一、前置知識點
目前生產部署Kubernetes叢集主要有三種種方式:
minikube
minikube是一個工具,可以在本地快速執行一個單節點的kubernetes,僅用於嘗試K8S或日常開發的測試環境使用。
kubeadm
kubeadm是一個K8S部署工具,提供kubeadm init和kubeadm join,用於快速部署Kubernetes叢集。
官方地址:Kubeadm | Kubernetes
二進位制包
從github下載發行版的二進位制包,手動部署每個元件,組成Kubernetes叢集。
kubeadm降低了部署門檻,但是遮蔽了很多細節,遇到問題很難排查。如果想更容易可控,推薦使用二進位制包部署Kubernetes叢集,雖然手動部署麻煩點,期間可以學習很多工作原理,也利於後期維護。
部署方式:
- 一主多從:測試環境、練習環境。
- 多主多從:生產環境推薦使用。
二、kubeadm部署方式介紹
kubeadm 是官方社群推出的一個用於快速部署kubernetes叢集的工具,這個工具能通過兩條指令完成一個kubernetes叢集的部署:
kubeadm init
:建立一個Master節點。kubeadm join <Master節點的IP和埠>
:將Node節點加入到當前叢集中。
三、安裝要求
在開始之前,部署Kubernetes叢集的機器需要滿足以下幾個條件:
- 一臺或多臺機器,作業系統CentOS7.x-86_x64(我自己復現的環境用的CentOS 8)
- 硬體配置:2GB 或更多RAM,2 個CPU 或更多CPU,硬碟30GB 或更多
- 叢集中所有機器之間網路互通
- 可以訪問外網,需要拉取映象
- 禁止swap 分割槽
四、最終目標
- 在所有節點上安裝Docker和kubeadm
- 部署Kubernetes Master
- 部署容器網路外掛
- 部署Kubernetes Node,將節點加入Kubernetes叢集中
- 部署Dashboard Web頁面,視覺化檢視Kubernetes資源
五、準備環境
角色 | IP地址 | 元件 |
---|---|---|
k8s-master01 | 192.168.9.10 | docker,kubectl,kubeadm,kubelet |
k8s-node01 | 192.168.9.20 | docker,kubectl,kubeadm,kubelet |
k8s-node02 | 192.168.9.30 | docker,kubectl,kubeadm,kubelet |
備註:學習環境為一個Master,兩個Node節點。
六、環境初始化
6.1 設定系統主機名以及Hosts檔案的相互解析
- 修改主機名
hostnamectl set-hostname k8s-master01 && bash
hostnamectl set-hostname k8s-node01 && bash
hostnamectl set-hostname k8s-node02 && bash
- 修改Master節點的/etc/hosts
192.168.9.10 k8s-master01
192.168.9.20 k8s-node01
192.168.9.30 k8s-node02
- 拷貝到Node節點
scp /etc/hosts root@192.168.9.20:/etc/hosts
scp /etc/hosts root@192.168.9.30:/etc/hosts
- 測試連通性
ping k8s-master01
ping k8s-node01
ping k8s-node02
6.2 安裝依賴檔案(所有節點)
yum install -y conntrack chrony ipvsadm ipset jq iptables curl sysstat libseccomp wget vim net-tools git
備註:在CentOS 8裡面,用chrony服務代替了NTP。
6.3 禁用iptables和firewalld服務(所有節點)
systemctl stop firewalld
systemctl disable firewalld
systemctl stop iptables
systemctl disable iptables
6.4 禁用Swap分割槽和SELinux(所有節點)
# 1.禁用swap分割槽
swapoff -a && sed -i '/ swap / s/^\(.*\)$/#\1/g' /etc/fstab
# 2.禁用SELinux
setenforce 0 && sed -i 's/^SELINUX=.*/SELINUX=disabled/' /etc/selinux/config
6.5 調整核心引數,對於K8S(所有節點)
- 修改Linux的核心引數
/etc/sysctl.d/kubernetes.conf
# 修改Linux的核心引數,新增網橋過濾和地址轉發功能
# 編輯/etc/sysctl.d/kubernetes.conf檔案,新增如下配置:
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables=1
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables=1
net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
# 重新載入配置
sysctl -p
# 載入網橋過濾模組
modprobe br_netfilter
# 檢視網橋過濾模組的是否載入成功
lsmod | grep br_netfilter
- 配置ipvs功能
在kubernetes中service有兩種代理模型,一種是基於iptables的,一種是基於ipvs的。
兩者比較的話,ipvs的效能明顯要高一些,但是如果要使用它,需要手動載入ipvs模組。
# 1.安裝ipset和ipvsadm
yum install ipset ipvsadm -y
# 2.新增需要載入的模組寫入指令碼
cat <<EOF > /etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules
#! /bin/bash
modprobe -- ip_vs
modprobe -- ip_vs_rr
modprobe -- ip_vs_wrr
modprobe -- ip_vs_sh
modprobe -- nf_conntrack_ipv4
EOF
# 3.為指令碼檔案新增執行許可權
chmod +x /etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules
# 4.執行指令碼檔案
/bin/bash /etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules
# 5.檢視對應的模組是否載入成功
lsmod | grep -e ip_vs -e nf_conntrack_ipv4
6.6 調整系統時區(所有節點,選做)
# 設定系統時區為 中國/上海
timedatectl set-timezone Asia/Shanghai
# 將當前的 UTC 時間寫入硬體時鐘
timedatectl set-local-rtc 0
# 重啟依賴於系統時間的服務
systemctl restart rsyslog
systemctl restart crond
6.7 設定rsyslogd和systemd journald(所有節點,選做)
# 持久化儲存日誌的目錄
mkdir /var/log/journal
mkdir /etc/systemd/journald.conf.d
cat > /etc/systemd/journald.conf.d/99-prophet.conf <<EOF
[Journal]
# 持久化儲存到磁碟
Storage=persistent
# 壓縮歷史日誌
Compress=yes
SyncIntervalSec=5m
RateLimitInterval=30s
RateLimitBurst=1000
# 最大佔用空間 10G
SystemMaxUse=10G
# 單日誌檔案最大 200M
SystemMaxFileSize=200M
# 日誌儲存時間 2 周
MaxRetentionSec=2week
# 不將日誌轉發到 syslog
ForwardToSyslog=no
EOF
systemctl restart systemd-journald
6.8 安裝Docker(所有節點)
# 1.切換映象源
wget https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo -O /etc/yum.repos.d/docker-ce.repo
# 2.檢視當前映象源中支援的docker版本
yum list docker-ce --showduplicates
# 3.安裝特定版本的docker-ce
# 可以指定 --setopt=obsoletes=0,否則yum會自動安裝更高的版本
yum install docker-ce -y
# 4.新增一個配置檔案
# Docker在預設情況下使用的Cgroup Driver為cgroupfs,而kubernetes推薦使用systemd來代替cgroupfs
mkdir /etc/docker
cat <<EOF > /etc/docker/daemon.json
{
"exec-opts":["native.cgroupdriver=systemd"],
"registry-mirrors":["https://gq8usroj.mirror.aliyuncs.com"]
}
EOF
# 5.啟動Docker
systemctl restart docker
systemctl enable docker
# 6.檢查docker狀態和版本
docker version
6.9 安裝kubenetes元件(所有節點)
# 由於kubernetes的映象源在國外,速度比較慢,這裡切換成國內的映象源
# 編輯/etc/yum.repos.d/kubernetes.repo,新增下面的配置
cat <<EOF > /etc/yum.repos.d/kubernetes.repo
[kubernetes]
name=Kubernetes
baseurl=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/repos/kubernetes-el7-x86_64/
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0
repo_gpgcheck=0
gpgkey=http://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/yum-key.gpg
http://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/rpm-package-key.gpg
EOF
# 安裝kubeadm、kubelet和kubectl
yum install kubeadm kubelet kubectl
# 配置kubelet的cgroup
# 編輯/etc/sysconfig/kubelet,新增下面的配置
KUBELET_CGROUP_ARGS="--cgroup-driver=systemd"
KUBE_PROXY_MODE="ipvs"
# 設定kubelet開機自啟
systemctl enable kubelet
七、部署Kubernetes叢集
7.1 準備叢集映象
使用kubeadm config images list
檢視所需要的映象:
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubeadm config images list
k8s.gcr.io/kube-apiserver:v1.23.1
k8s.gcr.io/kube-controller-manager:v1.23.1
k8s.gcr.io/kube-scheduler:v1.23.1
k8s.gcr.io/kube-proxy:v1.23.1
k8s.gcr.io/pause:3.6
k8s.gcr.io/etcd:3.5.1-0
k8s.gcr.io/coredns/coredns:v1.8.6
# 在安裝Kubernetes叢集之前,必須要提前準備號叢集需要的映象,所需映象可以通過下面命令檢視
kubeadm config images list
# 下載映象
# 此映象在kubernetes的倉庫中,由於網路原因,無法連線,下面提供了一種替代方案
images=(
kube-apiserver:v1.23.1
kube-controller-manager:v1.23.1
kube-scheduler:v1.23.1
kube-proxy:v1.23.1
pause:3.6
etcd:3.5.1-0
coredns:v1.8.6
)
# 拉取所需要的映象
for imageName in ${images[@]};
do
docker pull registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/$imageName
done
# 重新給映象打標籤,如果下面kube init的時候指定倉庫,可以不需要重新tag
for imageName in ${images[@]};
do
docker tag registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/$imageName k8s.gcr.io/$imageName
done
# 刪除掉原名字的映象
for imageName in ${images[@]};
do
docker rmi registry.cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com/google_containers/$imageName
done
效果如下:
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# docker images
REPOSITORY TAG IMAGE ID CREATED SIZE
k8s.gcr.io/kube-apiserver v1.23.1 b6d7abedde39 2 weeks ago 135MB
k8s.gcr.io/kube-proxy v1.23.1 b46c42588d51 2 weeks ago 112MB
k8s.gcr.io/kube-scheduler v1.23.1 71d575efe628 2 weeks ago 53.5MB
k8s.gcr.io/kube-controller-manager v1.23.1 f51846a4fd28 2 weeks ago 125MB
k8s.gcr.io/etcd 3.5.1-0 25f8c7f3da61 8 weeks ago 293MB
k8s.gcr.io/coredns v1.8.6 a4ca41631cc7 2 months ago 46.8MB
k8s.gcr.io/pause 3.6 6270bb605e12 4 months ago 683kB
7.2 叢集初始化
下面開始對叢集進行初始化,並將node節點加入到叢集中
下面的操作只需要在
master
節點上執行即可
這一步很關鍵,由於kubeadm 預設從官網k8s.gcr.io下載所需映象,國內無法訪問,因此需要通過--image-repository=
指定阿里雲映象倉庫地址。
# 建立叢集
kubeadm init \
--kubernetes-version=v1.23.1 \
--pod-network-cidr=10.244.0.0/16 \
--service-cidr=10.96.0.0/12 \
--image-repository registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers \
--apiserver-advertise-address=192.168.9.10
# 建立必要檔案
mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME /.kube/config
sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config
叢集初始化成功後返回如下資訊:
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubeadm init \
> --kubernetes-version=v1.23.1 \
> --pod-network-cidr=10.244.0.0/16 \
> --service-cidr=10.96.0.0/12 \
> --image-repository registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers \
> --apiserver-advertise-address=192.168.9.10
[init] Using Kubernetes version: v1.23.1
[preflight] Running pre-flight checks
[WARNING FileExisting-tc]: tc not found in system path
[preflight] Pulling images required for setting up a Kubernetes cluster
[preflight] This might take a minute or two, depending on the speed of your internet connection
[preflight] You can also perform this action in beforehand using 'kubeadm config images pull'
[certs] Using certificateDir folder "/etc/kubernetes/pki"
[certs] Generating "ca" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "apiserver" certificate and key
[certs] apiserver serving cert is signed for DNS names [k8s-master01 kubernetes kubernetes.default kubernetes.default.svc kubernetes.default.svc.cluster.local] and IPs [10.96.0.1 192.168.9.10]
[certs] Generating "apiserver-kubelet-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "front-proxy-ca" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "front-proxy-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "etcd/ca" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "etcd/server" certificate and key
[certs] etcd/server serving cert is signed for DNS names [k8s-master01 localhost] and IPs [192.168.9.10 127.0.0.1 ::1]
[certs] Generating "etcd/peer" certificate and key
[certs] etcd/peer serving cert is signed for DNS names [k8s-master01 localhost] and IPs [192.168.9.10 127.0.0.1 ::1]
[certs] Generating "etcd/healthcheck-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "apiserver-etcd-client" certificate and key
[certs] Generating "sa" key and public key
[kubeconfig] Using kubeconfig folder "/etc/kubernetes"
[kubeconfig] Writing "admin.conf" kubeconfig file
[kubeconfig] Writing "kubelet.conf" kubeconfig file
[kubeconfig] Writing "controller-manager.conf" kubeconfig file
[kubeconfig] Writing "scheduler.conf" kubeconfig file
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet environment file with flags to file "/var/lib/kubelet/kubeadm-flags.env"
[kubelet-start] Writing kubelet configuration to file "/var/lib/kubelet/config.yaml"
[kubelet-start] Starting the kubelet
[control-plane] Using manifest folder "/etc/kubernetes/manifests"
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-apiserver"
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-controller-manager"
[control-plane] Creating static Pod manifest for "kube-scheduler"
[etcd] Creating static Pod manifest for local etcd in "/etc/kubernetes/manifests"
[wait-control-plane] Waiting for the kubelet to boot up the control plane as static Pods from directory "/etc/kubernetes/manifests". This can take up to 4m0s
[apiclient] All control plane components are healthy after 7.503475 seconds
[upload-config] Storing the configuration used in ConfigMap "kubeadm-config" in the "kube-system" Namespace
[kubelet] Creating a ConfigMap "kubelet-config-1.23" in namespace kube-system with the configuration for the kubelets in the cluster
NOTE: The "kubelet-config-1.23" naming of the kubelet ConfigMap is deprecated. Once the UnversionedKubeletConfigMap feature gate graduates to Beta the default name will become just "kubelet-config". Kubeadm upgrade will handle this transition transparently.
[upload-certs] Skipping phase. Please see --upload-certs
[mark-control-plane] Marking the node k8s-master01 as control-plane by adding the labels: [node-role.kubernetes.io/master(deprecated) node-role.kubernetes.io/control-plane node.kubernetes.io/exclude-from-external-load-balancers]
[mark-control-plane] Marking the node k8s-master01 as control-plane by adding the taints [node-role.kubernetes.io/master:NoSchedule]
[bootstrap-token] Using token: 9xx9un.p2x8icgh1wxo6y45
[bootstrap-token] Configuring bootstrap tokens, cluster-info ConfigMap, RBAC Roles
[bootstrap-token] configured RBAC rules to allow Node Bootstrap tokens to get nodes
[bootstrap-token] configured RBAC rules to allow Node Bootstrap tokens to post CSRs in order for nodes to get long term certificate credentials
[bootstrap-token] configured RBAC rules to allow the csrapprover controller automatically approve CSRs from a Node Bootstrap Token
[bootstrap-token] configured RBAC rules to allow certificate rotation for all node client certificates in the cluster
[bootstrap-token] Creating the "cluster-info" ConfigMap in the "kube-public" namespace
[kubelet-finalize] Updating "/etc/kubernetes/kubelet.conf" to point to a rotatable kubelet client certificate and key
[addons] Applied essential addon: CoreDNS
[addons] Applied essential addon: kube-proxy
Your Kubernetes control-plane has initialized successfully!
To start using your cluster, you need to run the following as a regular user:
mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config
Alternatively, if you are the root user, you can run:
export KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf
You should now deploy a pod network to the cluster.
Run "kubectl apply -f [podnetwork].yaml" with one of the options listed at:
https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/addons/
Then you can join any number of worker nodes by running the following on each as root:
kubeadm join 192.168.9.10:6443 --token 9xx9un.p2x8icgh1wxo6y45 \
--discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:797daf093fb0c4bbde161107bf297f858f76fe368ae66e789d3bd331ecc51480
然後需要在Master節點上執行如下:
#To start using your cluster, you need to run the following as a regular user:
mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config
然後可以看到如下效果:
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl get nodes
NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION
k8s-master01 NotReady control-plane,master 5m9s v1.23.1
下面的操作只需要在
node
節點上執行即可
然後,將Node節點加入叢集中
# 在node節點中輸入
kubeadm join 192.168.9.10:6443 --token 9xx9un.p2x8icgh1wxo6y45 \
--discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:797daf093fb0c4bbde161107bf297f858f76fe368ae66e789d3bd331ecc51480
然後在Master節點看到如下效果:
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl get nodes
NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION
k8s-master01 NotReady control-plane,master 9m43s v1.23.1
k8s-node01 NotReady <none> 11s v1.23.1
k8s-node02 NotReady <none> 15s v1.23.1
但是此時,STATUS
是NotReady,這是因為還沒有安裝網路外掛。
7.3 安裝網路外掛
Kubernetes支援多種網路外掛,比如flannel、calico、canal等,任選一種使用即可,本次選擇flannel。
下面操作依舊只在
master
節點執行即可,外掛使用的是DaemonSet的控制器,它會在每一個節點上都執行。
# 獲取fannel的配置檔案
wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/flannel/master/Documentation/kube-flannel.yml
# 上面的不行的話用這個
# https://raw.fastgit.org/coreos/flannel/master/Documentation/kube-flannel.yml
# 修改檔案中quay.io倉庫為quay-mirror.qiniu.com
# 使用配置檔案啟動fannel
kubectl apply -f kube-flannel.yml
# 稍等片刻,再次檢視叢集節點的狀態
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl get nodes
NAME STATUS ROLES AGE VERSION
k8s-master01 Ready control-plane,master 24m v1.23.1
k8s-node01 Ready <none> 14m v1.23.1
k8s-node02 Ready <none> 14m v1.23.1
至此,Kubernetes叢集環境搭建完成。
八、測試Kubernetes叢集
接下來在Kubernetes叢集中部署一個nginx程式,測試下叢集是否在正常工作。
# 部署nginx
kubectl create deployment nginx --image=nginx:latest
# 暴露埠
kubectl expose deployment nginx --port=80 --type=NodePort
# 檢視服務狀態
[root@k8s-master01 ~]# kubectl get pods,svc
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
pod/nginx-7c658794b9-9xwg7 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 17s
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
service/kubernetes ClusterIP 10.96.0.1 <none> 443/TCP 46m
service/nginx NodePort 10.97.244.84 <none> 80:31182/TCP 11s
上面的svc = service
然後在電腦上測試訪問31182埠
這樣子,就完成了測試!