vue中computed/method/watch的區別

0nTheRoad發表於2021-01-25
摘要:本文通過官方文件結合原始碼來分析computed/method/watch的區別。

Tips:本文分析的原始碼版本是v2.6.11,文章中牽涉到vue響應式系統原理部分,如果不是很瞭解,建議先閱讀上一篇文章《深入解析vue響應式原理》。

computed

首先來看官網的解釋:計算屬性是基於響應式依賴進行快取的,只在相關響應式依賴發生改變時它們才會重新求值。

下面通過原始碼來分析computed是怎麼實現響應式快取的:

initComputed

function initComputed (vm: Component, computed: Object) {
  // $flow-disable-line
  const watchers = vm._computedWatchers = Object.create(null)
  // computed properties are just getters during SSR
  const isSSR = isServerRendering()

  for (const key in computed) {
    const userDef = computed[key]
    const getter = typeof userDef === 'function' ? userDef : userDef.get
    if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' && getter == null) {
      warn(
        `Getter is missing for computed property "${key}".`,
        vm
      )
    }

    if (!isSSR) {
      // create internal watcher for the computed property.
      watchers[key] = new Watcher(
        vm,
        getter || noop,
        noop,
        computedWatcherOptions
      )
    }

    // component-defined computed properties are already defined on the
    // component prototype. We only need to define computed properties defined
    // at instantiation here.
    if (!(key in vm)) {
      defineComputed(vm, key, userDef)
    } else if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
      if (key in vm.$data) {
        warn(`The computed property "${key}" is already defined in data.`, vm)
      } else if (vm.$options.props && key in vm.$options.props) {

        warn(`The computed property "${key}" is already defined as a prop.`, vm)
      }
    }
  }
}
  1. 首先建立一個computedWatchers掛到vm上;
  2. 遍歷computed屬性,依次將單個computed屬性的get方法作為引數建立Watcher例項儲存到computedWatchers中;
  3. 再將單個computed屬性作為引數傳入defineComputed方法。

defineComputed

export function defineComputed (
  target: any,
  key: string,
  userDef: Object | Function
) {
  const shouldCache = !isServerRendering()
  if (typeof userDef === 'function') {
    sharedPropertyDefinition.get = shouldCache
      ? createComputedGetter(key)
      : createGetterInvoker(userDef)
    sharedPropertyDefinition.set = noop
  } else {
    sharedPropertyDefinition.get = userDef.get
      ? shouldCache && userDef.cache !== false
        ? createComputedGetter(key)
        : createGetterInvoker(userDef.get)
      : noop
    sharedPropertyDefinition.set = userDef.set || noop
  }
  if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production' &&
      sharedPropertyDefinition.set === noop) {
    sharedPropertyDefinition.set = function () {
      warn(
        `Computed property "${key}" was assigned to but it has no setter.`,
        this
      )
    }
  }
  Object.defineProperty(target, key, sharedPropertyDefinition)
}

function createComputedGetter (key) {
  return function computedGetter () {
    const watcher = this._computedWatchers && this._computedWatchers[key]
    if (watcher) {
      if (watcher.dirty) {
        watcher.evaluate()
      }
      if (Dep.target) {
        watcher.depend()
      }
      return watcher.value
    }
  }
}

function createGetterInvoker(fn) {
  return function computedGetter () {
    return fn.call(this, this)
  }
}

將計算屬性掛到vm上,定義getter屬性方法,方法會執行計算屬性獲取新值(新值會儲存到Watcher.value中)及收集依賴該computed屬性的檢視。

總結:

  1. 頁面初始渲染時,讀取computed屬性值,computed屬性值的getter函式讀取data資料,觸發data的getter方法,將computed屬性對應的Watcher繫結到data的依賴收集器Dep中;
  2. computed屬性getter方法中,還會呼叫Watcher.depend方法,將上層檢視的觀察者也新增到data的依賴收集器Dep中;
  3. data屬性值變更後,將會呼叫Dep.notify方法,通知所有依賴的Watcher進行update方法;
  4. 首先觸發computed關聯Watcher的update方法,由於lazy為true,將會設定dirty為true,表示computed屬性依賴的data值已經變更,但不會呼叫Watcher的get方法獲取新值。
  5. 然後觸發檢視關聯Watcher的update方法,在更新頁面時會呼叫computed屬性值,觸發定義的getter函式。由於當前dirty為true,會執行關聯Watcher.get方法獲取新值,更新Watcher.value的值,並返回新值,完成頁面的重新渲染。

method

function initMethods (vm: Component, methods: Object) {
  const props = vm.$options.props
  for (const key in methods) {
    if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
      if (typeof methods[key] !== 'function') {
        warn(
          `Method "${key}" has type "${typeof methods[key]}" in the component definition. ` +
          `Did you reference the function correctly?`,
          vm
        )
      }
      if (props && hasOwn(props, key)) {
        warn(
          `Method "${key}" has already been defined as a prop.`,
          vm
        )
      }
      if ((key in vm) && isReserved(key)) {
        warn(
          `Method "${key}" conflicts with an existing Vue instance method. ` +
          `Avoid defining component methods that start with _ or $.`
        )
      }
    }
    vm[key] = typeof methods[key] !== 'function' ? noop : bind(methods[key], vm)
  }
}

method的原始碼很簡單,只是繫結了所有method的this為vm。

watch

function initWatch (vm: Component, watch: Object) {
  for (const key in watch) {
    const handler = watch[key]
    if (Array.isArray(handler)) {
      for (let i = 0; i < handler.length; i++) {
        createWatcher(vm, key, handler[i])
      }
    } else {
      createWatcher(vm, key, handler)
    }
  }
}

function createWatcher (
  vm: Component,
  expOrFn: string | Function,
  handler: any,
  options?: Object
) {
  if (isPlainObject(handler)) {
    options = handler
    handler = handler.handler
  }
  if (typeof handler === 'string') {
    handler = vm[handler]
  }
  return vm.$watch(expOrFn, handler, options)
}

 Vue.prototype.$watch = function (
    expOrFn: string | Function,
    cb: any,
    options?: Object
  ): Function {
    const vm: Component = this
    if (isPlainObject(cb)) {
      return createWatcher(vm, expOrFn, cb, options)
    }
    options = options || {}
    options.user = true
    const watcher = new Watcher(vm, expOrFn, cb, options)
    if (options.immediate) {
      try {
        cb.call(vm, watcher.value)
      } catch (error) {
        handleError(error, vm, `callback for immediate watcher "${watcher.expression}"`)
      }
    }
    return function unwatchFn () {
      watcher.teardown()
    }
  }

Tips:Watcher物件原始碼在上文中《深入解析vue響應式原理》分析過,這裡就不再贅述。

經過分析watch的原始碼可以發現,實際上每一個watch屬性對應生成了一個Watcher物件,通過獲取data屬性值將Watcher新增到依賴收集器Dep中,當data資料更新時,就會呼叫Dep.notify通知Watcher。



總結:

  1. computed屬性是根據依賴的data屬性(有可能多個)進行更新標記,等檢視獲取該computed屬性資料時才執行更新計算,並將值快取到對應的Watcher例項中。且只有當data資料變化後,檢視讀取關聯computed屬性才會重新計算結果。
  2. method屬性是根據檢視需要即時計算獲得,不具有快取性質,當關聯data資料沒有更新時也會重新計算。
  3. watch屬性是有且只能依賴單個data屬性,當data資料變化後,會立即觸發Watcher.update,呼叫對應watch定義的方法執行。不具有快取性質。

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