public:
    Accumulator(const Date& date, double value) :lastDate(date), value(value), sum{ 0 } {
}

    double getSum(const Date& date)const {
        return sum + value * date.distance(lastDate);
    }

    void change(const Date& date, double value) {
        sum = getSum(date);
        lastDate = date; this->value = value;
    }

    void reset(const Date& date, double value) {
        lastDate = date; this->value = value; sum = 0;
    }
};
#endif//ACCUMULATOR H

#pragma once
#ifndef  ACCOUNT H
#define  ACCOUNT H
#include"date.h"
#include"accumulator.h"
#include<string>
class Account {
private:
    std::string id;
    double balance;
    static double total;
protected:
    Account(const Date& date, const std::string& id);
    void record(const Date& date, double amount, const std::string& desc);
    void error(const std::string& msg)const;
public:
    const std::string& getId()const { return id; }
    double getBalance()const { return balance; }
    static double getTotal() { return total; }

    void show()const;
};
class SavingsAccount :public Account {
private:
    Accumulator acc;
    double rate;
public:
    SavingsAccount(const Date& date, const std::string& id, double rate);
    double getRate()const { return rate; }

    void deposit(const Date& date, double amount, const std::string& desc);
    void withdraw(const Date& date, double amount, const std::string& desc);
    void settle(const Date& date);
};
class CreditAccount :public Account {
private:
    Accumulator acc;
    double credit;
    double rate;
    double fee;
    double getDebt()const {
        double balance = getBalance();
        return (balance < 0 ? balance : 0);
    }
public:
    CreditAccount(const Date& date, const std::string& id, double credit, double rate, double fee);
    double getCredit()const { return credit; }
    double getRate()const { return rate;}
    double getAvailableCredit()const {
        if (getBalance() < 0)
            return credit + getBalance();
        else
            return credit;
    }
    void deposit(const Date& date, double amount, const std::string& desc);
    void withdraw(const Date& date, double amount, const std::string& desc);
    void settle(const Date& date);
    void show()const;
};
#endif//ACCOUNT H

#include"account.h"
#include<cmath>
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
double Account::total = 0;

Account::Account(const Date& date, const string& id) :id{ id }, balance{ 0 } {
    date.show(); cout << "\t#" << id << "created" << endl;
}


void Account::record(const Date& date, double amount, const string& desc) {
    amount = floor(amount * 100 + 0.5) / 100;
    balance += amount;
    total += amount;
    date.show();
    cout << "\t#" << id << "\t" << amount << "\t" << balance << "\t" << desc << endl;
}

void Account::show()const { cout << id << "\tBalance:" << balance; }
void Account::error(const string& msg)const {
    cout << "Error(#" << id << "):" << msg << endl;
}

SavingsAccount::SavingsAccount(const Date&date,const string&id,double rate):Account(date,id),rate(rate), acc(date,0){}

void SavingsAccount::deposit(const Date& date, double amount, const string& desc) {
    record(date, amount, desc);
    acc.change(date, getBalance());
}

void SavingsAccount::withdraw(const Date& date, double amount, const string& desc) {
    if (amount > getBalance()) {
        error("not enough money");
    }
    else {
        record(date, -amount, desc);
        acc.change(date, getBalance());
    }
}

void SavingsAccount::settle(const Date& date) {
    double interest = acc.getSum(date) * rate / date.distance(Date(date.getYear() - 1, 1, 1));
    if (interest != 0)record(date, interest, "interest");
    acc.reset(date, getBalance());
}

CreditAccount::CreditAccount(const Date&date,const string&id,double credit,double rate,double fee):Account(date,id),credit(credit),rate(rate),fee(fee),acc(date,0){}

void CreditAccount::deposit(const Date& date, double amount, const string& desc) {
    record(date, amount, desc);
    acc.change(date, getDebt());
}

void CreditAccount::withdraw(const Date& date, double amount, const string& desc) {
    if (amount - getBalance() > credit) {
        error("not enough credit");
    }
    else {
        record(date, -amount, desc);
        acc.change(date, getDebt());
    }
}

void CreditAccount::settle(const Date& date) {
    double interest = acc.getSum(date) * rate;
    if (interest != 0)record(date, interest, "interest");
    if (date.getMonth() == 1)
        record(date, -fee, "annual fee");
    acc.reset(date, getDebt());
}

void CreditAccount::show()const {
    Account::show();
    cout << "\tAvailable credit:" << getAvailableCredit();
}

#include"account.h"
#include<iostream>

using namespace std;

int main() {
    Date date(2008, 11, 1);
    SavingsAccount sa1(date, "S3755217", 0.015);
    SavingsAccount sa2(date, "02342342", 0.015);
    CreditAccount ca(date, "C5392394", 10000, 0.0005, 50);

    sa1.deposit(Date(2008, 11, 5), 5000, "salary");
    ca.withdraw(Date(2008, 11, 15), 2000, "buy a cell");
    sa2.deposit(Date(2008, 11, 25), 10000, "sell stock 0323");

    ca.settle(Date(2008, 12, 1));

    ca.deposit(Date(2008, 12, 1), 2016, "repay the credit");
    sa1.deposit(Date(2008, 12, 5), 5500, "salary");

    sa1.settle(Date(2009, 1, 1));
    sa2.settle(Date(2009, 1, 1));
    ca.settle(Date(2009, 1, 1));

    cout << endl;
    sa1.show(); cout << endl;
    sa2.show(); cout << endl;
    ca.show(); cout << endl;
    cout << "Total:" << Account::getTotal() << endl;
    return 0;
}

總結：

1.定義一個基類，account,並從基類繼承得到了兩個派生類SavingAccounts和CreditAccounts.

2..程式碼過於繁多，甚至冗餘。