Flutter狀態管理provider的使用和封裝

艾維碼發表於2020-05-31

Flutter狀態管理provider的使用和封裝

Flutter提供了InheritedWidget類,幫助我們處理父子元件之間的狀態管理。provider是InheritedWidget的封裝,讓開發者易於使用和服用。但是初看provider的文件,有點讓人頭大:

name description
Provider The most basic form of provider. It takes a value and exposes it, whatever the value is.
ListenableProvider A specific provider for Listenable object. ListenableProvider will listen to the object and ask widgets which depend on it to rebuild whenever the listener is called.
ChangeNotifierProvider A specification of ListenableProvider for ChangeNotifier. It will automatically call ChangeNotifier.dispose when needed.
ValueListenableProvider Listen to a ValueListenable and only expose ValueListenable.value.
StreamProvider Listen to a Stream and expose the latest value emitted.
FutureProvider Takes a Future and updates dependents when the future completes.

不是說provider是易於使用嗎?我只想以一種的簡單的方式管理狀態,卻給我這麼多選擇,到底我該選擇哪個呢?選擇困難症急的想薅頭髮。

使用

新建Futter專案,更改預設的計數器佈局,效果如下:

Simulator Screen Shot - iPhone SE (2nd generation) - 2020-05-29 at 00.07.34.png

點選FlatButton,更改應用程式的計數器狀態,使計數器加1,前兩行的text顯示計數器狀態最新值,FlatButton和兩個text是不同部分的widget。

  1. 在的pubspec.yaml檔案中依賴provider:
dependencies:
  flutter:
    sdk: flutter
  provider: ^4.1.2
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  1. 匯入: import 'package:provider/provider.dart';

Provider

Provider是provider包中最基本的提供者widget型別。它可以給包括住的所有widget提供值,但是當該值改變時,並不會更新widget。

新增MyModel類,作為要讓Provider提供出去的值,把計數器的數值counter宣告到這裡,並且更改計數值的方法也放在這裡,點選按鈕的時候,呼叫MyModel物件的incrementCounter(),延時2秒並更改counter:

class MyModel {
  
  MyModel({this.counter=0});

  int counter = 0;

  Future<void> incrementCounter() async {
    await Future.delayed(Duration(seconds: 2));
    counter++;
    print(counter);
  }
}
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在widget樹的頂部包裹Provider小部件,將MyModel物件通過Provider提供給widget樹。然後使用了兩種獲取Provider提供值的方式,在Column裡:

  1. 先使用Provider.of(context)獲取到MyModel物件的引用;
  2. 然後使用Consumer小部件獲得對MyModel物件的引用;
class MyHomePage extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Provider(
      create: (_) => MyModel(),
      child: Scaffold(
        appBar: AppBar(
          title: Text('provider'),
        ),
        body: Column(
          children: <Widget>[
            Builder(
              builder: (context) {
                // 獲取到provider提供出來的值
                MyModel _model = Provider.of<MyModel>(context);
                return Container(
                    margin: const EdgeInsets.only(top: 20),
                    width: MediaQuery.of(context).size.width,
                    padding: const EdgeInsets.all(20),
                    alignment: Alignment.center,
                    color: Colors.lightBlueAccent,
                    child: Text('當前是:${_model.counter}'));
              },
            ),
            Consumer<MyModel>(
                // 獲取到provider提供出來的值
              builder: (context, model, child) {
                return Container(
                  margin: const EdgeInsets.only(top: 20),
                  width: MediaQuery.of(context).size.width,
                  padding: const EdgeInsets.all(20),
                  alignment: Alignment.center,
                  color: Colors.lightGreen,
                  child: Text(
                    '${model.counter}',
                  ),
                );
              },
            ),
            Consumer<MyModel>(
               // 獲取到provider提供出來的值
              builder: (context, model, child) {
                return FlatButton(
                    color: Colors.tealAccent,
                    onPressed:model.incrementCounter,
                    child: Icon(Icons.add));
              },
            ),
          ],
        ),
      ),
    );
  }
}

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點選FlatButton,model呼叫incrementCounter()函式,計數值加1。但是並不會重建UI,因為該Provider小部件不會監聽其提供的值的更改。

Simulator Screen Shot - iPhone SE (2nd generation) - 2020-05-29 at 00.07.34.png

列印出計數值的變化

Snipaste_2020-05-28_23-40-17.png

ChangeNotifierProvider

與最基礎的Provider小部件不同,ChangeNotifierProvider會監聽其提供出去的模型物件中的更改。當有值更改後,它將重建下方所有的Consumer和使用Provider.of(context)監聽並獲取提供值的地方。

程式碼中更改Provider為ChangeNotifierProvider。MyModel混入ChangeNotifier(繼承也一樣)。然後更改counter之後呼叫notifyListeners(),這樣ChangeNotifierProvider就會得到通知,並且Consumer和監聽的地方將重建其小部件。

class MyHomePage extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return ChangeNotifierProvider(
      create: (_) => MyModel(),
      child: Scaffold(
        appBar: AppBar(
          title: Text('provider'),
        ),
        body: Column(
          children: <Widget>[
            Builder(
              builder: (context) {
                MyModel _model = Provider.of<MyModel>(context);
                return Container(
                    margin: const EdgeInsets.only(top: 20),
                    width: MediaQuery.of(context).size.width,
                    padding: const EdgeInsets.all(20),
                    alignment: Alignment.center,
                    color: Colors.lightBlueAccent,
                    child: Text('當前是:${_model.counter}'));
              },
            ),
            Consumer<MyModel>(
              builder: (context, model, child) {
                return Container(
                  margin: const EdgeInsets.only(top: 20),
                  width: MediaQuery.of(context).size.width,
                  padding: const EdgeInsets.all(20),
                  alignment: Alignment.center,
                  color: Colors.lightGreen,
                  child: Text(
                    '${model.counter}',
                  ),
                );
              },
            ),
            Consumer<MyModel>(
              builder: (context, model, child) {
                return FlatButton(
                    color: Colors.tealAccent,
                    onPressed: model.incrementCounter,
                    child: Icon(Icons.add));
              },
            ),
          ],
        ),
      ),
    );
  }
}

class MyModel with ChangeNotifier{
  //                                               <--- MyModel
  MyModel({this.counter = 0});

  int counter = 0;

  Future<void> incrementCounter() async {
    await Future.delayed(Duration(seconds: 2));
    counter++;
    print(counter);
    notifyListeners();
  }
}
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Simulator Screen Shot - iPhone SE (2nd generation) - 2020-05-29 at 00.21.22.png

每次點選,都會更改計數器的值,如果第一行的計數值是保留初始值,不更新呢?很簡單,把Provider.of的監聽器設定為false,這樣更改後就不會重新構建第一行的text: MyModel _model = Provider.of<MyModel>(context,listen: false);

Simulator Screen Shot - iPhone SE (2nd generation) - 2020-05-29 at 00.25.13.png

FutureProvider

FutureProvider基本上只是普通FutureBuilder的包裝。我們需要給它提供一些顯示在UI中的初始資料,還要為它設定要提供值的Future。在Future完成的時候,FutureProvider會通知Consumer重建自己的小部件。

在下面的程式碼中,使用了一個counter為0的MyModel向UI提供一些初始資料,並且新增了一個Future函式,可在3秒後返回一個counter為1的MyModel。 和基類Provider一樣,FutureProvider它不會監聽模型本身內的任何更改。在下面的程式碼中依舊通過按鈕點選事件使counter加1,但是對UI沒有影響。

class MyHomePage extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return FutureProvider(
      initialData: MyModel(counter: 0),
      create: (context) => someAsyncFunctionToGetMyModel(),
      child: Scaffold(
        appBar: AppBar(
          title: Text('provider'),
        ),
        body: Column(
          children: <Widget>[
            Builder(
              builder: (context) {
                MyModel _model = Provider.of<MyModel>(context, listen: false);
                return Container(
                    margin: const EdgeInsets.only(top: 20),
                    width: MediaQuery.of(context).size.width,
                    padding: const EdgeInsets.all(20),
                    alignment: Alignment.center,
                    color: Colors.lightBlueAccent,
                    child: Text('當前是:${_model.counter}'));
              },
            ),
            Consumer<MyModel>(
              builder: (context, model, child) {
                return Container(
                  margin: const EdgeInsets.only(top: 20),
                  width: MediaQuery.of(context).size.width,
                  padding: const EdgeInsets.all(20),
                  alignment: Alignment.center,
                  color: Colors.lightGreen,
                  child: Text(
                    '${model.counter}',
                  ),
                );
              },
            ),
            Consumer<MyModel>(
              builder: (context, model, child) {
                return FlatButton(
                    color: Colors.tealAccent,
                    onPressed: model.incrementCounter,
                    child: Icon(Icons.add));
              },
            ),
          ],
        ),
      ),
    );
  }

  Future<MyModel> someAsyncFunctionToGetMyModel() async {
    //  <--- async function
    await Future.delayed(Duration(seconds: 3));
    return MyModel(counter: 1);
  }
}

class MyModel with ChangeNotifier {
  //                                               <--- MyModel
  MyModel({this.counter = 0});

  int counter = 0;

  Future<void> incrementCounter() async {
    await Future.delayed(Duration(seconds: 2));
    counter++;
    print(counter);
    notifyListeners();
  }
}
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FutureProvider通過設定的Future完成後會通知Consumer,重新build。但是,Future完成後,點選按鈕也不會更新UI。

FutureProvider適用於沒有重新整理和變更的頁面,和FutureBuilder一樣的作用。

StreamProvider

StreamProvider基本上是StreamBuilder的包裝,和上面的FutureProvider一樣。不同的是StreamProvider提供的是流,FutureProvider需要的一個Future。

StreamProvider也不會監聽model本身的變化。它僅監聽流中的新事件:

class MyHomePage extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return StreamProvider(
      initialData: MyModel(counter: 0),
      create: (context) => getStreamOfMyModel(),
      child: Scaffold(
        appBar: AppBar(
          title: Text('provider'),
        ),
        body: Column(
          children: <Widget>[
            Builder(
              builder: (context) {
                MyModel _model = Provider.of<MyModel>(context, listen: false);
                return Container(
                    margin: const EdgeInsets.only(top: 20),
                    width: MediaQuery.of(context).size.width,
                    padding: const EdgeInsets.all(20),
                    alignment: Alignment.center,
                    color: Colors.lightBlueAccent,
                    child: Text('當前是:${_model.counter}'));
              },
            ),
            Consumer<MyModel>(
              builder: (context, model, child) {
                return Container(
                  margin: const EdgeInsets.only(top: 20),
                  width: MediaQuery.of(context).size.width,
                  padding: const EdgeInsets.all(20),
                  alignment: Alignment.center,
                  color: Colors.lightGreen,
                  child: Text(
                    '${model.counter}',
                  ),
                );
              },
            ),
            Consumer<MyModel>(
              builder: (context, model, child) {
                return FlatButton(
                    color: Colors.tealAccent,
                    onPressed: model.incrementCounter,
                    child: Icon(Icons.add));
              },
            ),
          ],
        ),
      ),
    );
  }

  Stream<MyModel> getStreamOfMyModel() {
    return Stream<MyModel>.periodic(
        Duration(seconds: 1), (x) => MyModel(counter: x)).take(10);
  }
}

class MyModel with ChangeNotifier {
  //                                               <--- MyModel
  MyModel({this.counter = 0});

  int counter = 0;

  Future<void> incrementCounter() async {
    await Future.delayed(Duration(seconds: 2));
    counter++;
    print(counter);
    notifyListeners();
  }
}
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給StreamProvider設定了一個每隔1秒更新一次的stream,ui上的計數值也是每隔一秒改變一次。但是點選按鈕同樣不會重新整理ui。所以也可以認為是一個StreamBuilder。

ValueListenableProvider

ValueListenableProvider類似於ValueChange的封裝,它的作用和ChangeNotifierProvider一樣,在值改變的時候,會通知Consumer重新build,但是使用起來比ChangeNotifierProvider複雜,需要先用Provider提供MyModel給Consumer,然後把MyModel裡的ValueNotifier給ValueListenableProvider:

class MyHomePage extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return Provider<MyModel>(
      create: (context) => MyModel(),
      child: Consumer<MyModel>(
        builder: (context, myModel, child) {
          return ValueListenableProvider<int>.value(
            value: myModel.counter,
            child: Scaffold(
              appBar: AppBar(
                title: Text('provider'),
              ),
              body: Column(
                children: <Widget>[
                  Builder(
                    builder: (context) {
                      var count = Provider.of<int>(context);
                      return Container(
                          margin: const EdgeInsets.only(top: 20),
                          width: MediaQuery.of(context).size.width,
                          padding: const EdgeInsets.all(20),
                          alignment: Alignment.center,
                          color: Colors.lightBlueAccent,
                          child: Text('當前是:$count'));
                    },
                  ),
                  Consumer<int>(
                    builder: (context, value, child) {
                      return Container(
                        margin: const EdgeInsets.only(top: 20),
                        width: MediaQuery.of(context).size.width,
                        padding: const EdgeInsets.all(20),
                        alignment: Alignment.center,
                        color: Colors.lightGreen,
                        child: Text(
                          '$value',
                        ),
                      );
                    },
                  ),
                  Consumer<MyModel>(
                    builder: (context, model, child) {
                      return FlatButton(
                          color: Colors.tealAccent,
                          onPressed: model.incrementCounter,
                          child: Icon(Icons.add));
                    },
                  ),
                ],
              ),
            ),
          );
        }
      ),
    );
  }
}

class MyModel {
  ValueNotifier<int> counter = ValueNotifier(0);
  Future<void> incrementCounter() async {
    await Future.delayed(Duration(seconds: 2));
    print(counter.value++);
    counter.value = counter.value;
  }
}
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ListenableProvider

ListenableProvider和ChangeNotifierProvider一樣, 區別在於,如果Model是一個複雜模型ChangeNotifierProvider 會在你需要的時候,自動呼叫其 _disposer 方法,所以一般還是使用ChangeNotifierProvider即可。

class MyHomePage extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return ListenableProvider<MyModel>(
      create: (context) => MyModel(),
      child: Scaffold(
        appBar: AppBar(
          title: Text('provider'),
        ),
        body: Column(
          children: <Widget>[
            Builder(
              builder: (context) {
                MyModel modol = Provider.of<MyModel>(context);
                return Container(
                    margin: const EdgeInsets.only(top: 20),
                    width: MediaQuery.of(context).size.width,
                    padding: const EdgeInsets.all(20),
                    alignment: Alignment.center,
                    color: Colors.lightBlueAccent,
                    child: Text('當前是:${modol.counter}'));
              },
            ),
            Consumer<MyModel>(
              builder: (context, model, child) {
                return Container(
                  margin: const EdgeInsets.only(top: 20),
                  width: MediaQuery.of(context).size.width,
                  padding: const EdgeInsets.all(20),
                  alignment: Alignment.center,
                  color: Colors.lightGreen,
                  child: Text(
                    '${model.counter}',
                  ),
                );
              },
            ),
            Consumer<MyModel>(
              builder: (context, model, child) {
                return FlatButton(
                    color: Colors.tealAccent,
                    onPressed: model.incrementCounter,
                    child: Icon(Icons.add));
              },
            ),
          ],
        ),
      ),
    );
  }
}

class MyModel with ChangeNotifier {
  int counter = 0;

  Future<void> incrementCounter() async {
    await Future.delayed(Duration(seconds: 2));
    counter++;
    notifyListeners();
    print(counter);
  }
}
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MultiProvider

上面的示例都僅使用了一個Model物件。如果需要提供第二種型別的Model物件,可以巢狀Provider。但是,巢狀迷之縮排,可讀性低。這時候使用MultiProvider非常簡潔,

我們改下上面的計數器,一般首頁會有一個banner和列表。我們用上面的計數器模擬banner,下面的計數器模擬列表:

class MyHomePage extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return MultiProvider(
      providers: [
        ChangeNotifierProvider<BannerModel>(create: (context) => BannerModel()),
        ChangeNotifierProvider<ListModel>(create: (context) => ListModel()),
      ],
      child: Scaffold(
        appBar: AppBar(
          title: Text('provider'),
        ),
        body: Column(
          children: <Widget>[
            Builder(
              builder: (context) {
                BannerModel modol = Provider.of<BannerModel>(context);
                return Container(
                    margin: const EdgeInsets.only(top: 20),
                    width: MediaQuery.of(context).size.width,
                    padding: const EdgeInsets.all(20),
                    alignment: Alignment.center,
                    color: Colors.lightBlueAccent,
                    child: Text('當前Banner有幾個:${modol.counter}'));
              },
            ),
            Consumer<ListModel>(
              builder: (context, model, child) {
                return Container(
                  margin: const EdgeInsets.only(top: 20),
                  width: MediaQuery.of(context).size.width,
                  padding: const EdgeInsets.all(20),
                  alignment: Alignment.center,
                  color: Colors.lightGreen,
                  child: Text(
                    '當前Banner有幾個:${model.counter}',
                  ),
                );
              },
            ),
            Consumer<BannerModel>(
              builder: (context, model, child) {
                return FlatButton(
                    color: Colors.tealAccent,
                    onPressed: model.getBanner,
                    child: Text("獲取banner"));
              },
            ),
            Consumer<ListModel>(
              builder: (context, model, child) {
                return FlatButton(
                    color: Colors.tealAccent,
                    onPressed: model.getList,
                    child: Text("獲取列表"));
              },
            ),
          ],
        ),
      ),
    );
  }
}

class BannerModel with ChangeNotifier {
  int counter = 0;

  Future<void> getBanner() async {
    await Future.delayed(Duration(seconds: 2));
    counter++;
    notifyListeners();
    print(counter);
  }
}

class ListModel with ChangeNotifier {
  int counter = 0;

  Future<void> getList() async {
    await Future.delayed(Duration(seconds: 2));
    counter++;
    notifyListeners();
    print(counter);
  }
}
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MultiProvider

按下banner按鈕,就單獨獲取banner的數值,並更新banner的Consumer。列表的同理。

ProxyProvider

如果要提供兩個Model,但是其中一個Model取決於另一個Model,在這種情況下,可以使用ProxyProvider。A ProxyProvider從一個Provider獲取值,然後將其注入另一個Provider,

把上面的改下,比如的上傳圖片功能,需要先把圖片提交到圖片伺服器,然後再把連結傳送到後臺伺服器:

class MyHomePage extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return MultiProvider(
      providers: [
        ChangeNotifierProvider<PicModel>(create: (context) => PicModel()),
        ProxyProvider<PicModel, SubmitModel>(
          update: (context, myModel, anotherModel) => SubmitModel(myModel),
        ),
      ],
      child: Scaffold(
        appBar: AppBar(
          title: Text('provider'),
        ),
        body: Column(
          children: <Widget>[
            Builder(
              builder: (context) {
                PicModel modol = Provider.of<PicModel>(context);
                return Container(
                    margin: const EdgeInsets.only(top: 20),
                    width: MediaQuery.of(context).size.width,
                    padding: const EdgeInsets.all(20),
                    alignment: Alignment.center,
                    color: Colors.lightBlueAccent,
                    child: Text('提交圖片:${modol.counter}'));
              },
            ),

            Consumer<PicModel>(
              builder: (context, model, child) {
                return FlatButton(
                    color: Colors.tealAccent,
                    onPressed: model.upLoadPic,
                    child: Text("提交圖片"));
              },
            ),
            Consumer<SubmitModel>(
              builder: (context, model, child) {
                return FlatButton(
                    color: Colors.tealAccent,
                    onPressed: model.subMit,
                    child: Text("提交"));
              },
            ),
          ],
        ),
      ),
    );
  }
}

class PicModel with ChangeNotifier {
  int counter = 0;

  Future<void> upLoadPic() async {
    await Future.delayed(Duration(seconds: 2));
    counter++;
    notifyListeners();
    print(counter);
  }
}

class SubmitModel {
  PicModel _model;

  SubmitModel(this._model);

  Future<void> subMit() async {
    await _model.upLoadPic();
  }
}
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基於MVVM模式封裝Provider

相信大家都已經理解provider的流程,如下圖:

MVVM

上面已經演示完了Provider的用法,在開發中,我們需要Model充當ViewModel,處理業務邏輯,但是每次都寫樣板程式碼的話也很麻煩,所以需要封裝下,易於使用。

Simulator Screen Shot - iPhone SE (2nd generation) - 2020-05-31 at 23.35.55.png

class MyHomePage extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return ChangeNotifierProvider<LoginViewModel>(
      create: (BuildContext context) {
        return LoginViewModel(loginServive: LoginServive());
      },
      child: Scaffold(
        appBar: AppBar(
          title: Text('provider'),
        ),
        body: Column(
          children: <Widget>[
            Consumer<LoginViewModel>(
              builder: (context, model, child) {
                return Text(model.info);
              },
            ),
            Consumer<LoginViewModel>(
              builder: (context, model, child) {
                return FlatButton(
                    color: Colors.tealAccent,
                    onPressed: () => model.login("pwd"),
                    child: Text("登入"));
              },
            ),
          ],
        ),
      ),
    );
  }
}

/// viewModel
class LoginViewModel extends ChangeNotifier {
  LoginServive _loginServive;
  String info = '請登入';

  LoginViewModel({@required LoginServive loginServive})
      : _loginServive = loginServive;

  Future<String> login(String pwd) async {
    info = await _loginServive.login(pwd);
    notifyListeners();
  }
}

/// api
class LoginServive {
  static const String Login_path = 'xxxxxx';

  Future<String> login(String pwd) async {
    return new Future.delayed(const Duration(seconds: 1), () => "登入成功");
  }
}
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這種頁面寫法,基本每個頁面都要,下面我們一步一步開始封裝。

  1. 一般頁面載入的時候會顯示一個loading,然後載入成功展示資料,失敗就展示失敗頁面,所以列舉一個頁面狀態:
enum ViewState { Loading, Success,Failure }
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  1. ViewModel都會在頁面狀態屬性改變後更新ui,通常會呼叫notifyListeners,把這一步移到BaseModel中:
class BaseModel extends ChangeNotifier {
  ViewState _state = ViewState.Loading;

  ViewState get state => _state;

  void setState(ViewState viewState) {
    _state = viewState;
    notifyListeners();
  }
}
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  1. 我們知道ui裡需要ChangeNotifierProvider提供Model,並且用Consumer更新ui。因此我們也將其內建到BaseView中:
class BaseWidget<T extends ChangeNotifier> extends StatefulWidget {
  final Widget Function(BuildContext context, T value, Widget child) builder;
  final T model;
  final Widget child;

  BaseWidget({Key key, this.model, this.builder, this.child}) : super(key: key);

  @override
  State<StatefulWidget> createState() => _BaseWidgetState();

}

class _BaseWidgetState<T extends ChangeNotifier> extends State<BaseWidget<T>> {

  T model;

  @override
  void initState() {
    model = widget.model;
    super.initState();
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return ChangeNotifierProvider<T>.value(
      value: model,
      child: Consumer<T>(
        builder: widget.builder,
        child: widget.child,
      ),
    );
  }
}
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  1. 有時候我們的頁面資料只是區域性更新,Consumer的child屬性就是模型更改時不需要重建的UI,所以我們將需要更新的ui放在builder裡,不需要更新的寫在child裡:
Consumer<LoginViewModel>(
  // Pass the login header as a prebuilt-static child
  child: LoginHeader(controller: _controller),
  builder: (context, model, child) => Scaffold(
    ...
    body: Column (

      children: [
//不更新的部分
        child,
        ...
      ]
    )
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  1. 大多時候,我們已進入一個頁面,就要獲取資料,所以我們也把這個操作移入基類:
class BaseWidget<T extends ChangeNotifier> extends StatefulWidget {

final Function(T) onModelReady;
...

 BaseWidget({
   ...
    this.onModelReady,
  });
  ...
}

...

@override
void initState() {
  model = widget.model;

  if (widget.onModelReady != null) {
    widget.onModelReady(model);
  }

  super.initState();
}
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現在,我們用封裝的基類完成登入頁面:

class MyHomePage extends StatelessWidget {
  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return BaseWidget<LoginViewModel>(
      model: LoginViewModel(loginServive: LoginServive()),
      builder: (context, model, child) => Scaffold(
        appBar: AppBar(
          title: Text('provider'),
        ),
        body: Column(
          children: <Widget>[
            model.state == ViewState.Loading
                ? Center(
                    child: CircularProgressIndicator(),
                  )
                : Text(model.info),
            FlatButton(
                color: Colors.tealAccent,
                onPressed: () => model.login("pwd"),
                child: Text("登入")),
          ],
        ),
      ),
    );
  }
}

/// viewModel
class LoginViewModel extends BaseModel {
  LoginServive _loginServive;
  String info = '請登入';

  LoginViewModel({@required LoginServive loginServive})
      : _loginServive = loginServive;

  Future<String> login(String pwd) async {
    setState(ViewState.Loading);
    info = await _loginServive.login(pwd);
    setState(ViewState.Success);
  }
}

/// api
class LoginServive {
  static const String Login_path = 'xxxxxx';

  Future<String> login(String pwd) async {
    return new Future.delayed(const Duration(seconds: 1), () => "登入成功");
  }
}

enum ViewState { Loading, Success, Failure, None }

class BaseModel extends ChangeNotifier {
  ViewState _state = ViewState.None;

  ViewState get state => _state;

  void setState(ViewState viewState) {
    _state = viewState;
    notifyListeners();
  }
}

class BaseWidget<T extends ChangeNotifier> extends StatefulWidget {
  final Widget Function(BuildContext context, T model, Widget child) builder;
  final T model;
  final Widget child;
  final Function(T) onModelReady;

  BaseWidget({
    Key key,
    this.builder,
    this.model,
    this.child,
    this.onModelReady,
  }) : super(key: key);

  _BaseWidgetState<T> createState() => _BaseWidgetState<T>();
}

class _BaseWidgetState<T extends ChangeNotifier> extends State<BaseWidget<T>> {
  T model;

  @override
  void initState() {
    model = widget.model;

    if (widget.onModelReady != null) {
      widget.onModelReady(model);
    }

    super.initState();
  }

  @override
  Widget build(BuildContext context) {
    return ChangeNotifierProvider<T>(
      create: (BuildContext context) => model,
      child: Consumer<T>(
        builder: widget.builder,
        child: widget.child,
      ),
    );
  }
}
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