復健了一下mysql,練習內容是mysql50題目。(演算法也有在寫啦,前幾天還被數論折磨)
一.開始前資料庫中的表的各種資訊
1.1表名與欄位
–1.學生表
Student(s_id,s_name,s_birth,s_sex) –學生編號,學生姓名, 出生年月,學生性別
–2.課程表
Course(c_id,c_name,t_id) – –課程編號, 課程名稱, 教師編號
–3.教師表
Teacher(t_id,t_name) –教師編號,教師姓名
–4.成績表
Score(s_id,c_id,s_score) –學生編號,課程編號,分數
1.2測試資料
--建表 --學生表 CREATE TABLE `Student`( `s_id` VARCHAR(20), `s_name` VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT '', `s_birth` VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT '', `s_sex` VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT '', PRIMARY KEY(`s_id`) ); --課程表 CREATE TABLE `Course`( `c_id` VARCHAR(20), `c_name` VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT '', `t_id` VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY(`c_id`) ); --教師表 CREATE TABLE `Teacher`( `t_id` VARCHAR(20), `t_name` VARCHAR(20) NOT NULL DEFAULT '', PRIMARY KEY(`t_id`) ); --成績表 CREATE TABLE `Score`( `s_id` VARCHAR(20), `c_id` VARCHAR(20), `s_score` INT(3), PRIMARY KEY(`s_id`,`c_id`) ); --插入學生表測試資料 insert into Student values('01' , '趙雷' , '1990-01-01' , '男'); insert into Student values('02' , '錢電' , '1990-12-21' , '男'); insert into Student values('03' , '孫風' , '1990-05-20' , '男'); insert into Student values('04' , '李雲' , '1990-08-06' , '男'); insert into Student values('05' , '周梅' , '1991-12-01' , '女'); insert into Student values('06' , '吳蘭' , '1992-03-01' , '女'); insert into Student values('07' , '鄭竹' , '1989-07-01' , '女'); insert into Student values('08' , '王菊' , '1990-01-20' , '女'); --課程表測試資料 insert into Course values('01' , '語文' , '02'); insert into Course values('02' , '數學' , '01'); insert into Course values('03' , '英語' , '03'); --教師表測試資料 insert into Teacher values('01' , '張三'); insert into Teacher values('02' , '李四'); insert into Teacher values('03' , '王五'); --成績表測試資料 insert into Score values('01' , '01' , 80); insert into Score values('01' , '02' , 90); insert into Score values('01' , '03' , 99); insert into Score values('02' , '01' , 70); insert into Score values('02' , '02' , 60); insert into Score values('02' , '03' , 80); insert into Score values('03' , '01' , 80); insert into Score values('03' , '02' , 80); insert into Score values('03' , '03' , 80); insert into Score values('04' , '01' , 50); insert into Score values('04' , '02' , 30); insert into Score values('04' , '03' , 20); insert into Score values('05' , '01' , 76); insert into Score values('05' , '02' , 87); insert into Score values('06' , '01' , 31); insert into Score values('06' , '03' , 34); insert into Score values('07' , '02' , 89); insert into Score values('07' , '03' , 98);
二.練習題和sql
ps:這些是我從網上搜尋來的答案,建議直接去作者部落格:Mysql Sql 語句練習題 (50道) - 梅花GG - 部落格園 (cnblogs.com)
-- 1、查詢"01"課程比"02"課程成績高的學生的資訊及課程分數 select st.*,sc.s_score as '語文' ,sc2.s_score '數學' from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id and sc.c_id='01' left join score sc2 on sc2.s_id=st.s_id and sc2.c_id='02' where sc.s_score>sc2.s_score -- 2、查詢"01"課程比"02"課程成績低的學生的資訊及課程分數 select st.*,sc.s_score '語文',sc2.s_score '數學' from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id and sc.c_id='01' left join score sc2 on sc2.s_id=st.s_id and sc2.c_id='02' where sc.s_score<sc2.s_score -- 3、查詢平均成績大於等於60分的同學的學生編號和學生姓名和平均成績 select st.s_id,st.s_name,ROUND(AVG(sc.s_score),2) cjScore from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id group by st.s_id having AVG(sc.s_score)>=60 -- 4、查詢平均成績小於60分的同學的學生編號和學生姓名和平均成績 -- (包括有成績的和無成績的) select st.s_id,st.s_name,(case when ROUND(AVG(sc.s_score),2) is null then 0 else ROUND(AVG(sc.s_score)) end ) cjScore from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id group by st.s_id having AVG(sc.s_score)<60 or AVG(sc.s_score) is NULL -- 5、查詢所有同學的學生編號、學生姓名、選課總數、所有課程的總成績 select st.s_id,st.s_name,count(c.c_id),( case when SUM(sc.s_score) is null or sum(sc.s_score)="" then 0 else SUM(sc.s_score) end) from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id =st.s_id left join course c on c.c_id=sc.c_id group by st.s_id -- 6、查詢"李"姓老師的數量 select t.t_name,count(t.t_id) from teacher t group by t.t_id having t.t_name like "李%"; -- 7、查詢學過"張三"老師授課的同學的資訊 select st.* from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id left join course c on c.c_id=sc.c_id left join teacher t on t.t_id=c.t_id where t.t_name="張三" -- 8、查詢沒學過"張三"老師授課的同學的資訊 -- 張三老師教的課 select c.* from course c left join teacher t on t.t_id=c.t_id where t.t_name="張三" -- 有張三老師課成績的st.s_id select sc.s_id from score sc where sc.c_id in (select c.c_id from course c left join teacher t on t.t_id=c.t_id where t.t_name="張三") -- 不在上面查到的st.s_id的學生資訊,即沒學過張三老師授課的同學資訊 select st.* from student st where st.s_id not in( select sc.s_id from score sc where sc.c_id in (select c.c_id from course c left join teacher t on t.t_id=c.t_id where t.t_name="張三") ) -- 9、查詢學過編號為"01"並且也學過編號為"02"的課程的同學的資訊 select st.* from student st inner join score sc on sc.s_id = st.s_id inner join course c on c.c_id=sc.c_id and c.c_id="01" where st.s_id in ( select st2.s_id from student st2 inner join score sc2 on sc2.s_id = st2.s_id inner join course c2 on c2.c_id=sc2.c_id and c2.c_id="02" ) 網友提供的思路(厲害呦~): SELECT st.* FROM student st INNER JOIN score sc ON sc.`s_id`=st.`s_id` GROUP BY st.`s_id` HAVING SUM(IF(sc.`c_id`="01" OR sc.`c_id`="02" ,1,0))>1 -- 10、查詢學過編號為"01"但是沒有學過編號為"02"的課程的同學的資訊 select st.* from student st inner join score sc on sc.s_id = st.s_id inner join course c on c.c_id=sc.c_id and c.c_id="01" where st.s_id not in ( select st2.s_id from student st2 inner join score sc2 on sc2.s_id = st2.s_id inner join course c2 on c2.c_id=sc2.c_id and c2.c_id="02" ) -- 11、查詢沒有學全所有課程的同學的資訊 -- 太複雜,下次換一種思路,看有沒有簡單點方法 -- 此處思路為查學全所有課程的學生id,再內聯取反面 select * from student where s_id not in ( select st.s_id from student st inner join score sc on sc.s_id = st.s_id and sc.c_id="01" where st.s_id in ( select st2.s_id from student st2 inner join score sc2 on sc2.s_id = st2.s_id and sc2.c_id="02" ) and st.s_id in ( select st2.s_id from student st2 inner join score sc2 on sc2.s_id = st2.s_id and sc2.c_id="03" )) -- 來自一樓網友的思路,左連線,根據學生id分組過濾掉 數量小於 課程表中總課程數量的結果(show me his code),簡潔不少。 select st.* from Student st left join Score S on st.s_id = S.s_id group by st.s_id having count(c_id)<(select count(c_id) from Course) -- 12、查詢至少有一門課與學號為"01"的同學所學相同的同學的資訊 select distinct st.* from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id where sc.c_id in ( select sc2.c_id from student st2 left join score sc2 on sc2.s_id=st2.s_id where st2.s_id ='01' ) -- 13、查詢和"01"號的同學學習的課程完全相同的其他同學的資訊 select st.* from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id group by st.s_id having group_concat(sc.c_id) = ( select group_concat(sc2.c_id) from student st2 left join score sc2 on sc2.s_id=st2.s_id where st2.s_id ='01' ) -- 14、查詢沒學過"張三"老師講授的任一門課程的學生姓名 select st.s_name from student st where st.s_id not in ( select sc.s_id from score sc inner join course c on c.c_id=sc.c_id inner join teacher t on t.t_id=c.t_id and t.t_name="張三" ) -- 15、查詢兩門及其以上不及格課程的同學的學號,姓名及其平均成績 select st.s_id,st.s_name,avg(sc.s_score) from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id where sc.s_id in ( select sc.s_id from score sc where sc.s_score<60 or sc.s_score is NULL group by sc.s_id having COUNT(sc.s_id)>=2 ) group by st.s_id -- 16、檢索"01"課程分數小於60,按分數降序排列的學生資訊 select st.*,sc.s_score from student st inner join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id and sc.c_id="01" and sc.s_score<60 order by sc.s_score desc -- 17、按平均成績從高到低顯示所有學生的所有課程的成績以及平均成績 -- 可加round,case when then else end 使顯示更完美 select st.s_id,st.s_name,avg(sc4.s_score) "平均分",sc.s_score "語文",sc2.s_score "數學",sc3.s_score "英語" from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id and sc.c_id="01" left join score sc2 on sc2.s_id=st.s_id and sc2.c_id="02" left join score sc3 on sc3.s_id=st.s_id and sc3.c_id="03" left join score sc4 on sc4.s_id=st.s_id group by st.s_id order by SUM(sc4.s_score) desc -- 18.查詢各科成績最高分、最低分和平均分:以如下形式顯示:課程ID,課程name,最高分,最低分,平均分,及格率,中等率,優良率,優秀率 -- 及格為>=60,中等為:70-80,優良為:80-90,優秀為:>=90 select c.c_id,c.c_name,max(sc.s_score) "最高分",MIN(sc2.s_score) "最低分",avg(sc3.s_score) "平均分" ,((select count(s_id) from score where s_score>=60 and c_id=c.c_id )/(select count(s_id) from score where c_id=c.c_id)) "及格率" ,((select count(s_id) from score where s_score>=70 and s_score<80 and c_id=c.c_id )/(select count(s_id) from score where c_id=c.c_id)) "中等率" ,((select count(s_id) from score where s_score>=80 and s_score<90 and c_id=c.c_id )/(select count(s_id) from score where c_id=c.c_id)) "優良率" ,((select count(s_id) from score where s_score>=90 and c_id=c.c_id )/(select count(s_id) from score where c_id=c.c_id)) "優秀率" from course c left join score sc on sc.c_id=c.c_id left join score sc2 on sc2.c_id=c.c_id left join score sc3 on sc3.c_id=c.c_id group by c.c_id -- 19、按各科成績進行排序,並顯示排名(實現不完全) -- mysql沒有rank函式 -- 加@score是為了防止用union all 後打亂了順序 select c1.s_id,c1.c_id,c1.c_name,@score:=c1.s_score,@i:=@i+1 from (select c.c_name,sc.* from course c left join score sc on sc.c_id=c.c_id where c.c_id="01" order by sc.s_score desc) c1 , (select @i:=0) a union all select c2.s_id,c2.c_id,c2.c_name,c2.s_score,@ii:=@ii+1 from (select c.c_name,sc.* from course c left join score sc on sc.c_id=c.c_id where c.c_id="02" order by sc.s_score desc) c2 , (select @ii:=0) aa union all select c3.s_id,c3.c_id,c3.c_name,c3.s_score,@iii:=@iii+1 from (select c.c_name,sc.* from course c left join score sc on sc.c_id=c.c_id where c.c_id="03" order by sc.s_score desc) c3; set @iii=0; -- 20、查詢學生的總成績並進行排名 select st.s_id,st.s_name ,(case when sum(sc.s_score) is null then 0 else sum(sc.s_score) end) from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id group by st.s_id order by sum(sc.s_score) desc -- 21、查詢不同老師所教不同課程平均分從高到低顯示 select t.t_id,t.t_name,c.c_name,avg(sc.s_score) from teacher t left join course c on c.t_id=t.t_id left join score sc on sc.c_id =c.c_id group by t.t_id order by avg(sc.s_score) desc -- 22、查詢所有課程的成績第2名到第3名的學生資訊及該課程成績 select a.* from ( select st.*,c.c_id,c.c_name,sc.s_score from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id inner join course c on c.c_id =sc.c_id and c.c_id="01" order by sc.s_score desc LIMIT 1,2 ) a union all select b.* from ( select st.*,c.c_id,c.c_name,sc.s_score from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id inner join course c on c.c_id =sc.c_id and c.c_id="02" order by sc.s_score desc LIMIT 1,2) b union all select c.* from ( select st.*,c.c_id,c.c_name,sc.s_score from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id inner join course c on c.c_id =sc.c_id and c.c_id="03" order by sc.s_score desc LIMIT 1,2) c -- 23、統計各科成績各分數段人數:課程編號,課程名稱,[100-85],[85-70],[70-60],[0-60]及所佔百分比 select c.c_id,c.c_name ,((select count(1) from score sc where sc.c_id=c.c_id and sc.s_score<=100 and sc.s_score>80)/(select count(1) from score sc where sc.c_id=c.c_id )) "100-85" ,((select count(1) from score sc where sc.c_id=c.c_id and sc.s_score<=85 and sc.s_score>70)/(select count(1) from score sc where sc.c_id=c.c_id )) "85-70" ,((select count(1) from score sc where sc.c_id=c.c_id and sc.s_score<=70 and sc.s_score>60)/(select count(1) from score sc where sc.c_id=c.c_id )) "70-60" ,((select count(1) from score sc where sc.c_id=c.c_id and sc.s_score<=60 and sc.s_score>=0)/(select count(1) from score sc where sc.c_id=c.c_id )) "60-0" from course c order by c.c_id -- 24、查詢學生平均成績及其名次 set @i=0; select a.*,@i:=@i+1 from ( select st.s_id,st.s_name,round((case when avg(sc.s_score) is null then 0 else avg(sc.s_score) end),2) "平均分" from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id group by st.s_id order by sc.s_score desc) a -- 25、查詢各科成績前三名的記錄 select a.* from ( select st.s_id,st.s_name,c.c_id,c.c_name,sc.s_score from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id inner join course c on c.c_id=sc.c_id and c.c_id='01' order by sc.s_score desc LIMIT 0,3) a union all select b.* from ( select st.s_id,st.s_name,c.c_id,c.c_name,sc.s_score from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id inner join course c on c.c_id=sc.c_id and c.c_id='02' order by sc.s_score desc LIMIT 0,3) b union all select c.* from ( select st.s_id,st.s_name,c.c_id,c.c_name,sc.s_score from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id inner join course c on c.c_id=sc.c_id and c.c_id='03' order by sc.s_score desc LIMIT 0,3) c -- 26、查詢每門課程被選修的學生數 select c.c_id,c.c_name,count(1) from course c left join score sc on sc.c_id=c.c_id inner join student st on st.s_id=c.c_id group by st.s_id -- 27、查詢出只有兩門課程的全部學生的學號和姓名 select st.s_id,st.s_name from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id inner join course c on c.c_id=sc.c_id group by st.s_id having count(1)=2 -- 28、查詢男生、女生人數 select st.s_sex,count(1) from student st group by st.s_sex -- 29、查詢名字中含有"風"字的學生資訊 select st.* from student st where st.s_name like "%風%"; -- 30、查詢同名同性學生名單,並統計同名人數 select st.*,count(1) from student st group by st.s_name,st.s_sex having count(1)>1 -- 31、查詢1990年出生的學生名單 select st.* from student st where st.s_birth like "1990%"; -- 32、查詢每門課程的平均成績,結果按平均成績降序排列,平均成績相同時,按課程編號升序排列 select c.c_id,c.c_name,avg(sc.s_score) from course c inner join score sc on sc.c_id=c.c_id group by c.c_id order by avg(sc.s_score) desc,c.c_id asc -- 33、查詢平均成績大於等於85的所有學生的學號、姓名和平均成績 select st.s_id,st.s_name,avg(sc.s_score) from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id group by st.s_id having avg(sc.s_score)>=85 -- 34、查詢課程名稱為"數學",且分數低於60的學生姓名和分數 select st.s_id,st.s_name,sc.s_score from student st inner join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id and sc.s_score<60 inner join course c on c.c_id=sc.c_id and c.c_name ="數學" -- 35、查詢所有學生的課程及分數情況; select st.s_id,st.s_name,c.c_name,sc.s_score from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id left join course c on c.c_id =sc.c_id order by st.s_id,c.c_name -- 36、查詢任何一門課程成績在70分以上的姓名、課程名稱和分數 select st2.s_id,st2.s_name,c2.c_name,sc2.s_score from student st2 left join score sc2 on sc2.s_id=st2.s_id left join course c2 on c2.c_id=sc2.c_id where st2.s_id in( select st.s_id from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id group by st.s_id having min(sc.s_score)>=70) order by s_id -- 37、查詢不及格的課程 select st.s_id,c.c_name,st.s_name,sc.s_score from student st inner join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id and sc.s_score<60 inner join course c on c.c_id=sc.c_id -- 38、查詢課程編號為01且課程成績在80分以上的學生的學號和姓名 select st.s_id,st.s_name,sc.s_score from student st inner join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id and sc.c_id="01" and sc.s_score>=80 -- 39、求每門課程的學生人數 select c.c_id,c.c_name,count(1) from course c inner join score sc on sc.c_id=c.c_id group by c.c_id -- 40、查詢選修"張三"老師所授課程的學生中,成績最高的學生資訊及其成績 select st.*,c.c_name,sc.s_score,t.t_name from student st inner join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id inner join course c on c.c_id=sc.c_id inner join teacher t on t.t_id=c.t_id and t.t_name="張三" order by sc.s_score desc limit 0,1 -- 41、查詢不同課程成績相同的學生的學生編號、課程編號、學生成績 select st.s_id,st.s_name,sc.c_id,sc.s_score from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id left join course c on c.c_id=sc.c_id where ( select count(1) from student st2 left join score sc2 on sc2.s_id=st2.s_id left join course c2 on c2.c_id=sc2.c_id where sc.s_score=sc2.s_score and c.c_id!=c2.c_id )>1 -- 42、查詢每門功成績最好的前兩名 select a.* from (select st.s_id,st.s_name,c.c_name,sc.s_score from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id inner join course c on c.c_id=sc.c_id and c.c_id="01" order by sc.s_score desc limit 0,2) a union all select b.* from (select st.s_id,st.s_name,c.c_name,sc.s_score from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id inner join course c on c.c_id=sc.c_id and c.c_id="02" order by sc.s_score desc limit 0,2) b union all select c.* from (select st.s_id,st.s_name,c.c_name,sc.s_score from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id inner join course c on c.c_id=sc.c_id and c.c_id="03" order by sc.s_score desc limit 0,2) c -- 借鑑(更準確,漂亮): select a.s_id,a.c_id,a.s_score from score a where (select COUNT(1) from score b where b.c_id=a.c_id and b.s_score>=a.s_score)<=2 order by a.c_id -- 43、統計每門課程的學生選修人數(超過5人的課程才統計)。要求輸出課程號和選修人數,查詢結果按人數降序排列, -- 若人數相同,按課程號升序排列 select sc.c_id,count(1) from score sc left join course c on c.c_id=sc.c_id group by c.c_id having count(1)>5 order by count(1) desc,sc.c_id asc -- 44、檢索至少選修兩門課程的學生學號 select st.s_id from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id group by st.s_id having count(1)>=2 -- 45、查詢選修了全部課程的學生資訊 select st.* from student st left join score sc on sc.s_id=st.s_id group by st.s_id having count(1)=(select count(1) from course) -- 46、查詢各學生的年齡 select st.*,timestampdiff(year,st.s_birth,now()) from student st -- 47、查詢本週過生日的學生 -- 此處可能有問題,week函式取的為當前年的第幾周,2017-12-12是第50周而2018-12-12是第49周,可以取月份,day,星期幾(%w), -- 再判斷本週是否會持續到下一個月進行判斷,太麻煩,不會寫 select st.* from student st where week(now())=week(date_format(st.s_birth,'%Y%m%d')) -- 48、查詢下週過生日的學生 select st.* from student st where week(now())+1=week(date_format(st.s_birth,'%Y%m%d')) -- 49、查詢本月過生日的學生 select st.* from student st where month(now())=month(date_format(st.s_birth,'%Y%m%d')) -- 50、查詢下月過生日的學生 -- 注意:當 當前月為12時,用month(now())+1為13而不是1,可用timestampadd()函式或mod取模 select st.* from student st where month(timestampadd(month,1,now()))=month(date_format(st.s_birth,'%Y%m%d')) -- 或 select st.* from student st where (month(now()) + 1) mod 12 = month(date_format(st.s_birth,'%Y%m%d'))
三.記憶復甦(習題解析)
3.1(Q1)
left join是連線,貌似是自然連線(不想翻筆記了)。下面是左連線的語法(右連線類似):
SELECT * FROM 左表格 LEFT JOIN 右表格 ON 連線條件
只要看過相關書籍都知道select,from,where都是有一個執行順序的,該順序是from->where->select,每一條語句都是為了建立一個表(可以這麼粗略理解),那麼這道題的答案可以理解成
st表是左邊的表,sc是右邊的表,兩個表的行進行自由組合(還是要注意哪些欄位是哪些表的),我們需要找出來的就是sc_s_id = st.s_id (也就是提供了sc的對同id的其他資訊的補充)的那些行st.c_id = '01'以及然後新建成一個無名錶a1(from和join的成果,join可以理解成是from模組裡面的,所以不要加逗號),然後在該無名錶a1中尋找where條件符合的行再度新建成一個無名錶a2(where),然後再在無名錶a2中尋找select中提到的列新建一個無名錶a3(結果)。
這是Q1的結果:
3.3(Q3)
比較重要的是分組,group by是將新建成的表模擬分組,一般搭配having使用,having是用來篩選符合having條件的組的,注意只是模擬分組,我們的表名還是可以用的,並不是說之後只能用group來代替。比如select語句:select st.s_id,st.s_name,ROUND(AVG(sc.s_score),2) cjScore
這一句中的sc.s_score使用了表名,同時這裡的s_score是某一組的。
使用分組的前提是想要切割一個表(而不用用到另外的表),注意事項是group by的內容必須是select裡面的內容之一。
ps:ROUND(AVG(sc.s_score),2) cjScore中的cjScore是別名,關鍵字一般是as,但是用的時候在各模組經常省略as,group by可以理解是where模組的(只是我個人理解)
ROUND(AVG(sc.s_score),2)表示對平均分數進行四捨五入,並保留兩位小數。
然後結果仍然是表。
3.4(Q4)
答案比Q3多了一個語句,case--when--then--end
CASE WHEN condition1 THEN result1 WHEN condition2 THEN result2 ... ELSE default_result END
(話說這些東西可以去問gpt的,gpt雖然不太智慧,但是很淵博)
建議多加別名,否則就會這樣。
select的內容都是列。
3.5(Q5)
也可以這麼做。
select st.s_id , st.s_name ,count(sc.c_id), (case when sum(sc.s_score) is null then 0 else sum(sc.s_score) end) all_score from student st left join score sc on st.s_id = sc.s_id group by st.s_id;
3.6(Q6)
這裡用到的是like關鍵字。LIKE
關鍵字用於模糊匹配,"李%"
表示以“李”開頭的任意字串。having關鍵字什麼的就不講了
3.7(Q7)
書寫表的順序推薦是從st到'張三“,這樣子好寫別名。
3.8(Q8)
可以使用巢狀select,也可以使用 聯合查詢。
巢狀select使用的思路是從裡到外,張老師的id,這個id對應的課程id,選課中有這個課程id的學生id,在student表中沒有在求到的學生id範圍中的學生id。
select st.* from student st where st.s_id not in( select sc.s_id from score sc where sc.c_id in( select c.c_id from course c where t_id = ( select t_id from teacher te where t_name = '張三' ) ) );
聯合查詢:思路是學過老師課程id的學生的表和student表join一下,null的那些就是沒有選老師課程id的學生,建表返回相關學生資訊。
select st.* from student st left join( select distinct sc.s_id from score sc join course c on sc.c_id = c.c_id join teacher te on te.t_id = c.t_id where te.t_name = '張三' )learned_st on st.s_id = learned_st.s_id where learned_st.s_id is null;
這是聯合查詢的結果:(不同人資料都不太一樣,所以只參考一下自己的表)
這裡說一下left 和join之間的區別,left join是將from 裡面的表放左邊,如果右邊的錶行數不夠(比如說學過選修課的學生id肯定比學生總數id少),left join會返回左邊表的行數,即使右邊表被填充了null也會返回;而join是全部返回(誰行數大就返回多少行)
我嘗試性地把st表放在右邊,得到的結果驗證了我的想法。
3.9(Q9)
inner join是指將匹配的行返回,只會講匹配的行返回,所以不會有null的。我看了一下別人的例子:https://www.cnblogs.com/pcjim/articles/799302.html(先去看這個連結,下面的只是我做筆記用的)
舉例如下:
--------------------------------------------
表A記錄如下:
aID aNum
1 a20050111
2 a20050112
3 a20050113
4 a20050114
5 a20050115
表B記錄如下:
bID bName
1 2006032401
2 2006032402
3 2006032403
4 2006032404
8 2006032408
--------------------------------------------
1.left join
sql語句如下:
select * from A
left join B
on A.aID = B.bID
結果如下:
aID aNum bID bName
1 a20050111 1 2006032401
2 a20050112 2 2006032402
3 a20050113 3 2006032403
4 a20050114 4 2006032404
5 a20050115 NULL NULL
(所影響的行數為 5 行)
--------------------------------------------
2.right join
sql語句如下:
select * from A
right join B
on A.aID = B.bID
結果如下:
aID aNum bID bName
1 a20050111 1 2006032401
2 a20050112 2 2006032402
3 a20050113 3 2006032403
4 a20050114 4 2006032404
NULL NULL 8 2006032408
(所影響的行數為 5 行)
--------------------------------------------
3.inner join
sql語句如下:
select * from A
innerjoin B
on A.aID = B.bID
結果如下:
aID aNum bID bName
1 a20050111 1 2006032401
2 a20050112 2 2006032402
3 a20050113 3 2006032403
4 a20050114 4 2006032404
inner join絕對不會出現null,適合多重“學過”題目,如果是left join和right join由於有null,適合單個“學過”題目,
當然也不一定要牢記這個規則,後面學得熟悉了就不是很在意了。
這道題的思路是先找學過編號01的再去找這之中學過編號02的。
網友提供的做法中,思路一看就清楚了,所以HAVING SUM(IF(sc.`c_id`="01" OR sc.`c_id`="02" ,1,0))>1。篩選出sum大於1的,據此我們可以知道,if語句是某組一行一行地找,然後having 語句是對應的某組整個情況,所以一般搭配的是sum,avg等。對於這個答案我覺得還是加一個distinct比較好一點。
3.10(Q10)
我覺得這個答案太繁瑣了。換成了這個。
SELECT st.* FROM student st LEFT JOIN score sc1 ON st.s_id = sc1.s_id AND sc1.c_id = '01' LEFT JOIN score sc2 ON st.s_id = sc2.s_id AND sc2.c_id = '02' WHERE sc1.c_id = '01' AND sc2.c_id IS NULL;
3.12(Q12)
特地列出來是因為我在這裡寫錯了一種寫法,目前來說並不知道錯哪裡了。
現在回想起來,我為什麼要寫group呢(好像是因為重複的st_id有很多行,我下意識就group了)(不是having中c_id中別名的問題,事實上我試了很多次,這只是其中的一次嘗試),gpt給的答案是
在 SQL 查詢中,WHERE
子句用於過濾行,而 HAVING
子句用於過濾組。當使用 LEFT JOIN
連線表時,確實需要注意可能出現的 NULL
值對查詢結果的影響。
WHERE
子句在查詢過程中對行進行過濾,因此,如果 WHERE
子句中涉及到 LEFT JOIN
的列,資料庫會考慮到 NULL
值,並根據條件過濾相應的行。但是,HAVING
子句在查詢的結果已經分組後進行條件過濾,而且通常用於聚合函式結果的篩選,這時對於包含 NULL
值的列的判斷就更為敏感。
在您的情況下,成功的查詢使用了 WHERE
子句,並透過子查詢來過濾了 sc.c_id
。由於 WHERE
子句在過濾行時會考慮到 NULL
值,因此您的查詢結果可能符合預期。
總的來說,無論是在 WHERE
子句還是 HAVING
子句中,都需要注意 LEFT JOIN
可能導致的 NULL
值,並根據具體情況進行處理,以確保查詢結果的正確性。
之後注意一下就行了。
3.12(Q12)
GROUP_CONCAT
是一個聚合函式,它用於將組內的多個值連線成一個字串,並返回一個包含所有值的單個字串。
3.15(Q15)
3.17&3.18(Q17&Q18)(需要記住)
一些感悟:join的on不也是將表的一部分分給其他表嗎?確實嗷。給予的是其他表的資訊。如果要求不同的東西卻要
使用同一張原始的表,那麼就建立不同的表也就是left join多次。
在Q18中,答案極其複雜。group by使得c.c_id該列不會重複那麼多行(其實這裡用group還因為使用了聚合函式),將聚合函式扔掉。會有這個結果:
還有這些:,((select count(s_id) from score where s_score>=60 and c_id=c.c_id )/(select count(s_id) from score where c_id=c.c_id)) "及格率" ,((select count(s_id) from score where s_score>=70 and s_score<80 and c_id=c.c_id )/(select count(s_id) from score where c_id=c.c_id)) "中等率" ,((select count(s_id) from score where s_score>=80 and s_score<90 and c_id=c.c_id )/(select count(s_id) from score where c_id=c.c_id)) "優良率" ,((select count(s_id) from score where s_score>=90 and c_id=c.c_id )/(select count(s_id) from score where c_id=c.c_id)) "優秀率"
這些語句中我憂鬱的就是及格率等沒辦法按照課程號來怎麼辦,最後糾結的時候發現了有新增 c_id=c.c_id,意義大家都知道了。
3.19(Q19)
select c1.s_id,c1.c_id,c1.c_name,@score:=c1.s_score,@i:=@i+1 from (select c.c_name,sc.* from course c left join score sc on sc.c_id=c.c_id where c.c_id="01" order by sc.s_score desc) c1:
這個子查詢選擇了課程編號為 "01" 的課程資訊,並將課程成績降序排列。
使用了 MySQL 中的使用者變數 @score 和 @i 來儲存成績和排名,@score 用於儲存當前成績,@i 用於記錄排名。
透過 @i:=@i+1 語法,在結果中新增了一個排名列,按照成績降序排列。
(select @i:=0) a:
這個子查詢用於初始化變數 @i,將其值設為 0。
union all:
UNION ALL 運算子用於合併多個 SELECT 結果集,幷包括重複行。
並不會打亂查詢集裡的順序,只是為了程式碼健全度最好加一下@score。
同樣的邏輯被重複了兩次,用於查詢課程編號為 "02" 和 "03" 的課程資訊,並分別進行排名。
set @iii=0;:
最後,這個語句初始化了另一個使用者變數 @iii,將其值設為 0
3.26(Q26)
count(1)和count(*)一樣。
3.29(Q29)
%表示可以匹配任意字串(包括零長度)
3.30(Q30)這一道題記一下
3.32(Q32)這一道題記一下
3.36(Q36)這一道題記一下
3.41(Q41)這一道題記一下
3.42(Q42)這一道題記一下,借鑑寫法寫得很好(但是感覺可以改進)
3.46(Q46)
TIMESTAMPDIFF(YEAR, st.s_birth, NOW())
: 這是一個函式呼叫,它計算了學生的年齡。TIMESTAMPDIFF
函式的語法是TIMESTAMPDIFF(unit, datetime_expr1, datetime_expr2)
,它返回datetime_expr2
和datetime_expr1
之間的差值,單位由unit
指定。在這個查詢中,unit
是YEAR
,datetime_expr1
是學生的出生日期st.s_birth
,datetime_expr2
是當前日期NOW()
。因此,該函式計算了學生的出生日期與當前日期之間的年數差值,即學生的年齡。
3.47&3.48&3.49(Q47&Q.48&Q.49)
都是類似的題目,只給上47的解析。
WEEK(NOW()) 返回當前日期所在的週數。
DATE_FORMAT(st.s_birth,'%Y%m%d') 用於將學生的生日按照年月日的格式表示。
WEEK() 函式用於計算日期所在的週數。
透過將當前日期的週數與學生生日的週數進行比較,來判斷學生是否在本週過生日。
SELECT st.* 選擇符合條件的所有學生資訊。
因此,該查詢將返回在本週過生日的學生的資訊。
3.50(Q50)這一道題記一下
TIMESTAMPADD(MONTH, 1, NOW()) 是將當前日期增加一個月。也就是說
四、感受
好耶寫完了。
參考連結:Mysql Sql 語句練習題 (50道) - 梅花GG - 部落格園 (cnblogs.com)
https://www.cnblogs.com/pcjim/articles/799302.html