promise的作用
Promise 是非同步程式設計的一種解決方案,比傳統的解決方案——回撥函式更強大,避免了層層回撥。它由社群最早提出和實現,ES6將其寫進了語言標準,統一了用法,現在原生提供Promise物件!
Promise使用:
// ... some code
const promise = new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {
if (/* 非同步操作成功 */){
resolve(value);
} else {
reject(error);
}
});
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- 我們可以看到,promise需要使用new操作符來生成例項,因此Promise是一個建構函式。
- 這個promise初始化的時候需要傳入一個函式做為引數,並且這個函式的兩個引數分別為:resolve和reject。
- resolve和reject是兩個函式,由 JavaScript 引擎提供,不用自己部署。
- resolve函式的作用:將Promise物件狀態從pending 變為 fulfilled。
- reject 函式的作用:將Promise物件狀態從pending 變為 reject。
現在讓我們看一下promise的原理
Promise 是一個狀態工具,他有三個狀態:pending, fulfilled, reject,因此我們先定義三個狀態。
var PENDING = 0;
var FULFILLED = 1;
var REJECTED = 2;
function Promise() {
// store state which can be PENDING, FULFILLED or REJECTED
var state = PENDING;
// store value or error once FULFILLED or REJECTED
var value = null;
// store sucess & failure handlers attached by calling .then or .done
var handlers = [];
}
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Promise 在執行完非同步操作後,會轉變狀態,所以程式碼變為這樣。
var PENDING = 0;
var FULFILLED = 1;
var REJECTED = 2;
function Promise() {
// store state which can be PENDING, FULFILLED or REJECTED
var state = PENDING;
// store value once FULFILLED or REJECTED
var value = null;
// store sucess & failure handlers
var handlers = [];
function fulfill(result) {
state = FULFILLED; // 狀態改變了
value = result;
}
function reject(error) {
state = REJECTED; // 狀態改變了
value = error;
}
}
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上面fulfill是一個比較low level的轉變狀態方法,但是有一個higher-level的轉變狀態方法:resolve
var PENDING = 0;
var FULFILLED = 1;
var REJECTED = 2;
function Promise() {
// store state which can be PENDING, FULFILLED or REJECTED
var state = PENDING;
// store value once FULFILLED or REJECTED
var value = null;
// store sucess & failure handlers
var handlers = [];
function fulfill(result) {
state = FULFILLED;
value = result;
}
function reject(error) {
state = REJECTED;
value = error;
}
function resolve(result) {
try {
var then = getThen(result);
if (then) {
doResolve(then.bind(result), resolve, reject)
return
}
fulfill(result);
} catch (e) {
reject(e);
}
}
}
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可以看到resolve先呼叫了方法getThen(),這個方法是判斷result是否是promise,如果是的話,呼叫這個promise的then方法(使用doResolve()方法),如果不是的話,呼叫fulfill()方法。
/**
* Check if a value is a Promise and, if it is,
* return the `then` method of that promise.
*
* @param {Promise|Any} value
* @return {Function|Null}
*/
function getThen(value) {
var t = typeof value;
if (value && (t === 'object' || t === 'function')) {
var then = value.then;
if (typeof then === 'function') {
return then;
}
}
return null;
}
/**
* Take a potentially misbehaving resolver function and make sure
* onFulfilled and onRejected are only called once.
*
* Makes no guarantees about asynchrony.
*
* @param {Function} fn A resolver function that may not be trusted
* @param {Function} onFulfilled
* @param {Function} onRejected
*/
function doResolve(fn, onFulfilled, onRejected) {
var done = false;
try {
fn(function (value) {
if (done) return
done = true
onFulfilled(value)
}, function (reason) {
if (done) return
done = true
onRejected(reason)
})
} catch (ex) {
if (done) return
done = true
onRejected(ex)
}
}
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這裡可以看到,什麼情況會reject:catch到的錯誤會reject, 到現在為止,我們完成了內部狀態機,可是介紹resolving這個promise的方法:
var PENDING = 0;
var FULFILLED = 1;
var REJECTED = 2;
function Promise(fn) {
// store state which can be PENDING, FULFILLED or REJECTED
var state = PENDING;
// store value once FULFILLED or REJECTED
var value = null;
// store sucess & failure handlers
var handlers = [];
function fulfill(result) {
state = FULFILLED;
value = result;
}
function reject(error) {
state = REJECTED;
value = error;
}
function resolve(result) {
try {
var then = getThen(result);
if (then) {
doResolve(then.bind(result), resolve, reject)
return
}
fulfill(result);
} catch (e) {
reject(e);
}
}
doResolve(fn, resolve, reject);
}
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只新增了最後一句程式碼: 我們re-use了doResolve()方法!
現在我們已經完成了狀態機,可是我們仍然無法監聽變化,我們的最終目標是實現.then(), 但是.done()這個更簡單,因此,讓我們先實現.done()吧! 所以我們的目標是實現promise.done(onFulfilled, onRejected), 他有以下特點
- 只呼叫 onFulfilled or onRejected 中的一個
- 只呼叫一次
var PENDING = 0;
var FULFILLED = 1;
var REJECTED = 2;
function Promise(fn) {
// store state which can be PENDING, FULFILLED or REJECTED
var state = PENDING;
// store value once FULFILLED or REJECTED
var value = null;
// store sucess & failure handlers
var handlers = [];
function fulfill(result) {
state = FULFILLED;
value = result;
handlers.forEach(handle);
handlers = null;
}
function reject(error) {
state = REJECTED;
value = error;
handlers.forEach(handle);
handlers = null;
}
function resolve(result) {
try {
var then = getThen(result);
if (then) {
doResolve(then.bind(result), resolve, reject)
return
}
fulfill(result);
} catch (e) {
reject(e);
}
}
function handle(handler) {
if (state === PENDING) {
handlers.push(handler);
} else {
if (state === FULFILLED &&
typeof handler.onFulfilled === 'function') {
handler.onFulfilled(value);
}
if (state === REJECTED &&
typeof handler.onRejected === 'function') {
handler.onRejected(value);
}
}
}
this.done = function (onFulfilled, onRejected) {
// ensure we are always asynchronous
setTimeout(function () {
handle({
onFulfilled: onFulfilled,
onRejected: onRejected
});
}, 0);
}
doResolve(fn, resolve, reject);
}
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this.done方法做的事情:執行了handle方法,並傳入引數,其中引數就是第一個是成功時候回撥函式,第二個是reject時候的回撥函式。
現在讓我們實現.then吧~
this.then = function (onFulfilled, onRejected) {
var self = this;
return new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
return self.done(function (result) {
if (typeof onFulfilled === 'function') {
try {
return resolve(onFulfilled(result));
} catch (ex) {
return reject(ex);
}
} else {
return resolve(result);
}
}, function (error) {
if (typeof onRejected === 'function') {
try {
return resolve(onRejected(error));
} catch (ex) {
return reject(ex);
}
} else {
return reject(error);
}
});
});
}
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- .then 和.done一樣,接受兩個引數,第一個是成功時候回撥函式onFulfilled,第二個是失敗時候回撥函式onRejected。
- .then 能實現鏈式呼叫,就是因為其返回了一個promise。