一個針對 Python 語句執行順序的練習

摘自 Fluent Python

evalsupport.py

print('<[100]> evalsupport module start')

def deco_alpha(cls):
    print('<[200]> deco_alpha')

    def inner_1(self):
        print('<[300]> deco_alpha:inner_1')

    cls.method_y = inner_1
    return cls


class MetaAleph(type):
    print('<[400]> MetaAleph body')

    def __init__(cls, name, bases, dic):
        print('<[500]> MetaAleph.__init__')

        def inner_2(self):
            print('<[600]> MetaAleph.__init__:inner_2')

        cls.method_z = inner_2


print('<[700]> evalsupport module end')

evaltime.py

from evalsupport import deco_alpha

print('<[1]> evaltime module start')


class ClassOne():
    print('<[2]> ClassOne body')

    def __init__(self):
        print('<[3]> ClassOne.__init__')

    def __del__(self):
        print('<[4]> ClassOne.__del__')

    def method_x(self):
        print('<[5]> ClassOne.method_x')

    class ClassTwo(object):
        print('<[6]> ClassTwo body')


@deco_alpha
class ClassThree():
    print('<[7]> ClassThree body')

    def method_y(self):
        print('<[8]> ClassThree.method_y')


class ClassFour(ClassThree):
    print('<[9]> ClassFour body')


if __name__ == '__main__':
    print('<[11]> ClassOne tests', 30 * '.')
    one = ClassOne()
    one.method_x()
    print('<[12]> ClassThree tests', 30 * '.')
    three = ClassThree()
    three.method_y()
    print('<[13]> ClassFour tests', 30 * '.')
    four = ClassFour()
    four.method_y()


print('<[14]> evaltime module end')

evaltime_meta.py

from evalsupport import deco_alpha
from evalsupport import MetaAleph

print('<[1]> evaltime_meta module start')


@deco_alpha
class ClassThree():
    print('<[2]> ClassThree body')

    def method_y(self):
        print('<[3]> ClassThree.method_y')


class ClassFour(ClassThree):
    print('<[4]> ClassFour body')

    def method_y(self):
        print('<[5]> ClassFour.method_y')


class ClassFive(metaclass=MetaAleph):
    print('<[6]> ClassFive body')

    def __init__(self):
        print('<[7]> ClassFive.__init__')

    def method_z(self):
        print('<[8]> ClassFive.method_y')


class ClassSix(ClassFive):
    print('<[9]> ClassSix body')

    def method_z(self):
        print('<[10]> ClassSix.method_y')


if __name__ == '__main__':
    print('<[11]> ClassThree tests', 30 * '.')
    three = ClassThree()
    three.method_y()
    print('<[12]> ClassFour tests', 30 * '.')
    four = ClassFour()
    four.method_y()
    print('<[13]> ClassFive tests', 30 * '.')
    five = ClassFive()
    five.method_z()
    print('<[14]> ClassSix tests', 30 * '.')
    six = ClassSix()
    six.method_z()

print('<[15]> evaltime_meta module end')

>>> import evaltime
<[100]> evalsupport module start
<[400]> MetaAleph body  # 說明類的 body 在匯入時就執行
<[700]> evalsupport module end
<[1]> evaltime module start
<[2]> ClassOne body
<[6]> ClassTwo body  # 類的 body 中有其他類, 也會被執行
<[7]> ClassThree body # 先執行類的body, 然後將類作為類裝飾器的引數
<[200]> deco_alpha
<[9]> ClassFour body  # 類繼承並不會繼承類裝飾器
<[14]> evaltime module end

python evaltime.py
<[100]> evalsupport module start
<[400]> MetaAleph body
<[700]> evalsupport module end
<[1]> evaltime module start
<[2]> ClassOne body
<[6]> ClassTwo body
<[7]> ClassThree body
<[200]> deco_alpha
<[9]> ClassFour body
<[11]> ClassOne tests ..............................
<[3]> ClassOne.__init__
<[5]> ClassOne.method_x
<[12]> ClassThree tests ..............................
<[300]> deco_alpha:inner_1  # 裝飾器修改了類屬性
<[13]> ClassFour tests ..............................
<[300]> deco_alpha:inner_1  # ClassFour 繼承的是經由裝飾器修改後的ClassThree
<[14]> evaltime module end
<[4]> ClassOne.__del__  # 退出時垃圾回收

>>> import evaltime_meta
<[100]> evalsupport module start
<[400]> MetaAleph body
<[700]> evalsupport module end
<[1]> evaltime_meta module start
<[2]> ClassThree body
<[200]> deco_alpha
<[4]> ClassFour body  
<[6]> ClassFive body 
<[500]> MetaAleph.__init__ # 先 ClassFour 定義, 然後交給其元類對他加工
<[9]> ClassSix body
<[500]> MetaAleph.__init__ # 先 ClassFour 定義, 然後交給其元類對他加工, 由於繼承自 ClassFive, 其元類同上(注意區分基類與元類)
<[15]> evaltime_meta module end

python3 evaltime_meta.py
<[100]> evalsupport module start
<[400]> MetaAleph body
<[700]> evalsupport module end
<[1]> evaltime_meta module start
<[2]> ClassThree body
<[200]> deco_alpha
<[4]> ClassFour body
<[6]> ClassFive body
<[500]> MetaAleph.__init__
<[9]> ClassSix body
<[500]> MetaAleph.__init__
<[11]> ClassThree tests ..............................
<[300]> deco_alpha:inner_1
<[12]> ClassFour tests ..............................
<[5]> ClassFour.method_y
<[13]> ClassFive tests ..............................
<[7]> ClassFive.__init__
<[600]> MetaAleph.__init__:inner_2
<[14]> ClassSix tests ..............................
<[7]> ClassFive.__init__ 
<[600]> MetaAleph.__init__:inner_2
<[15]> evaltime_meta module end