[譯]使用 Rust 開發一個簡單的 Web 應用,第 3 部分 —— 整合

LeopPro發表於2018-02-21

使用 Rust 開發一個簡單的 Web 應用,第 3 部分 —— 整合

1 前情回顧

這是使用 Rust 開發一個簡單的 Web 應用系列的第 3 部分.

到目前為止,我們已經有了一些最簡可行功能在幾個 Rust 原始檔中。現在,我們想把它們放在一個應用程式中。

1.1 Review

我們將以下兩個模組整合在一起:檔案寫入 / 記錄程式碼,Web 服務程式碼。讓我們 Review 一下它們:

首先,檔案記錄程式碼:

extern crate chrono;

use std::io::prelude::*;
use std::fs::{File,OpenOptions};
use std::io;
use chrono::{DateTime,Local};

fn formatted_time_entry() -> String {
    let local: DateTime<Local> = Local::now();
    let formatted = local.format("%a, %b %d %Y %I:%M:%S %p\n").to_string();
    formatted
}

fn record_entry_in_log(filename: &str, bytes: &[u8]) -> io::Result<()> {
    let mut file = try!(OpenOptions::new().
                        append(true).
                        write(true).
                        create(true).
                        open(filename));
    try!(file.write_all(bytes));
    Ok(())
}

fn log_time(filename: &'static str) -> io::Result<()> {
    let entry = formatted_time_entry();
    let bytes = entry.as_bytes();

    try!(record_entry_in_log(filename, &bytes));
    Ok(())
}

fn main() {
    match log_time("log.txt") {
        Ok(..) => println!("File created!"),
        Err(e) => println!("Error: {}", e)
    }
}
複製程式碼

現在,Web 服務程式碼:

#[macro_use] extern crate nickel;

use nickel::Nickel;

fn say_hello() -> &'static str {
    "Hello dear world!"
}

fn main() {
    let mut server = Nickel::new();

    server.utilize(router! {
        get "**" => |_req, _res| {
            say_hello()
        }
    });

    server.listen("127.0.0.1:6767");
}
複製程式碼

2 整合程式碼:和型別系統作鬥爭

好了,我想整合這兩個程式。首先我會將它們放到一個檔案中(當然,要將它們其中之一的 main 函式名字改一下),看一看是否能成功編譯。

#[macro_use] extern crate nickel;
extern crate chrono;

use std::io::prelude::*;
use std::fs::{File,OpenOptions};
use std::io;
use chrono::{DateTime,Local};

use nickel::Nickel;

fn formatted_time_entry() -> String {
    let local: DateTime<Local> = Local::now();
    let formatted = local.format("%a, %b %d %Y %I:%M:%S %p\n").to_string();
    formatted
}

fn record_entry_in_log(filename: &str, bytes: &[u8]) -> io::Result<()> {
    let mut file = try!(OpenOptions::new().
                        append(true).
                        write(true).
                        create(true).
                        open(filename));
    try!(file.write_all(bytes));
    Ok(())
}

fn log_time(filename: &'static str) -> io::Result<()> {
    let entry = formatted_time_entry();
    let bytes = entry.as_bytes();

    try!(record_entry_in_log(filename, &bytes));
    Ok(())
}

fn main2() {
    match log_time("log.txt") {
        Ok(..) => println!("File created!"),
        Err(e) => println!("Error: {}", e)
    }
}

fn say_hello() -> &'static str {
    "Hello dear world!"
}

fn main() {
    let mut server = Nickel::new();

    server.utilize(router! {
        get "**" => |_req, _res| {
            say_hello()
        }
    });

    server.listen("127.0.0.1:6767");
}
複製程式碼

編譯執行:

$ cargo run
src/main.rs:5:15: 5:19 warning: unused import, #[warn(unused_imports)] on by default
src/main.rs:5 use std::fs::{File,OpenOptions};
                            ^~~~
src/main.rs:11:1: 15:2 warning: function is never used: `formatted_time_entry`, #[warn(dead_code)] o
n by default
src/main.rs:11 fn formatted_time_entry() -> String {
src/main.rs:12     let local: DateTime<Local> = Local::now();
src/main.rs:13     let formatted = local.format("%a, %b %d %Y %I:%M:%S %p\n").to_string();
src/main.rs:14     formatted
src/main.rs:15 }
src/main.rs:17:1: 25:2 warning: function is never used: `record_entry_in_log`, #[warn(dead_code)] on
 by default
src/main.rs:17 fn record_entry_in_log(filename: &str, bytes: &[u8]) -> io::Result<()> {
src/main.rs:18     let mut file = try!(OpenOptions::new().
src/main.rs:19                         append(true).
src/main.rs:20                         write(true).
src/main.rs:21                         create(true).
src/main.rs:22                         open(filename));
               ...
src/main.rs:27:1: 33:2 warning: function is never used: `log_time`, #[warn(dead_code)] on by default
src/main.rs:27 fn log_time(filename: &'static str) -> io::Result<()> {
src/main.rs:28     let entry = formatted_time_entry();
src/main.rs:29     let bytes = entry.as_bytes();
src/main.rs:30
src/main.rs:31     try!(record_entry_in_log(filename, &bytes));
src/main.rs:32     Ok(())
               ...
src/main.rs:35:1: 40:2 warning: function is never used: `main2`, #[warn(dead_code)] on by default
src/main.rs:35 fn main2() {
src/main.rs:36     match log_time("log.txt") {
src/main.rs:37         Ok(..) => println!("File created!"),
src/main.rs:38         Err(e) => println!("Error: {}", e)
src/main.rs:39     }
src/main.rs:40 }
     Running `target/debug/simple-log`
Listening on http://127.0.0.1:6767
Ctrl-C to shutdown server
複製程式碼

酷!這些未使用警告正是我所預期的,在瀏覽器上訪問 localhost:6767 仍然呈現“Hello World”頁面。

我們嘗試整合它們:

#[macro_use] extern crate nickel;
extern crate chrono;

use std::io::prelude::*;
use std::fs::{File,OpenOptions};
use std::io;
use chrono::{DateTime,Local};

use nickel::Nickel;

fn formatted_time_entry() -> String {
    let local: DateTime<Local> = Local::now();
    let formatted = local.format("%a, %b %d %Y %I:%M:%S %p\n").to_string();
    formatted
}

fn record_entry_in_log(filename: &str, bytes: &[u8]) -> io::Result<()> {
    let mut file = try!(OpenOptions::new().
                        append(true).
                        write(true).
                        create(true).
                        open(filename));
    try!(file.write_all(bytes));
    Ok(())
}

fn log_time(filename: &'static str) -> io::Result<()> {
    let entry = formatted_time_entry();
    let bytes = entry.as_bytes();

    try!(record_entry_in_log(filename, &bytes));
    Ok(())
}

fn do_log_time() -> &'static str {
    match log_time("log.txt") {
        Ok(..) => println!("File created!"),
        Err(e) => println!("Error: {}", e)
    }
}

fn main() {
    let mut server = Nickel::new();

    server.utilize(router! {
        get "**" => |_req, _res| {
            do_log_time()
        }
    });

    server.listen("127.0.0.1:6767");
}
複製程式碼

=>

$ cargo run
   Compiling simple-log v0.1.0 (file:///Users/joel/Projects/simple-log)
src/main.rs:37:19: 37:44 error: mismatched types:
 expected `&'static str`,
    found `()`
(expected &-ptr,
    found ()) [E0308]
src/main.rs:37         Ok(..) => println!("File created!"),
                                 ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
src/main.rs:38:19: 38:43 error: mismatched types:
 expected `&'static str`,
    found `()`
(expected &-ptr,
    found ()) [E0308]
src/main.rs:38         Err(e) => println!("Error: {}", e)
                                 ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
error: aborting due to 2 previous errors
Could not compile `simple-log`.

To learn more, run the command again with --verbose.
複製程式碼

這裡的 println! 巨集功能是寫入標準輸出,但我是想要的是某些能返回字串的東西。這有 sprintln! 嗎,或者其他差不多的東西?

查了查資料,看起來答案是 format!

#[macro_use] extern crate nickel;
extern crate chrono;

use std::io::prelude::*;
use std::fs::{File,OpenOptions};
use std::io;
use chrono::{DateTime,Local};

use nickel::Nickel;

fn formatted_time_entry() -> String {
    let local: DateTime<Local> = Local::now();
    let formatted = local.format("%a, %b %d %Y %I:%M:%S %p\n").to_string();
    formatted
}

fn record_entry_in_log(filename: &str, bytes: &[u8]) -> io::Result<()> {
    let mut file = try!(OpenOptions::new().
                        append(true).
                        write(true).
                        create(true).
                        open(filename));
    try!(file.write_all(bytes));
    Ok(())
}

fn log_time(filename: &'static str) -> io::Result<()> {
    let entry = formatted_time_entry();
    let bytes = entry.as_bytes();

    try!(record_entry_in_log(filename, &bytes));
    Ok(())
}

fn do_log_time() -> &'static str {
    match log_time("log.txt") {
        Ok(..) => format!("File created!"),
        Err(e) => format!("Error: {}", e)
    }
}

fn main() {
    let mut server = Nickel::new();

    server.utilize(router! {
        get "**" => |_req, _res| {
            do_log_time()
        }
    });

    server.listen("127.0.0.1:6767");
}
複製程式碼

=>

$ cargo run
   Compiling simple-log v0.1.0 (file:///Users/joel/Projects/simple-log)
src/main.rs:37:19: 37:43 error: mismatched types:
 expected `&'static str`,
    found `collections::string::String`
(expected &-ptr,
    found struct `collections::string::String`) [E0308]
src/main.rs:37         Ok(..) => format!("File created!"),
                                 ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
src/main.rs:38:19: 38:42 error: mismatched types:
 expected `&'static str`,
    found `collections::string::String`
(expected &-ptr,
    found struct `collections::string::String`) [E0308]
src/main.rs:38         Err(e) => format!("Error: {}", e)
                                 ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
error: aborting due to 2 previous errors
Could not compile `simple-log`.

To learn more, run the command again with --verbose.
複製程式碼

因此,我知道從 String 轉化到 &str 的方法,嗯……我想起可以用 &

fn do_log_time() -> &'static str {
    match log_time("log.txt") {
        Ok(..) => &format!("File created!"),
        Err(e) => &format!("Error: {}", e)
    }
}
複製程式碼

=>

$ cargo run
   Compiling simple-log v0.1.0 (file:///Users/joel/Projects/simple-log)
src/main.rs:37:20: 37:44 error: borrowed value does not live long enough
src/main.rs:37         Ok(..) => &format!("File created!"),
                                  ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
note: reference must be valid for the static lifetime...
src/main.rs:37:19: 37:44 note: ...but borrowed value is only valid for the expression at 37:18
src/main.rs:37         Ok(..) => &format!("File created!"),
                                 ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
src/main.rs:38:20: 38:43 error: borrowed value does not live long enough
src/main.rs:38         Err(e) => &format!("Error: {}", e)
                                  ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
note: reference must be valid for the static lifetime...
src/main.rs:38:19: 38:43 note: ...but borrowed value is only valid for the expression at 38:18
src/main.rs:38         Err(e) => &format!("Error: {}", e)
                                 ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
error: aborting due to 2 previous errors
Could not compile `simple-log`.

To learn more, run the command again with --verbose.
複製程式碼

又出現了相同的錯誤。我想這裡我需要一個塊:

fn do_log_time() -> &'static str {
    match log_time("log.txt") {
        Ok(..) => {
            let fmt = format!("File created!");
            &fmt
        },
        Err(e) => {
            let fmt = format!("Error: {}", e);
            &fmt
        }
    }
}
複製程式碼

=>

$ cargo run
   Compiling simple-log v0.1.0 (file:///Users/joel/Projects/simple-log)
src/main.rs:39:14: 39:17 error: `fmt` does not live long enough
src/main.rs:39             &fmt
                            ^~~
note: reference must be valid for the static lifetime...
src/main.rs:38:48: 40:10 note: ...but borrowed value is only valid for the block suffix following s
tatement 0 at 38:47
src/main.rs:38             let fmt = format!("File created!");
src/main.rs:39             &fmt
src/main.rs:40         },
src/main.rs:43:14: 43:17 error: `fmt` does not live long enough
src/main.rs:43             &fmt
                            ^~~
note: reference must be valid for the static lifetime...
src/main.rs:42:47: 44:10 note: ...but borrowed value is only valid for the block suffix following s
tatement 0 at 42:46
src/main.rs:42             let fmt = format!("Error: {}", e);
src/main.rs:43             &fmt
src/main.rs:44         }
error: aborting due to 2 previous errors
Could not compile `simple-log`.

To learn more, run the command again with --verbose.
複製程式碼

這仍然無效。我想問題出在 fmtfmt 只存在於新塊中,但是作為返回值,它需要在能在外面被使用。如果我在函式頂部宣告 fmt 會發生什麼呢?

fn do_log_time() -> &'static str {
    let mut fmt = "".to_string();
    match log_time("log.txt") {
        Ok(..) => {
            fmt = format!("File created!");
            &fmt
        },
        Err(e) => {
            fmt = format!("Error: {}", e);
            &fmt
        }
    }

}
複製程式碼

=>

$ cargo run
   Compiling simple-log v0.1.0 (file:///Users/joel/Projects/simple-log)
src/main.rs:40:14: 40:17 error: `fmt` does not live long enough
src/main.rs:40             &fmt
                            ^~~
note: reference must be valid for the static lifetime...
src/main.rs:36:34: 48:2 note: ...but borrowed value is only valid for the block suffix following st
atement 0 at 36:33
src/main.rs:36     let mut fmt = "".to_string();
src/main.rs:37     match log_time("log.txt") {
src/main.rs:38         Ok(..) => {
src/main.rs:39             fmt = format!("File created!");
src/main.rs:40             &fmt
src/main.rs:41         },
               ...
src/main.rs:44:14: 44:17 error: `fmt` does not live long enough
src/main.rs:44             &fmt
                            ^~~
note: reference must be valid for the static lifetime...
src/main.rs:36:34: 48:2 note: ...but borrowed value is only valid for the block suffix following st
atement 0 at 36:33
src/main.rs:36     let mut fmt = "".to_string();
src/main.rs:37     match log_time("log.txt") {
src/main.rs:38         Ok(..) => {
src/main.rs:39             fmt = format!("File created!");
src/main.rs:40             &fmt
src/main.rs:41         },
               ...
error: aborting due to 2 previous errors
Could not compile `simple-log`.

To learn more, run the command again with --verbose.
複製程式碼

我不知道如何修正它。我現在打算放一放,一會再回來肝。

我嘗試了一些新方法,但是無一有效。我想我需要深入學習所有權和生命週期的工作機制。

我剛要查閱 Rust 文件時,我注意到了這個貼士:

我們選擇 String 而非 &str 為其命名,通常來說,與一個擁有資料的型別打交道要比引用型別容易些。

因為我現在是在實踐而非理論學習,我想嘗試一下使用 String 看看是否有效。

現在:

fn do_log_time() -> String {
    match log_time("log.txt") {
        Ok(..) => format!("File created!"),
        Err(e) => format!("Error: {}", e)
    }
}
複製程式碼

=>

$ cargo run
   Compiling simple-log v0.1.0 (file:///Users/joel/Projects/simple-log)
     Running `target/debug/simple-log`
Listening on http://127.0.0.1:6767
Ctrl-C to shutdown server
複製程式碼

有效!在瀏覽器訪問頁面顯示“File created!”,還寫了一個日誌檔案的條目。

我對它能工作並不感到驚訝 —— 我有一點理解使用 String 替代 &str 就能解決問題,但我想將此作為一個挑戰去弄清它。

現在我想通了,這是說得通的。我嘗試返回一個假借引用,但我同時擁有它,所以返回它沒有任何意義。那麼我如何在我自己的函式中返回 &str 呢?我沒有見過任何使用非假借“str”的地方。

缺失了非假借 ~&str~ 型別,我只能認為它表現上是一個普通的 C 字串指標。這一定會引發一些我尚不瞭解的問題,對它來說要想很好的應用在 Rust 就必須與 Rust 互動,則 Rust 就必須相容共享所有權的規則。

如果程式的其他部分持有一個位元組陣列,提供我一個對該陣列的引用,這意味著什麼?&str 型別是不是基本上就像 C 字串一樣,可以被引用而沒有相關的額外後設資料?

Rust 文件提到從 &strString 的轉化有一些成本。我不知道這是否真的如此,還是僅適用於靜態字串。在堆中分配 &str 需要複製 String嗎?現在我明白了,我敢打賭答案是肯定的;如果你想把假借的值轉化成擁有的,唯一合理的辦法就是複製它。

無論如何,我都需要繼續深入。我覺得原因是,我想要做的事沒有意義,所以 Rust 正確的阻止了我。我希望我明白了,為什麼每一個 str 都是假借值。

我將嘗試讓 log_time 返回記錄時間,這樣可以顯示給使用者。我的首次嘗試:

fn log_time(filename: &'static str) -> io::Result<String> {
    let entry = formatted_time_entry();
    let bytes = entry.as_bytes();

    try!(record_entry_in_log(filename, &bytes));
    Ok(entry)
}

fn do_log_time() -> String {
    match log_time("log.txt") {
        Ok(entry) => format!("Entry Logged: {}", entry),
        Err(e) => format!("Error: {}", e)
    }
}
複製程式碼

=>

$ cargo run
   Compiling simple-log v0.1.0 (file:///Users/joel/Projects/simple-log)
src/main.rs:32:8: 32:13 error: cannot move out of `entry` because it is borrowed
src/main.rs:32     Ok(entry)
                      ^~~~~
src/main.rs:29:17: 29:22 note: borrow of `entry` occurs here
src/main.rs:29     let bytes = entry.as_bytes();
                               ^~~~~
error: aborting due to previous error
Could not compile `simple-log`.

To learn more, run the command again with --verbose.
複製程式碼

嗯……我想這說得通。bytes “借了” entry 的內容。當 OK(entry) 被呼叫時,這個值仍然被借用,這會導致錯誤。

現在它工作了:

fn log_time(filename: &'static str) -> io::Result<String> {
    let entry = formatted_time_entry();
    {
        let bytes = entry.as_bytes();

        try!(record_entry_in_log(filename, &bytes));
    }
    Ok(entry)
}
複製程式碼

=>

$ cargo run &
[1] 66858
$      Running `target/debug/simple-log`
Listening on http://127.0.0.1:6767
Ctrl-C to shutdown server

$ curl localhost:6767
Entry Logged: Tue, Jun 23 2015 12:34:19 AM
複製程式碼

這已經不是我第一次使用“貼一個新塊在這”這樣的特性了,但是它就是因此而工作了,這似乎是一個相當優雅的方式來處理這個問題。我首先想到的是,我需要呼叫另一個函式以某種方式將位元組“轉換”回 String,但後來我意識到這實際上沒有意義,我需要以某種方式“釋放”借用。

我不明白錯誤資訊中“遷出 entry”的意思。我覺得是隻要有假借引用,你就不能轉移值的所有權。但這也不一定是對的。把它傳給 Ok() 就是改變所有權了嗎?我對此很困惑,Rust 文件似乎並沒有針對這一具體的問題給出解釋,但我認為我的猜測就應該是對的 —— 所有權猜假借存在的時候不能被改變。我想是的。

我很欣慰我在 Rust 文件的假借部分中見到,使用塊是這個類問題的一種解決方案。

3 結語

整合工作比我預期的難得多。假借(Borrowing) / 所有權(Ownership)花費了我一些時間,所以我打算在這停一停,因為已經寫了很長了。

幸運的是,我認為我在慢慢理解 Rust 的工作機制,尤其是它的假借功能。這給了我對未來的希望。

系列文章:使用 Rust 開發一個簡單的 Web 應用


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