比較運算子中使用NULL
mysql> select 1>NULL;+--------+| 1>NULL |+--------+| NULL |+--------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select 1<NULL;+--------+| 1<NULL |+--------+| NULL |+--------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select 1<>NULL;+---------+| 1<>NULL |+---------+| NULL |+---------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select 1>NULL;+--------+| 1>NULL |+--------+| NULL |+--------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select 1<NULL;+--------+| 1<NULL |+--------+| NULL |+--------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select 1>=NULL;+---------+| 1>=NULL |+---------+| NULL |+---------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select 1<=NULL;+---------+| 1<=NULL |+---------+| NULL |+---------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select 1!=NULL;+---------+| 1!=NULL |+---------+| NULL |+---------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select 1<>NULL;+---------+| 1<>NULL |+---------+| NULL |+---------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select NULL=NULL,NULL!=NULL;+-----------+------------+| NULL=NULL | NULL!=NULL |+-----------+------------+| NULL | NULL |+-----------+------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select 1 in (null),1 not in (null),null in (null),null not in (null);+-------------+-----------------+----------------+--------------------+| 1 in (null) | 1 not in (null) | null in (null) | null not in (null) |+-------------+-----------------+----------------+--------------------+| NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL |+-------------+-----------------+----------------+--------------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select 1=any(select null),null=any(select null);+--------------------+-----------------------+| 1=any(select null) | null=any(select null) |+--------------------+-----------------------+| NULL | NULL |+--------------------+-----------------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select 1=all(select null),null=all(select null);+--------------------+-----------------------+| 1=all(select null) | null=all(select null) |+--------------------+-----------------------+| NULL | NULL |+--------------------+-----------------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839404142434445464748495051525354555657585960616263646566676869707172737475767778798081828384858687888990919293949596979899100101102103
結論:任何值和NULL使用運算子(>、<、>=、<=、!=、<>)或者(in、not in、any/some、all)比較時,返回值都為NULL,NULL作為布林值的時候,不為1也不為0。
準備資料
mysql> create table test1(a int,b int);Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)mysql> insert into test1 values (1,1),(1,null),(null,null);Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec)Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0mysql> select * from test1;+------+------+| a | b |+------+------+| 1 | 1 || 1 | NULL || NULL | NULL |+------+------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)12345678910111213141516
上面3條資料,認真看一下,特別是注意上面NULL的記錄。
IN、NOT IN和NULL比較
IN和NULL比較
mysql> select * from test1;+------+------+| a | b |+------+------+| 1 | 1 || 1 | NULL || NULL | NULL |+------+------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from test1 where a in (null);Empty set (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from test1 where a in (null,1);+------+------+| a | b |+------+------+| 1 | 1 || 1 | NULL |+------+------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)123456789101112131415161718192021
結論:當IN和NULL比較時,無法查詢出為NULL的記錄。
NOT IN 和NULL比較
mysql> select * from test1 where a not in (1);Empty set (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from test1 where a not in (null);Empty set (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from test1 where a not in (null,2);Empty set (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from test1 where a not in (2);+------+------+| a | b |+------+------+| 1 | 1 || 1 | NULL |+------+------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)1234567891011121314151617
結論:當NOT IN 後面有NULL值時,不論什麼情況下,整個sql的查詢結果都為空。
EXISTS、NOT EXISTS和NULL比較
mysql> select * from test2;+------+------+| a | b |+------+------+| 1 | 1 || 1 | NULL || NULL | NULL |+------+------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from test1 t1 where exists (select * from test2 t2 where t1.a = t2.a);+------+------+| a | b |+------+------+| 1 | 1 || 1 | NULL |+------+------+2 rows in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select * from test1 t1 where not exists (select * from test2 t2 where t1.a = t2.a);+------+------+| a | b |+------+------+| NULL | NULL |+------+------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526
上面我們複製了表test1建立了表test2。
查詢語句中使用exists、not exists對比test1.a=test2.a,因為=不能比較NULL,結果和預期一致。
判斷NULL只能用IS NULL、IS NOT NULL
mysql> select 1 is not null;+---------------+| 1 is not null |+---------------+| 1 |+---------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select 1 is null;+-----------+| 1 is null |+-----------+| 0 |+-----------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select null is null;+--------------+| null is null |+--------------+| 1 |+--------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select null is not null;+------------------+| null is not null |+------------------+| 0 |+------------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)12345678910111213141516171819202122232425262728293031
看上面的效果,返回的結果為1或者0。
結論:判斷是否為空只能用IS NULL、IS NOT NULL。
聚合函式中NULL的坑
示例
mysql> select count(a),count(b),count(*) from test1;+----------+----------+----------+| count(a) | count(b) | count(*) |+----------+----------+----------+| 2 | 1 | 3 |+----------+----------+----------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)1234567
count(a)返回了2行記錄,a欄位為NULL的沒有統計出來。
count(b)返回了1行記錄,為NULL的2行記錄沒有統計出來。
count(*)可以統計所有資料,不論欄位的資料是否為NULL。
再繼續看
mysql> select * from test1 where a is null;+------+------+| a | b |+------+------+| NULL | NULL |+------+------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)mysql> select count(a) from test1 where a is null;+----------+| count(a) |+----------+| 0 |+----------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)123456789101112131415
上面第1個sql使用is null查詢出了結果,第2個sql中count(a)返回的是0行。
結論:count(欄位)無法統計欄位為NULL的值,count(*)可以統計值為null的行。
NULL不能作為主鍵的值
mysql> create table test3(a int primary key,b int);Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)mysql> insert into test3 values (null,1);ERROR 1048 (23000): Column 'a' cannot be null12345
上面我們建立了一個表test3,欄位a未指定不能為空,插入了一條NULL的資料,報錯原因:a 欄位的值不能為NULL,我們看一下表的建立語句:
mysql> show create table test3;+-------+------------+| Table | Create Table |+-------+------------+| test3 | CREATE TABLE `test3` (
`a` int(11) NOT NULL,
`b` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`a`)) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8+-------+------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)1234567891011
從上面的指令碼可以看出,當欄位為主鍵的時候,欄位會自動設定為not null。
結論:當欄位為主鍵的時候,欄位會自動設定為not null。
看了上面這些還是比較暈,NULL的情況確實比較難以處理,容易出錯,最有效的方法就是避免使用NULL。所以,強烈建議建立欄位的時候欄位不允許為NULL,設定一個預設值。
總結
-
NULL作為布林值的時候,不為1也不為0
-
任何值和NULL使用運算子(>、<、>=、<=、!=、<>)或者(in、not in、any/some、all),返回值都為NULL
-
當IN和NULL比較時,無法查詢出為NULL的記錄
-
當NOT IN 後面有NULL值時,不論什麼情況下,整個sql的查詢結果都為空
-
判斷是否為空只能用IS NULL、IS NOT NULL
-
count(欄位)無法統計欄位為NULL的值,count(*)可以統計值為null的行
-
當欄位為主鍵的時候,欄位會自動設定為not null
-
NULL導致的坑讓人防不勝防,強烈建議建立欄位的時候欄位不允許為NULL,給個預設值
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