目錄
我(夢在旅途,http://zuowj.cnblogs.com; http://www.zuowenjun.cn)最近發表的一篇文章《.NET CORE與Spring Boot編寫控制檯程式應有的優雅姿勢》看到都上48小時閱讀排行榜(當然之前發表的文章也有哦!),說明關注.NET CORE及Spring Boot的人很多,也是目前的主流方向,於是我便決定系統性的總結一下C# 與JAVA 、ASP.NET CORE 與 Spring Boot MVC,讓更多的人瞭解它們,消除之前可能存在的對.NET或JAVA的誤解。
本文目的是通過全面簡述C# 與JAVA 在基礎語法以及ASP.NET CORE 與 Spring Boot MVC的在框架規範、部署、執行的異曲同工的實現方式,讓大家更多的瞭解C#與JAVA,本文不會刻意說哪門語言好,我認為這是沒有意義的,更多的是瞭解每種語言的特點、優點以及不同語言的共性,掌握程式設計內功(如:物件導向、DI、AOP、設計模式、演算法),這樣才能讓自己更能適應社會及未來的變化。
本文主要以示例程式碼為主,輔以簡單文字說明,不會細講每個語法點,只會體現不同的實現方式而矣,全文無廢話,全是乾貨,慢慢欣賞吧。
(注:本文內容是使用Markdown編輯器進行編輯完成!)
C# VS JAVA 基礎語法類比篇:
一、匿名類
C#(直接new{},在{}中直接定義只讀公開屬性或委託方法,無需預先定義任何介面或類)
#region 1.匿名類
var helloWord = new
{
CodeBy = "C#匿名類",
Output = new Action<string, string>((name, codeBy) =>
{
System.Console.WriteLine($"Welcome:{name},Hello Word! by {codeBy}");
})
};
helloWord.Output("夢在旅途", helloWord.CodeBy);
#endregion
JAVA(需要先定義介面或類,然後 new 介面或類的建構函式{},{}內實現介面方法或重寫父類介面)
//1.匿名類
IHelloWord helloWord=new IHelloWord() {
@Override
public void output(String name) {
System.out.printf("Welcome:%s,Hello Word! by %s\n",name,getCodeBy());
}
@Override
public String getCodeBy() {
return "JAVA匿名類";
}
};
helloWord.output("夢在旅途");
public interface IHelloWord {
void output(String name);
String getCodeBy();
}
二、型別初始化
C#(IList型別(Dictionary、List)直接在new 型別{},在{}內直接使用{key,value}或{value}方式新增集合元素,其實是隱式呼叫了add方法)
#region 2.型別初始化
Dictionary<string, string> map = new Dictionary<string, string>
{
{ "key1","value1" },//(隱式自動呼叫add方法)
{ "key2", "value2" },
{ "key3", "value3" }
};
foreach (var item in map)
{
System.Console.WriteLine($"key:{item.Key},value:{item.Value}");
}
List<string> list = new List<string>
{
"list-item1",//(隱式自動呼叫add方法)
"list-item2",
"list-item3"
};
foreach (string item in list)
{
System.Console.WriteLine(item);
}
String[] strArr = { "arr1", "arr2", "arr3" };
foreach (string item in strArr)
{
System.Console.WriteLine(item);
}
Person person = new Person
{
Name = "夢在旅途",
Age = 23,
Sex = "男"
};
string json = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(person);
System.Console.WriteLine("Person json:" + json);
#endregion
JAVA(new集合型別{},並在{}內再次使用{},即{{賦值 }},在雙大括號內進行賦值操作,省略類名,這個特點有點類似VB及VB.NET的with語句,大家有興趣可以瞭解一下,陣列的初始化與C#相同,都可以直接在定義陣列的時候在{}中給定元素)
//2.型別初始化
Map<String,String> map=new HashMap(){
{
put("key1","value1");
put("key2","value2");
put("key3","value3");
}
};
for (Map.Entry<String, String> item:map.entrySet()) {
System.out.printf("key:%1$s,value:%2$s\n",item.getKey(),item.getValue());
}
List<String> list=new ArrayList(){
{
add("list-item1");
add("list-item2");
add("list-item3");
}
};
for (String item :list) {
System.out.printf("%s\n",item);
}
String[] strArr={"arr1","arr2","arr3"};
for (String item :strArr) {
System.out.printf("%s\n",item);
}
Person person=new Person(){
{
setName("zwj");
setAge(32);
setSex("男");
}
};
ObjectMapper jsonMapper=new ObjectMapper();
String json= jsonMapper.writeValueAsString(person);
System.out.println("Person json:" + json);
三、委託(方法引用)
C#(委託定義使用delegate關鍵字,後面就跟方法答名定義【不含方法體】,可委託普通方法,靜態方法,有很多的現成的預定義委託型別,如:Action<T0...T16>,Func<T0...T16,TOut>各有16個過載)
#region 3.委託
delegate void HelloDelegate(string name);//定義委託型別(重點是方法簽名)
//常規普通自定義委託型別及委託相應的方法
HelloWord helloWordObj = new HelloWord();
HelloDelegate helloDelegate = helloWordObj.Output; //委託例項方法
helloDelegate.Invoke("夢在旅途");// OR helloDelegate("夢在旅途");
HelloDelegate helloDelegate2 = HelloWord.OutputForStatic; //委託類的靜態方法
helloDelegate2.Invoke("zuowenjun"); // OR helloDelegate2("zuowenjun");
//使用通用的已封裝好的委託型別(如:Func、Action)並例項化
Func<int, int, int> multiplyFunc = new Func<int, int, int>(delegate (int a, int b)
{
return a * b;
});
int x = 12, y = 25;
int multiplyResult = multiplyFunc.Invoke(x, y); //OR multiplyFunc(x,y);
System.Console.WriteLine($"{x}乘以{y}等於:{multiplyResult}");
Action<string> helloAction = new Action<string>(delegate (string name)
{
System.Console.WriteLine($"hello,{name},how are you!");
System.Console.WriteLine("learning keep moving!");
});
helloAction.Invoke("www.zuowenjun.cn");
#endregion
JAVA(定義委託需要先定義委託型別【即:函式式介面,規則:介面+@FunctionalInterface+一個方法定義】,然後就可以普通方法,靜態方法,有很多的現成的預定義委託型別【即:函式式介面】,如:BiFunction,Consumer等)
//3.委託
HelloWord helloWordObj = new HelloWord();
HelloWordDelegate helloWordDelegate = helloWordObj::output;
helloWordDelegate.invoke("夢在旅途");
HelloWordDelegate helloWordDelegate2 = HelloWord::outputForStatic;
helloWordDelegate2.invoke("zuowenjun");
//使用已封裝好的委託方法(JAVA這邊稱:函式式介面,有很多詳見:https://www.runoob.com/java/java8-functional-interfaces.html)
BiFunction<Integer, Integer, Integer> multiplyFunc = new BiFunction<Integer, Integer, Integer>() {
@Override
public Integer apply(Integer i, Integer i2) {
return i * i2;
}
};
int x = 12, y = 25;
int multiplyResult = multiplyFunc.apply(x, y);
System.out.printf("%d乘以%d等於:%d%n", x, y, multiplyResult);
Consumer<String> helloAction=new Consumer<String>() {
@Override
public void accept(String s) {
System.out.printf("hello,%s,how are you!%n",s);
System.out.printf("learning keep moving!%n");
}
};
helloAction.accept("www.zuowenjun.cn");
@FunctionalInterface
public interface HelloWordDelegate {
void invoke(String name);
}
public class HelloWord implements IHelloWord {
@Override
public void output(String name) {
System.out.printf("Welcome:%s,Hello Word! by %s\n",name,getCodeBy());
}
public static void outputForStatic(String name){
System.out.printf("Welcome:%s,Hello Word! by JAVA static\n",name);
}
@Override
public String getCodeBy() {
return "JAVA";
}
}
四、Lambda表示式
C#(使用(入參)=>{方法處理體},與要傳入或要例項化的委託方法簽名相同即可)
#region 4.Lambda
Func<int, int, int> multiplyFunc2 = new Func<int, int, int>((a, b) => a * b);
int x2 = 12, y2 = 25;
int multiplyResult2 = multiplyFunc2.Invoke(x2, y2); //OR multiplyFunc(x,y);
System.Console.WriteLine($"{x2}乘以{y2}等於:{multiplyResult2}");
Action<string> helloAction2 = new Action<string>(name =>
{
System.Console.WriteLine($"hello,{name},how are you!");
System.Console.WriteLine("learning keep moving!");
});
helloAction2.Invoke("www.zuowenjun.cn");
int[] intArr = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 };
intArr = intArr.Where(i => i >= 5).ToArray();
foreach (int i in intArr)
{
System.Console.WriteLine($"int-{i}");
}
string msg = "測試外部變數被Lambda引用";
Action testMsgAction = () =>
{
msg += "--改變內容";
System.Console.WriteLine("Lambda方法體中的值:" + msg);
};
testMsgAction();
System.Console.WriteLine("原始值:" + msg);
#endregion
JAVA(使用(入參)->{方法處理體},與要傳入或要例項化的方法簽名相同,且傳入或例項化的型別必需是函式式介面【可以理解為自定義的委託型別】,注意與C#不同,Lambda方法體內不能引用外部非final的變數,與C# Lambda有本質不同)
//4.Lambda
BiFunction<Integer, Integer, Integer> multiplyFunc = (i1, i2) -> i1 * i2;
int x = 12, y = 25;
int multiplyResult = multiplyFunc.apply(x, y);
System.out.printf("%d乘以%d等於:%d%n", x, y, multiplyResult);
Consumer<String> helloAction= s -> {
System.out.printf("hello,%s,how are you!%n",s);
System.out.printf("learning keep moving!%n");
};
helloAction.accept("www.zuowenjun.cn");
int[] intArr = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 };
intArr= Arrays.stream(intArr).filter(value -> value>=5).toArray();
for (int n : intArr) {
System.out.printf("int-%d%n",n);
}
五、泛型
C#(真泛型,不同的泛型型別引數視為不同的型別,有泛型介面,泛型類,泛型方法,泛型委託,泛型約束:in表示逆變【泛型引數父型別轉子型別,屬於消費者,一般用於入參】,out 表示協變【泛型引數子型別轉父型別】,只有委託、介面才支援可變性)
#region 5.泛型
//常用泛型集合型別
List<int> intList = new List<int> { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 };
List<long> longList = new List<long> { 1L, 2L, 3L, 4L, 5L, 6L, 7L, 8L, 9L };
Dictionary<string, string> dic = new Dictionary<string, string> {
{ "k1","v1"},{ "k2","v2"},{ "k3","v3"}
};
//泛型方法
var demo = new DemoGenericClass();
//demo.DisplayResult("學習永無止境"); 錯誤,因為約束是值型別
demo.DisplayResult(ConsoleColor.DarkGreen);
List<YellowPerson> yellowPersonList = new List<YellowPerson> {
new YellowPerson(){ Name="zzz",Age=11,Sex="G"},
new YellowPerson(){ Name="xxx",Age=22,Sex="B"}
};
//協變(泛型引數子類轉父類)
//public interface IEnumerable<out T>
IEnumerable<YellowPerson> yellowPersons = yellowPersonList;
IEnumerable<Person> persons = yellowPersons;//協變(子類到父類的轉變) ,泛型引數 out標記,一般用於出參,這個正確的
// List<Person> personList = yellowPersonList; 因為List是類,而且泛型引數並沒有標記out,不適用協變,故這樣轉換是錯誤的
foreach (var p in persons)
{
System.Console.WriteLine($"item :【Name={p.Name},Age={p.Age},Sex={p.Sex},Color={p.Color}】");
}
//逆變(泛型引數父類轉子類)
Action<object, object> showPlusResultAction = (d1, d2) => Console.WriteLine($"{d1}+{d2}={d1.ToString() + d2.ToString()}");
Action<string, string> showStrPlusResultAction = showPlusResultAction;//逆變(父類到子類的轉變),泛型引數 in標記,一般用於入參
showPlusResultAction(55, 66);
showStrPlusResultAction("你好", "中國");
ShowMsg<Person> showMsg = new ShowMsg<Person>((p) =>
{
System.Console.WriteLine($"ShowMsg :【Name={p.Name},Age={p.Age},Sex={p.Sex},Color={p.Color}】");
});
//ShowMsg<HelloWord> showMsg2 = new ShowMsg<HelloWord>(...); 這樣是不行的,因為泛型約束為需繼承自Person
showMsg.Invoke(new Person() { Name = "zuowenjun", Age = 33, Sex = "B" });
showMsg.Invoke(new YellowPerson() { Name = "zuowenjun2", Age = 33, Sex = "B" });
//綜合演示:入參逆變,出參協變
Func<Person, Person, string> getDataFunc = (x, y) => x.Name + y.Name;
Func<YellowPerson, YellowPerson, object> getDataFunc2 = getDataFunc;
object dataResult = getDataFunc2(new YellowPerson() { Name = "張三", Age = 33, Sex = "G" }, new YellowPerson() { Name = "趙六", Age = 33, Sex = "B" });
System.Console.WriteLine($"getDataFunc2:{dataResult}");
List<int> a = new List<int>();
List<String> b = new List<string>();
bool isEqual = (a.GetType() == b.GetType());
System.Console.WriteLine($"List<int> 與 List<String> {(isEqual ? "is" : "not")} Equal ");//結果是不相等
#endregion
//以上示例需要用到的類
public class BaseClass
{
/// <summary>
/// 必需是用virtual標記的方法(即:虛方法)或abstract標記的方法(即:抽象方法)子類才能使用override進行重寫
/// </summary>
/// <param name="name"></param>
public virtual void SayHello(string name)
{
System.Console.WriteLine($"{nameof(BaseClass)} Say:{name},hello!");
}
}
public class DemoGenericClass : BaseClass, IDisposable
{
public void DisplayResult<T>(T arg) where T : struct
{
System.Console.WriteLine($"DemoGenericClass.DisplayResult:{arg}");
}
public void Dispose()
{
System.Console.WriteLine("DemoGenericClass Disposed");
}
public override void SayHello(string name)
{
base.SayHello(name);
System.Console.WriteLine($"{nameof(DemoGenericClass)} Say:{name},hello again!");
}
}
public class Person
{
public virtual Color Color { get; }
public string Name { get; set; }
public int Age { get; set; }
public string Sex { get; set; }
}
public class BlackPerson : Person
{
public override Color Color => Color.Black;
}
public class YellowPerson : Person
{
public override Color Color => Color.Yellow;
}
public class WhitePerson : Person
{
public override Color Color => Color.White;
}
JAVA(偽泛型,編譯後型別引數擦除,同一個泛型型別不同的泛型引數型別相同,有泛型介面,泛型類,泛型方法,泛型約束:super限定下邊界,逆變,用於入參,屬於消費者,extends限定上邊界,協變,用於出參,屬於生產者,還有?通匹符)
//常用泛型集合
List<Integer> intList = new ArrayList(){
{
add(1);
add(2);
add(3);
add(4);
add(5);
}
};
Map<String,String> map=new HashMap(){
{
put("k1","v1");
put("k2","v2");
put("k3","v3");
}
};
//泛型方法
DemoGenericClass demo=new DemoGenericClass();
demo.displayResult(new YellowPerson(){{
setName("zwj");setSex("B");setAge(33);
}});
List<Integer> a=new ArrayList<>();
List<String> b=new ArrayList<>();
boolean isEqual =(a.getClass()==b.getClass());
System.out.printf("List<Integer>與List<String> %s Equal %n",isEqual?"is":"not"); //結果是相等,都是同一個List型別,不能使用instanceof判斷泛型型別例項
//協變、逆變(詳見說明:https://www.jianshu.com/p/2bf15c5265c5 ,意義與C#相同)
List<? super Person> persons=new ArrayList<>(); //super:限定下邊界,逆變,用於入參
persons.add(new Person(){
{
setName("張三");
setAge(25);
setSex("B");
}
});
persons.add(new YellowPerson(){
{
setName("趙六");
setAge(18);
setSex("G");
}
});
List<? extends Person> result= (List<? extends Person>) persons;//extends:限定上邊界,協變,用於出參
for (Person p:result){
System.out.printf("Person list item:%s %n",p.toString());
}
//以上示例需要用到的類
public class DemoGenericClass implements AutoCloseable
{
@Override
public void close() throws Exception {
System.out.println("DemoGenericClass closed");
}
public <T extends Person> void displayResult(T arg) //泛型約束(泛型引數上邊界,協變)
{
System.out.printf("DemoGenericClass.DisplayResult:%s %n",arg.toString());
}
}
public class Person {
private String name;
private int age;
private String sex;
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
public String getSex() {
return sex;
}
public void setSex(String sex) {
this.sex = sex;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return String.format("Person=[Name:%s,Age:%d,Sex:%s] %n", name, age, sex);
}
}
class YellowPerson extends Person {
@Override
public String toString() {
return "YellowPerson#toString-"+ super.toString();
}
}
六、自動釋放
C#(採用using包裹,要實現自動釋放必需實現AutoCloseable介面)
using (var demo2 = new DemoGenericClass()) //DemoGenericClass實現IDisposable介面
{
demo2.DisplayResult(123456);
}
JAVA(採用try包裹,要實現自動釋放必需實現IDisposable介面)
try(DemoGenericClass demo=new DemoGenericClass()) {
demo.displayResult(new YellowPerson(){
{
setName("zuowenjun");
setAge(33);
setSex("B");
}
});
}
七、重寫(override)
C#(必需是用virtual標記的方法(即:虛方法)或abstract標記的方法(即:抽象方法)子類才能使用override進行重寫,重寫後父類的方法將被子類取代,若需在子類中執行父類被重寫的方法,應使用base關鍵字,若父類方法非虛方法或抽象方法但又想“重寫”怎麼辦?則只能使用new覆蓋方法,覆蓋方法與重寫方法的不同之處在於,在父類中仍可以正常執行父類的方法而不會執行子類的覆蓋方法,覆蓋方法的方法簽名、訪問修飾符均沒有嚴格限制,即使不相同仍不會報錯,但IDE會有提示,如需真正覆蓋父類方法,則應按照重寫的規範來,只是使用new來修飾覆蓋方法,但覆蓋方法與重寫方法有本質不同,一般情況下更建議使用重寫方法)
C#所有類的普通方法預設是密封方法(類似JAVA的final方法),是不允許被重寫,可以理解為預設是不開放的,需要開放重寫的方法必需使用virtual標記為虛方法(虛方法至少是protected及以上的訪問許可權),若重寫後不想被後續的子類再次重寫,則可以標記為sealed,即:密封方法
public class BaseClass
{
/// <summary>
/// 必需是用virtual標記的方法(即:虛方法)或abstract標記的方法(即:抽象方法)子類才能使用override進行重寫
/// </summary>
/// <param name="name"></param>
public virtual void SayHello(string name)
{
System.Console.WriteLine($"{nameof(BaseClass)} Say:{name},hello!");
}
}
public class DemoGenericClass : BaseClass
{
public override void SayHello(string name)
{
base.SayHello(name);
System.Console.WriteLine($"{nameof(DemoGenericClass)} Say:{name},hello again!");
}
}
JAVA(非private 且非 final 修飾的普通方法預設均可在子類中進行重寫,重寫要求基本與C#相同,只是無需強制Override關鍵字,但建議仍使用@Override註解,以便IDE進行重寫規範檢查,重寫後父類的方法將被子類取代,若需在子類中執行父類被重寫的方法,應使用super關鍵字)
JAVA所有類的普通方法預設是虛方法,都是可以被重寫,可以理解為預設是開放重寫的,若不想被重寫則應標記為final ,即:最終方法(C#中稱密封方法)
public class BaseClass{
public void testOutput(String msg){
System.out.println("output Msg:" + msg);
}
}
public class DemoGenericClass extends BaseClass
{
@Override
public void testOutput(String msg){
super.testOutput(msg);
System.out.println("output again Msg:" + msg);
}
}
ASP.NET CORE VS Spring Boot 框架部署類比篇:
一、引用依賴(包)
C#(編輯csproj檔案,可以通過PackageReference引用包、ProjectReference引用同一個解決方案下的其它專案,Reference引用本地DLL元件,csproj除了引用包以外,還可以通過在PropertyGroup元素下配置相關的屬性,比如TargetFramework指定SDK框架版本等)
.NET專案的包是NuGet包,可以從nuget.org上查詢瀏覽所需的包,專案中引用依賴包,除了在csproj檔案中使用PackageReference新增編輯外(具體用法參見:專案檔案中的包引用 (PackageReference))還可以使用package manager控制檯使用包管理命令,如:
Install-Package ExcelEasyUtil -Version 1.0.0
,或者直接使用.NET CLI命令列工具,如:dotnet add package ExcelEasyUtil --version 1.0.0
.NET有包、元包、框架 之分,詳細瞭解:包、元包和框架
<!--包引用-->
<ItemGroup>
<PackageReference Include="Autofac.Extras.DynamicProxy" Version="4.5.0" />
<PackageReference Include="Autofac" Version="4.9.2" />
<PackageReference Include="Microsoft.AspNetCore.App" />
<PackageReference Include="Microsoft.VisualStudio.Web.CodeGeneration.Design" Version="2.1.1" />
<PackageReference Include="Autofac.Extensions.DependencyInjection" Version="4.4.0" />
</ItemGroup>
<!--同一解方案下的專案引用-->
<ItemGroup>
<ProjectReference Include="..\StandardClassLib2019\StandardClassLib2019.csproj" />
</ItemGroup>
<!--本地元件直接引用-->
<ItemGroup>
<Reference Include="KYExpress.Common">
<HintPath>xxxx\xxxx.dll</HintPath>
<Private>true</Private>
</Reference>
</ItemGroup>
JAVA(編輯POM 檔案,通過dependencies.dependency來宣告引入多個依賴,根據scope可以指定依賴的有效作用範圍)
<dependencies>
<!--maven包依賴-->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter</artifactId>
</dependency>
<!--本地JAR包依賴(scope=system,systemPath=jar包存放目錄)-->
<dependency>
<groupId>cn.zuowenjun.boot.mybatis.plugin</groupId>
<artifactId>cn.zuowenjun.boot.mybatis.plugin</artifactId>
<version>1.0</version>
<scope>system</scope>
<systemPath>${basedir}/src/main/libs/xxxxx.jar</systemPath>
</dependency>
<!--同一父專案Module之間依賴,注意這個必需先建立基於POM的父專案,然後各子Moudle 的POM 的parent指向父專案-->
<dependency>
<groupId>cn.zuowenjun.springboot</groupId>
<artifactId>springboot-demo1</artifactId>
<version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
JAVA POM 依賴繼承兩種方式
通過parent繼承,如下所示:(如下是非常典型的spring boot的parent繼承),專案將繼承spring-boot-starter-parent POM中的所有設定及依賴(如:properties、dependencies等)
<parent>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
<version>2.1.6.RELEASE</version>
</parent>
通過dependencyManagement繼承,如下所示:(這是依賴管理,dependencyManagement裡只是宣告依賴,並不實現引入,因此子專案可按需顯式的宣告所需的依賴項。如果不在子專案中宣告依賴,則不會從父專案中繼承依賴,只有在子專案中宣告瞭依賴項,且沒有指定具體版本,才會從父專案中繼承依賴項,(寫了版本號相當於覆蓋),version和scope都讀取自父pom)
<dependencyManagement>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
<version>Greenwich.SR2</version>
<type>pom</type>
<scope>import</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>
二、依賴注入 DI (IOC容器)
C#(一般在Startup檔案中ConfigureServices方法中按需註冊依賴,註冊依賴可以指定生命週期如:AddTransient【瞬時,即:每次都建立新例項】、AddScoped【作用域範圍內】、AddSingleton【單例,僅例項化一次】,具體效果可以參見:在 ASP.NET Core 依賴注入)
//1.使用ASP.NET CORE預設的DI框架,在Startup檔案中ConfigureServices方法中按需註冊依賴
public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
{
//採用ASP.NET CORE預設的IOC容器註冊
services.AddTransient<IOperationTransient, Operation>();
services.AddScoped<IOperationScoped, Operation>();
services.AddSingleton<IOperationSingleton, Operation>();
services.AddSingleton<IOperationSingletonInstance>(new Operation(Guid.Empty));
}
//2.在Controller中就可以直接採用建構函式注入或指明從IOC容器中獲得例項[FromServices]
[ApiController]
[Route("api/[controller]")]
public class DemoController : Controller
{
private readonly OperationService operationService;
public DemoController(OperationService operationService)
{
this.operationService = operationService;
}
[Route("optid")]
public object Operation([FromServices]OperationService optSrv){
//TODO:方法體中直接使用operationService 或 入參optSrv均可
}
}
//如上所需介面及類定義
public interface IOperation
{
Guid OperationId { get; }
}
public interface IOperationTransient : IOperation
{
}
public interface IOperationScoped : IOperation
{
}
public interface IOperationSingleton : IOperation
{
}
public interface IOperationSingletonInstance : IOperation
{
}
public class Operation : IOperationTransient,
IOperationScoped,
IOperationSingleton,
IOperationSingletonInstance
{
public Operation() : this(Guid.NewGuid())
{
}
public Operation(Guid id)
{
OperationId = id;
}
public Guid OperationId { get; private set; }
}
public class OperationService
{
public OperationService(
IOperationTransient transientOperation,
IOperationScoped scopedOperation,
IOperationSingleton singletonOperation,
IOperationSingletonInstance instanceOperation)
{
TransientOperation = transientOperation;
ScopedOperation = scopedOperation;
SingletonOperation = singletonOperation;
SingletonInstanceOperation = instanceOperation;
}
public IOperationTransient TransientOperation { get; }
public IOperationScoped ScopedOperation { get; }
public IOperationSingleton SingletonOperation { get; }
public IOperationSingletonInstance SingletonInstanceOperation { get; }
}
C#使用第三方IOC容器,如:autofac,由第三方IOC容器接管並實現DI,示例如下:(autofac支援更多、更靈活的依賴注入場景)
public IServiceProvider ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
{
//採用ASP.NET CORE預設的IOC容器註冊
services.AddTransient<IOperationTransient, Operation>();
services.AddScoped<IOperationScoped, Operation>();
services.AddSingleton<IOperationSingleton, Operation>();
services.AddSingleton<IOperationSingletonInstance>(new Operation(Guid.Empty));
services.AddTransient<OperationService, OperationService>();
var containerBuilder = new ContainerBuilder();
containerBuilder.Populate(services); //交由autofac IOC容器管理
var container = containerBuilder.Build();
return new AutofacServiceProvider(container);//使用utofac IOC容器
}
JAVA(可以使用xml來進行Bean的依賴註冊,也可使用註解方式來進行依賴註冊,目前在DI方面更多的是流行註解註冊及注入,故這裡也以註解依賴註冊及注入為簡要說明,更多有關注解依賴註冊及注入以及XML的依賴註冊及注入詳細說明,可查閱我之前的文章:JAVA WEB快速入門之通過一個簡單的Spring專案瞭解Spring的核心(AOP、IOC))
註解依賴註冊一般可以通過自定義一個spring統一註冊配置類,如程式碼中所示BeansConfig,這種一般對於集中註冊Bean或Bean之間有先後依賴,先後順序時比較有效果;另一種是直接在Bean上使用@Component註解(或其它專用含義的註解,如:@Repository、@Service,這些註解本身也標記了@Component註解)
//1. 在自定義的spring統一註冊配置類中註冊相關Bean
@Configuration
public class BeansConfig {
@Bean
@Scope("prototype") //singleton,request,session
@Order(1) //註冊順序
public DemoBean demoBean(){
return new DemoBean();
}
@Bean("demo") //定義名稱
@Order(2)
public DemoInterface demoInterface(){
return new DemoImplBean(demoBean()); //建構函式注入
}
}
//2.在Controller中就可以直接通過屬性注入或建構函式注入獲得例項,並在ACTION中使用這些例項物件
@RestController
public class DemoController {
@Autowired
private DemoBean demoBean;
@Autowired
@Qualifier("demo")//指定從IOC中解析的bean註冊名
private DemoInterface demoInterface;
@Autowired
private DemoBean2 demoBean2;
@RequestMapping(path = "/demo/msg",method = RequestMethod.GET,produces = "application/json;charset=utf-8")
public Object testMsg(@RequestParam(value = "m",required = false) String m){
//TODO:可直接使用:demoBean、demoInterface、demoBean2這些私有欄位,它們通過屬性注入
return "test msg:" + m;
}
}
//以下是如上所需的類及介面定義
public class DemoBean {
}
public interface DemoInterface {
void showMsg(String msg);
}
public class DemoImplBean implements DemoInterface {
private DemoBean demoBean;
public DemoImplBean(DemoBean demoBean){
this.demoBean=demoBean;
}
@Override
public void showMsg(String msg) {
System.out.println("show msg:" + msg);
}
}
//通過標記Component,交由spring IOC自動掃描註冊
@Component
public class DemoBean2 {
}
三、過濾器、攔截器 AOP
C#(在ASP.NET CORE中實現AOP常見有三種方式:第一種:新增ACTION過濾器(僅適用於MVC);第二種:使用第三方的AOP切面攔截器(如下文的AopInterceptor,可攔截指定的任意位置的虛方法),第三種:在請求管道中新增中介軟體(僅適用MVC))
public IServiceProvider ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
{
services.AddMvc(opt => opt.Filters.Add<AopFilter>() //第一種:新增過濾器,實現ACTION執行前後記錄耗時
).SetCompatibilityVersion(CompatibilityVersion.Version_2_1);
var containerBuilder = new ContainerBuilder();
containerBuilder.Populate(services);
containerBuilder.RegisterType<AopInterceptor>();
containerBuilder.RegisterType<OperationService>().InterceptedBy(typeof(AopInterceptor)).EnableClassInterceptors(); //第二種:啟用autofac的AOP攔截
var container = containerBuilder.Build();
return new AutofacServiceProvider(container);
}
public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IHostingEnvironment env)
{
if (env.IsDevelopment())
{
app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage();
}
//第三種:使用一個自定義的中介軟體,實現AOP的效果
app.Use(async (ctx, next) =>
{
//如果為示例邏輯
if (!ctx.Request.Query.TryGetValue("token", out var tokenVal) || tokenVal != "zuowenjun")
{
await ctx.Response.WriteAsync("驗證token失敗,禁止訪問!");
return;
}
ctx.Request.EnableBuffering();//啟動用buffer,以便可以重置Position
var requestReader = new StreamReader(ctx.Request.Body);
var requestContent = requestReader.ReadToEnd();
ctx.Request.Body.Position = 0; //需要重置為流開頭,否則將導致後續的Model Binding失效等各種問題
var originalResponseStream = ctx.Response.Body;//記錄原始請求
using (var ms = new MemoryStream())
{
ctx.Response.Body = ms;//因原始請求為只寫流,故此處用自定義的記憶體流來接收響應流資料
var watch = Stopwatch.StartNew();
await next.Invoke();
watch.Stop();
ms.Position = 0;
var responseReader = new StreamReader(ms);
var responseContent = responseReader.ReadToEnd();
string logMsg = $"execedTime:{ watch.ElapsedMilliseconds.ToString() }ms,Request,{requestContent},Response: { responseContent}";
Logger.LogInformation(logMsg);
ms.Position = 0;//恢復流位置為開頭
await ms.CopyToAsync(originalResponseStream); //將當前的流合併到原始流中
ctx.Response.Body = originalResponseStream; //恢復原始響應流
};
});
app.UseMvc();
}
/// <summary>
/// Filter僅針對接入層(MVC)有效,底層服務若需使用AOP,則必需使用特定的AOP框架
/// </summary>
public class AopFilter : IActionFilter
{
private readonly Stopwatch stopWatch = new Stopwatch();
public void OnActionExecuting(ActionExecutingContext context)
{
//執行前邏輯
stopWatch.Start();
}
public void OnActionExecuted(ActionExecutedContext context)
{
//執行後邏輯
stopWatch.Stop();
var returnResult = context.Result;
if (returnResult is ObjectResult)
{
var objResult = (returnResult as ObjectResult);
objResult.Value = new { Original = objResult.Value, ElapsedTime = stopWatch.ElapsedMilliseconds.ToString() + "ms" };
}
else if (returnResult is JsonResult)
{
var jsonResult = (returnResult as JsonResult);
jsonResult.Value = new { Original = jsonResult.Value, ElapsedTime = stopWatch.ElapsedMilliseconds.ToString() + "ms" };
}
}
}
JAVA(可以通過自定義Filter、HandlerInterceptor、MethodInterceptor 、around AOP增強等方式實現AOP攔截處理)
//最先執行,由servlet攔截請求(適用WEB)
@WebFilter(filterName = "demoFilter",urlPatterns = "/*")
class DemoFilter implements Filter {
@Override
public void init(FilterConfig filterConfig) throws ServletException {
//初始化
}
@Override
public void doFilter(ServletRequest servletRequest, ServletResponse servletResponse, FilterChain filterChain) throws IOException, ServletException {
//過濾處理
}
@Override
public void destroy() {
//銷燬之前執行
}
}
//其次執行,由spring MVC攔截請求(適用Spring MVC)
@Component
public class DemoHandlerInterceptor implements HandlerInterceptor {
//也可繼承自HandlerInterceptorAdapter
@Override
public boolean preHandle(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object handler) throws Exception {
//執行前
return false;
}
@Override
public void postHandle(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object handler, ModelAndView modelAndView) throws Exception {
//執行後,生成檢視之前執行
}
@Override
public void afterCompletion(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object handler, Exception ex) throws Exception {
//在DispatcherServlet完全處理完請求之後被呼叫,可用於清理資源
}
}
//最後執行,攔截方法
@Component
class DemoMethodInterceptor implements MethodInterceptor{
@Override
public Object invoke(MethodInvocation methodInvocation) throws Throwable {
return null;
}
}
//方法攔截的另一種形式
@Component
@Aspect
class AutoAspectJInterceptor {
@Around("execution (*..controller.*.*(..))")
public Object around(ProceedingJoinPoint point) throws Throwable{
//執行前
Object object = point.proceed();
//執行後
return object;
}
}
特別說明:ASP.NET CORE中的Fitler 與Spring MVC中的MethodInterceptor類似,都是控制方法,而ASP.NET CORE中的請求管道中介軟體與Spring MVC中的Filter、HandlerInterceptor類似,都是控制請求過程。這點要搞清楚。
四、配置讀取
C#(支援多種配置資料提供程式,支援多種獲取配置資訊的方式,詳見:ASP.NET Core 中的配置)
//Configuration為IConfiguration例項物件
Configuration.GetValue("key");//適用單個key-value
Configuration.Get<TConfig>();//適用整個config檔案對映為一個TConfig型別的物件
Configuration.GetSection("key").GetChildren();//獲取子項集合
JAVA(支援多種配置資料來源格式(yml,Properties),可通過@value、@ConfigurationProperties、Environment等常見方法來獲取配置資訊)
//1.通過@value方式獲取配置資訊
@Value("${zuowenjun.site}")
public String zwjSite;
//2.通過建立一個對映配置資訊的Bean(ConfigProperties) 方式獲取配置資訊
@Component
@ConfigurationProperties()//如果有字首,則可以設定prefix=XXX
public static class Zuowenjun {
private String site;
private String skills;
private String motto;
public String getSite() {
return site;
}
public void setSite(String site) {
this.site = site;
}
public String getSkills() {
return skills;
}
public void setSkills(String skills) {
this.skills = skills;
}
public String getMotto() {
return motto;
}
public void setMotto(String motto) {
this.motto = motto;
}
}
//3.通過Environment來直接獲取配置資訊
environment.getProperty("zuowenjun.site");
五、釋出、部署、執行
C#(ASP.NET CORE:除了如下使用.NET CLI命今進行釋出打包,也可以使用VS或VS CODE視覺化操作進行釋出操作)
dotnet publish --configuration Release
JAVA(Spring MVC:除了如下使用MAVEN命令進行清理打包,還可以使用IDEA來進行打包,具體方法可參見:Springboot專案打包成jar執行2種方式)
mvn clean package;
C#(ASP.NET CORE)、JAVA(Spring MVC)都可以:
都支援WINDOWS伺服器、Linux伺服器等多種平臺伺服器 部署執行
都支援使用命令列啟動執行ASP.NET CORE 或Spring MVC應用,例如:
dotnet aspnetcoreApp.dll --urls="http://*:5001"
java -jar springmvcApp.jar --server.port=5001
都支援Jenkins CI&CD ,Docker、k8s虛擬化部署
都支援在Linux伺服器中以守護程式方式執行,例如:
nohup dotnet aspnetcoreApp.dll > aspnetcoreApp.out 2>&1 &
nohup java -jar springmvcApp.jar > springmvcApp.out 2>&1 &
//或者都使用Supervisor來構建守護程式,還提供管理UI,具體請參見網上相關資源
好了,總結到此結束,願能幫助到那些處於.NET 轉JAVA 或JAVA 轉.NET或者想多瞭解一門程式語言的朋友們,祝大家事業有成。今後將分享更多關於分散式、演算法等方面的知識,不侷限.NET或JAVA語言,敬請期待,謝謝!
碼字不易,若需轉載及轉載我之前的文章請註明出處,謝謝。