本文主要介紹 H2 的基本使用,文中所使用到的軟體版本:Java 1.8.0_341、H2 2.2.224、PostgreSQL 驅動 42.5.5。
1、嵌入式(本地)模式
直接使用 JDBC 連線資料庫即可,如果資料庫不存在會自動建立。
1.1、持久資料庫
@Test public void localFile() throws SQLException { String dbName = "test"; //使用者名稱密碼為第一次連線設定的密碼 Connection con = JdbcUtil.getConnection("org.h2.Driver", "jdbc:h2:file:d:/temp/" + dbName, "admin", "123456"); business(con, dbName); con.close(); } private void business(Connection con, String dbName) throws SQLException { String tableName = "a_student"; Statement st = con.createStatement(); ResultSet rs = st.executeQuery("select * from INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES"); while (rs.next()) { log.info("table_catalog={},table_schema={},table_name={}", rs.getString("table_catalog"), rs.getString("table_schema"), rs.getString("table_name")); } String sql = "select 1 from INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES where upper(table_catalog)=? and upper(table_schema)=? and upper(table_name)=?"; PreparedStatement pst = con.prepareStatement(sql); pst.setString(1, dbName.toUpperCase()); pst.setString(2, "PUBLIC"); pst.setString(3, tableName.toUpperCase()); rs = pst.executeQuery(); if (!rs.next()) {//表不存在則建立並初始化資料,這裡根據業務需要進行操作 st.executeUpdate("create table " + tableName + "(id int, name varchar(32))"); st.executeUpdate("insert into " + tableName + "(id,name) values (1,'李白')"); st.executeUpdate("insert into " + tableName + "(id,name) values (2,'杜甫')"); } rs = st.executeQuery("select * from " + tableName); while (rs.next()) { log.info("id={},name={}", rs.getInt("id"), rs.getString("name")); } }
1.2、記憶體資料庫
@Test public void localMem() throws SQLException { String dbName = "test"; //使用者名稱密碼為第一次連線設定的密碼 Connection con = JdbcUtil.getConnection("org.h2.Driver", "jdbc:h2:mem:" + dbName, "admin", "123456"); business(con, dbName); con.close(); }
2、伺服器模式
可以透過 bin/h2.bat(或 bin/h2.sh) 命令啟動 H2 控制檯,同時會啟動 Web 伺服器合 PG 伺服器,也可以透過以下方式啟動伺服器:
java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.Server [param1] [param2] [...]
改方式可以新增引數來調整伺服器的預設行為,檢視所有引數:
java -cp h2*.jar org.h2.tools.Server -?
相關引數如下:
[-web] Start the web server with the H2 Console [-webAllowOthers] Allow other computers to connect - see below [-webExternalNames] The comma-separated list of external names and IP addresses of this server, used together with -webAllowOthers [-webDaemon] Use a daemon thread [-webPort <port>] The port (default: 8082) [-webSSL] Use encrypted (HTTPS) connections [-webAdminPassword] Password of DB Console administrator [-browser] Start a browser connecting to the web server [-tcp] Start the TCP server [-tcpAllowOthers] Allow other computers to connect - see below [-tcpDaemon] Use a daemon thread [-tcpPort <port>] The port (default: 9092) [-tcpSSL] Use encrypted (SSL) connections [-tcpPassword <pwd>] The password for shutting down a TCP server [-tcpShutdown "<url>"] Stop the TCP server; example: tcp://localhost [-tcpShutdownForce] Do not wait until all connections are closed [-pg] Start the PG server [-pgAllowOthers] Allow other computers to connect - see below [-pgDaemon] Use a daemon thread [-pgPort <port>] The port (default: 5435) [-properties "<dir>"] Server properties (default: ~, disable: null) [-baseDir <dir>] The base directory for H2 databases (all servers) [-ifExists] Only existing databases may be opened (all servers) [-ifNotExists] Databases are created when accessed [-trace] Print additional trace information (all servers) [-key <from> <to>] Allows to map a database name to another (all servers)
2.1、啟動 Web 伺服器
java -cp h2-2.2.224.jar org.h2.tools.Server -web -webAllowOthers
使用瀏覽器訪問 H2 控制檯:http://localhost:8082
2.2、啟動 TCP 伺服器
java -cp h2-2.2.224.jar org.h2.tools.Server -tcp -tcpAllowOthers -ifNotExists
應用程式使用 JDBC 訪問資料庫。
2.2.1、持久資料庫
@Test public void tcpFile() throws SQLException { String dbName = "test"; //使用者名稱密碼為第一次連線設定的密碼 Connection con = JdbcUtil.getConnection("org.h2.Driver", "jdbc:h2:tcp://localhost:9092/file:d:/temp/" + dbName, "admin", "123456"); business(con, dbName); con.close(); }
2.2.2、記憶體資料庫
@Test public void tcpMem() throws Exception { String dbName = "test"; Connection con = JdbcUtil.getConnection("org.h2.Driver", "jdbc:h2:tcp://localhost:9092/mem:" + dbName, "admin", "123456"); business(con, dbName); con.close(); }
2.3、啟動 PG 伺服器
java -cp h2-2.2.224.jar org.h2.tools.Server -pg -pgAllowOthers -baseDir d:/temp -ifNotExists
應用程式引入 PG JDBC 驅動並訪問資料庫。
<dependency> <groupId>org.postgresql</groupId> <artifactId>postgresql</artifactId> <version>42.5.5</version> </dependency>
@Test public void pg() throws Exception { String dbName = "test"; //使用者名稱密碼為第一次連線設定的密碼 Connection con = JdbcUtil.getConnection("org.postgresql.Driver", "jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5435/" + dbName, "admin", "123456"); business(con, dbName); con.close(); }
使用 PG 客戶端訪問時,預設的 schema 為小寫:public,而使用本地或 TCP 模式訪問時,預設的 schema 為大寫:PBBLIC;因此不能使用 PG 客戶端訪問本地或 TCP模式建立的庫,也不能使用本地或 TCP模式訪問 PG 客戶端建立的庫,否則會報錯誤:"Schema "PUBLIC" not found" 或 "Schema "public" not found"。
3、混合模式
混合模式本應用使用本地模式訪問,其他應用使用遠端模式訪問,需要在應用中透過 API 訪問相應的伺服器。
3.1、啟動 Web 伺服器
@Test public void web() throws Exception { Server server = Server.createWebServer().start(); Thread.sleep(1000 * 100); server.stop(); }
使用瀏覽器訪問 H2 控制檯:http://localhost:8082
3.2、啟動 TCP 伺服器
應用中啟動 TCP 伺服器,其他應用透過 JDBC 訪問資料庫。
3.2.1、持久資料庫
@Test public void tcpFile2() throws Exception { //如果資料庫不存在,tcp方式預設不允許建立資料庫,使用 -ifNotExists 引數允許建立資料庫 Server server = Server.createTcpServer("-ifNotExists").start(); CountDownLatch countDownLatch = new CountDownLatch(1); new Thread(() -> { try { //模擬其他應用訪問 tcpFile(); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } countDownLatch.countDown(); }).start(); countDownLatch.await(); server.stop(); }
3.2.2、記憶體資料庫
@Test public void tcpMem2() throws Exception { //如果資料庫不存在,tcp方式預設不允許建立資料庫,使用 -ifNotExists 引數允許建立資料庫 Server server = Server.createTcpServer("-ifNotExists").start(); CountDownLatch countDownLatch = new CountDownLatch(1); new Thread(() -> { try { //模擬其他應用訪問 tcpMem(); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } countDownLatch.countDown(); }).start(); countDownLatch.await(); server.stop(); }
3.3、啟動 PG 伺服器
應用中啟動 PG 伺服器,其他應用透過 PG 驅動訪問資料庫。
@Test public void pg2() throws Exception { //如果資料庫不存在,該方式預設不允許建立資料庫,使用 -ifNotExists 引數允許建立資料庫;該方式還需要指定資料庫檔案目錄 Server server = Server.createPgServer("-baseDir", "d:/temp", "-ifNotExists").start(); CountDownLatch countDownLatch = new CountDownLatch(1); new Thread(() -> { try { //模擬其他應用訪問 pg(); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } countDownLatch.countDown(); }).start(); countDownLatch.await(); server.stop(); }
完整程式碼:
package com.abc.demo.db; import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j; import org.h2.tools.Server; import org.junit.Test; import java.sql.*; import java.util.concurrent.CountDownLatch; @Slf4j public class H2Case { @Test public void localFile() throws SQLException { String dbName = "test"; //使用者名稱密碼為第一次連線設定的密碼 Connection con = JdbcUtil.getConnection("org.h2.Driver", "jdbc:h2:file:d:/temp/" + dbName, "admin", "123456"); log.info("con={}", con); business(con, dbName); con.close(); } @Test public void localMem() throws SQLException { String dbName = "test"; //使用者名稱密碼為第一次連線設定的密碼 Connection con = JdbcUtil.getConnection("org.h2.Driver", "jdbc:h2:mem:" + dbName, "admin", "123456"); business(con, dbName); con.close(); } @Test public void tcpFile() throws SQLException { String dbName = "test"; //使用者名稱密碼為第一次連線設定的密碼 Connection con = JdbcUtil.getConnection("org.h2.Driver", "jdbc:h2:tcp://localhost:9092/file:d:/temp/" + dbName, "admin", "123456"); business(con, dbName); con.close(); } @Test public void tcpMem() throws Exception { String dbName = "test"; Connection con = JdbcUtil.getConnection("org.h2.Driver", "jdbc:h2:tcp://localhost:9092/mem:" + dbName, "admin", "123456"); business(con, dbName); con.close(); } @Test public void pg() throws Exception { String dbName = "test"; //使用者名稱密碼為第一次連線設定的密碼 Connection con = JdbcUtil.getConnection("org.postgresql.Driver", "jdbc:postgresql://localhost:5435/" + dbName, "admin", "123456"); business(con, dbName); con.close(); } @Test public void web() throws Exception { Server server = Server.createWebServer().start(); Thread.sleep(1000 * 10); server.stop(); } @Test public void tcpFile2() throws Exception { //如果資料庫不存在,tcp方式預設不允許建立資料庫,使用 -ifNotExists 引數允許建立資料庫 Server server = Server.createTcpServer("-ifNotExists").start(); CountDownLatch countDownLatch = new CountDownLatch(1); new Thread(() -> { try { //模擬其他應用訪問 tcpFile(); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } countDownLatch.countDown(); }).start(); countDownLatch.await(); server.stop(); } @Test public void tcpMem2() throws Exception { //如果資料庫不存在,tcp方式預設不允許建立資料庫,使用 -ifNotExists 引數允許建立資料庫 Server server = Server.createTcpServer("-ifNotExists").start(); CountDownLatch countDownLatch = new CountDownLatch(1); new Thread(() -> { try { //模擬其他應用訪問 tcpMem(); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } countDownLatch.countDown(); }).start(); countDownLatch.await(); server.stop(); } @Test public void pg2() throws Exception { //如果資料庫不存在,該方式預設不允許建立資料庫,使用 -ifNotExists 引數允許建立資料庫;該方式還需要指定資料庫檔案目錄 Server server = Server.createPgServer("-baseDir", "d:/temp", "-ifNotExists").start(); CountDownLatch countDownLatch = new CountDownLatch(1); new Thread(() -> { try { //模擬其他應用訪問 pg(); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } countDownLatch.countDown(); }).start(); countDownLatch.await(); server.stop(); } private void business(Connection con, String dbName) throws SQLException { String tableName = "a_student"; Statement st = con.createStatement(); String sql = "select 1 from INFORMATION_SCHEMA.TABLES where upper(table_catalog)=? and upper(table_schema)=? and upper(table_name)=?"; PreparedStatement pst = con.prepareStatement(sql); pst.setString(1, dbName.toUpperCase()); pst.setString(2, "PUBLIC"); pst.setString(3, tableName.toUpperCase()); ResultSet rs = pst.executeQuery(); if (!rs.next()) {//表不存在則建立並初始化資料,這裡根據業務需要進行操作 st.executeUpdate("create table " + tableName + "(id int, name varchar(32))"); st.executeUpdate("insert into " + tableName + "(id,name) values (1,'李白')"); st.executeUpdate("insert into " + tableName + "(id,name) values (2,'杜甫')"); } rs = st.executeQuery("select * from " + tableName); while (rs.next()) { log.info("id={},name={}", rs.getInt("id"), rs.getString("name")); } } }
package com.abc.demo.db; import lombok.extern.slf4j.Slf4j; import java.sql.*; @Slf4j public class JdbcUtil { private JdbcUtil() {} public static Connection getConnection(String driver, String url, String username, String password) { Connection con = null; try { Class.forName(driver); con = DriverManager.getConnection(url, username, password); } catch (ClassNotFoundException | SQLException e) { log.warn("url={},username={},password={}", url, username, password); e.printStackTrace(); } return con; } }