伺服器開發利器 golang context 用法詳解

劍塵發表於2019-02-06

kingeasternsun · 2017-06-29 09:07:03 · 17198 次點選 · 預計閱讀時間 7 分鐘 · 20分鐘之前 開始瀏覽
這是一個建立於 2017-06-29 09:07:03 的文章,其中的資訊可能已經有所發展或是發生改變。
本文主要基於官方文件Go Concurrency Patterns: Context以及視訊Advanced Go Concurrency Patterns的學習而得。

背景
在go伺服器中,對於每個請求的request都是在單獨的goroutine中進行的,處理一個request也可能設計多個goroutine之間的互動, 使用context可以使開發者方便的在這些goroutine裡傳遞request相關的資料、取消goroutine的signal或截止日期。

Context結構
// A Context carries a deadline, cancelation signal, and request-scoped values
// across API boundaries. Its methods are safe for simultaneous use by multiple
// goroutines.
type Context interface {
// Done returns a channel that is closed when this Context is canceled
// or times out.
Done() <-chan struct{}

// Err indicates why this context was canceled, after the Done channel
// is closed.
Err() error

// Deadline returns the time when this Context will be canceled, if any.
Deadline() (deadline time.Time, ok bool)

// Value returns the value associated with key or nil if none.
Value(key interface{}) interface{}

}
Done 方法在Context被取消或超時時返回一個close的channel,close的channel可以作為廣播通知,告訴給context相關的函式要停止當前工作然後返回。

當一個父operation啟動一個goroutine用於子operation,這些子operation不能夠取消父operation。下面描述的WithCancel函式提供一種方式可以取消新建立的Context.

Context可以安全的被多個goroutine使用。開發者可以把一個Context傳遞給任意多個goroutine然後cancel這個context的時候就能夠通知到所有的goroutine。

Err方法返回context為什麼被取消。

Deadline返回context何時會超時。

Value返回context相關的資料。

繼承的Context
BackGround
// Background returns an empty Context. It is never canceled, has no deadline,
// and has no values. Background is typically used in main, init, and tests,
// and as the top-level Context for incoming requests.
func Background() Context
BackGound是所有Context的root,不能夠被cancel。

WithCancel
// WithCancel returns a copy of parent whose Done channel is closed as soon as
// parent.Done is closed or cancel is called.
func WithCancel(parent Context) (ctx Context, cancel CancelFunc)
WithCancel返回一個繼承的Context,這個Context在父Context的Done被關閉時關閉自己的Done通道,或者在自己被Cancel的時候關閉自己的Done。
WithCancel同時還返回一個取消函式cancel,這個cancel用於取消當前的Context。

視訊Advanced Go Concurrency Patterns中的第一個關於WithCancel的樣例程式碼,本人有所修改

package main

import (
"context"
"log"
"os"
"time"
)

var logg *log.Logger

func someHandler() {
ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
go doStuff(ctx)

//10秒後取消doStuff
time.Sleep(10 * time.Second)
cancel()

}

//每1秒work一下,同時會判斷ctx是否被取消了,如果是就退出
func doStuff(ctx context.Context) {
for {
time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)
select {
case <-ctx.Done():
logg.Printf("done")
return
default:
logg.Printf("work")
}
}
}

func main() {
logg = log.New(os.Stdout, "", log.Ltime)
someHandler()
logg.Printf("down")
}
結果

E:\wdy\goproject>go run context_learn.go
15:06:44 work
15:06:45 work
15:06:46 work
15:06:47 work
15:06:48 work
15:06:49 work
15:06:50 work
15:06:51 work
15:06:52 work
15:06:53 down
withDeadline withTimeout
WithTimeout func(parent Context, timeout time.Duration) (Context, CancelFunc)
WithTimeout returns WithDeadline(parent, time.Now().Add(timeout)).
WithTimeout 等價於 WithDeadline(parent, time.Now().Add(timeout)).

對上面的樣例程式碼進行修改

func timeoutHandler() {
// ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5time.Second)
ctx, cancel := context.WithDeadline(context.Background(), time.Now().Add(5
time.Second))
// go doTimeOutStuff(ctx)
go doStuff(ctx)

time.Sleep(10 * time.Second)

cancel()

}

func main() {
logg = log.New(os.Stdout, "", log.Ltime)
timeoutHandler()
logg.Printf("end")
}
輸出

15:59:22 work
15:59:24 work
15:59:25 work
15:59:26 work
15:59:27 done
15:59:31 end
可以看到doStuff在context超時的時候被取消了,ctx.Done()被關閉。
將context.WithDeadline替換為context.WithTimeout

func timeoutHandler() {
ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5time.Second)
// ctx, cancel := context.WithDeadline(context.Background(), time.Now().Add(5
time.Second))
// go doTimeOutStuff(ctx)
go doStuff(ctx)

time.Sleep(10 * time.Second)

cancel()

}
輸出

16:02:47 work
16:02:49 work
16:02:50 work
16:02:51 work
16:02:52 done
16:02:56 end
根據視訊Advanced Go Concurrency Patterns5分48秒處的程式碼編寫doTimeOutStuff替換doStuff

func doTimeOutStuff(ctx context.Context) {
for {
time.Sleep(1 * time.Second)

    if deadline, ok := ctx.Deadline(); ok { //設定了deadl
        logg.Printf("deadline set")
        if time.Now().After(deadline) {
            logg.Printf(ctx.Err().Error())
            return
        }

    }

    select {
    case <-ctx.Done():
        logg.Printf("done")
        return
    default:
        logg.Printf("work")
    }
}

}

func timeoutHandler() {
ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5time.Second)
// ctx, cancel := context.WithDeadline(context.Background(), time.Now().Add(5
time.Second))
go doTimeOutStuff(ctx)
// go doStuff(ctx)

time.Sleep(10 * time.Second)

cancel()

}
輸出:

16:03:55 deadline set
16:03:55 work
16:03:56 deadline set
16:03:56 work
16:03:57 deadline set
16:03:57 work
16:03:58 deadline set
16:03:58 work
16:03:59 deadline set
16:03:59 context deadline exceeded
16:04:04 end
context deadline exceeded就是ctx超時的時候ctx.Err的錯誤訊息。

搜尋測試程式
完整程式碼參見官方文件Go Concurrency Patterns: Context,其中關鍵的地方在於函式httpDo

func httpDo(ctx context.Context, req http.Request, f func(http.Response, error) error) error {
// Run the HTTP request in a goroutine and pass the response to f.
tr := &http.Transport{}
client := &http.Client{Transport: tr}
c := make(chan error, 1)
go func() { c <- f(client.Do(req)) }()
select {
case <-ctx.Done():
tr.CancelRequest(req)
<-c // Wait for f to return.
return ctx.Err()
case err := <-c:
return err
}
}
httpDo關鍵的地方在於

select {
case <-ctx.Done():
    tr.CancelRequest(req)
    <-c // Wait for f to return.
    return ctx.Err()
case err := <-c:
    return err
}

要麼ctx被取消,要麼request請求出錯。

WithValue
func WithValue(parent Context, key interface{}, val interface{}) Context
參見搜尋程式userip中的程式碼
關鍵的程式碼如下:

// NewContext returns a new Context carrying userIP.
func NewContext(ctx context.Context, userIP net.IP) context.Context {
return context.WithValue(ctx, userIPKey, userIP)
}

// FromContext extracts the user IP address from ctx, if present.
func FromContext(ctx context.Context) (net.IP, bool) {
// ctx.Value returns nil if ctx has no value for the key;
// the net.IP type assertion returns ok=false for nil.
userIP, ok := ctx.Value(userIPKey).(net.IP)
return userIP, ok
}
go doc中的資訊
The WithCancel, WithDeadline, and WithTimeout functions take a Context (the
parent) and return a derived Context (the child) and a CancelFunc. Calling
the CancelFunc cancels the child and its children, removes the parent's
reference to the child, and stops any associated timers.
裡面需要注意的就是 呼叫CancelFunc會取消child以及child生成的context,取出父context對這個child的引用,停止相關的計數器。

後記
之前一直在CSDN上寫文章,後面會逐步轉換到簡書上,還請大家多多支援。

本文來自:簡書

感謝作者:kingeasternsun

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