雲端計算學習路線教程大綱課件：網路管理基礎

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Network interface names

Traditionally, network interfaces in Linux are enumerated as eth0, eth1, eth2, and so on. However, the mechanism which

sets these names can cause changes to which interface gets which name as devices are added and removed.

The default naming behavior in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 is to assign fixed names based on firmware, device topology,

and device type.

Interface names have the following characters:

Ethernet interfaces begin with en, WLAN interfaces begin with wl, and WWAN interfaces begin with ww.

The next character(s) represents the type of adapter with an o for on-board, s for hotplug slot, and p for PCI geographic location.

Not used by default but also available to administrators, an x is used to incorporate a MAC address.

Finally, a number N is used to represent an index, ID, or port.

If the fixed name cannot be determined, the traditional names such as ethN will be used.

For example, the first embedded network interface may be named eno1 and a PCI card network interface may be named enp2s0.

The new names make it easier to distinguish the relationship between a port and its name if the user knows both, but the

trade off is that users cannot assume a system with one interface calls that interface eth0.

使用NetworkManager管理網路

網路管理器（NetworkManager）是一個動態網路的控制器與配置系統，它用於當網路裝置可用時保持裝置和連線開啟並啟用

預設情況下，CentOS/RHEL 7 已安裝網路管理器，並處於啟用狀態。

device 裝置，物理裝置例如enp2s0,virbr0,team0

connection 連線，邏輯設定指的是一套具體配置方案

多個connection可以應用到同一個device，但同一時間只能啟用其中一個connection。

這樣的好處是針對一個網路介面，可以設定多個網路連線，比如靜態IP和動態IP，再根據需要up相應的connection

NetworkManager提供的工具

nmcli, nmtui, nm-connect-editor

1. 方法一：修改ip/netmask/dns/gateway[瞭解]

[root@tianyun ~]# nmcli connection add con-name enp2s0-auto autoconnect yes ifname enp2s0 type ethernet

[root@tianyun ~]# nmcli connection add con-name enp2s0-gun autoconnect yes ifname enp2s0 type ethernet ip4 10.10.10.10/24 gw4 10.10.10.254

[root@tianyun ~]# nmcli connection show enp2s0-auto |grep ipv4.me

ipv4.method: auto

[root@tianyun ~]# nmcli connection show enp2s0-gun |grep ipv4.me

ipv4.method: manual

[root@tianyun ~]# ls /etc/sysconfig/network-s/

ifcfg-enp2s0 ifdown-ippp ifdown-TeamPort ifup-ipv6 ifup-Team

ifcfg-enp2s0-auto ifdown-ipv6 ifdown-tunnel ifup-isdn ifup-TeamPort

ifcfg-enp2s0-gun ifdown-isdn ifup ifup-plip ifup-tunnel

[root@tianyun ~]# nmcli connection up enp2s0-auto

[root@tianyun ~]# nmcli connection delete enp2s0-auto

[root@tianyun ~]# nmcli connection modify enp2s0-gun ipv4.method a

[root@tianyun ~]# nmcli connection modify enp2s0-gun ipv4.method m

[root@tianyun ~]# nmcli connection modify enp2s0-gun +ipv4.addresses 20.20.20.20/24

[root@tianyun ~]# nmcli connection modify enp2s0-gun +ipv4.dns 114.114.114.114

[root@tianyun ~]# nmcli connection show enp2s0-gun |grep ipv4.add

ipv4.addresses: 10.10.10.10/24, 20.20.20.20/24

2. 方法二：修改ip/netmask/dns/gateway

[root@tianyun ~]# vim /etc/sysconfig/network-s/ifcfg-enp2s0

NAME="enp2s0"

DEVICE="enp2s0"

>

NETBOOT=yes

BOOTPROTO=none

IPADDR=172.16.120.246

PREFIX=24

IPADDR1=192.168.200.246

PREFIX1=24

GATEWAY=172.16.120.254

DNS1=8.8.8.8

DNS2=114.114.114.114

[root@tianyun ~]# nmcli con reload

[root@tianyun ~]# nmcli con down enp2s0; nmcli con up enp2s0

注：刪除自建的連線connection

不使用NetworkManager管理網路

aliyun

[root@aliyun ~]# nmcli connection delete enp2s0-auto

[root@aliyun ~]# systemctl disable NetworkManager

[root@aliyun ~]# systemctl stop NetworkManager

[root@aliyun ~]# systemctl status NetworkManager

● NetworkManager.service - Network Manager

Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/NetworkManager.service; disabled; vendor preset: enabled)

Active: inactive (dead)

[root@aliyun ~]# vim /etc/sysconfig/network-s/ifcfg-eth0

NAME=eth0

DEVICE=eth0

>

NETBOOT=yes

BOOTPROTO=none

IPADDR=192.168.122.169

PREFIX=24

TYPE=Ethernet

[root@aliyun ~]# systemctl restart network.service

以下配置跟NetworkManager無關：

1. 修改主機名/etc/hostname

# hostnamectl set-hostname tianyun.example.com

# cat /etc/hostname

# reboot

2. 配置名字解析Configuring name resolution

a. hosts

[root@tianyun ~]# cat /etc/hosts

127.0.0.1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4

::1 localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6

119.75.218.70

[root@tianyun ~]# getent hosts

119.75.218.70

b. resolv.conf DNS

[root@tianyun ~]# cat /etc/resolv.conf

# Generated by NetworkManager

nameserver 114.114.114.114

[root@tianyun ~]# yum -y install bind-utils

[root@tianyun ~]# host

is an alias for us.sina.com.cn.

us.sina.com.cn is an alias for wwwus.sina.com.

wwwus.sina.com has address 66.102.251.33

基本的網路測試工具

[root@tianyun ~]# ip a

[root@tianyun ~]# ip a s eth0

[root@tianyun ~]# ip route

[root@tianyun ~]# ip neigh

[root@tianyun ~]# hostname

[root@tianyun ~]# ping

[root@tianyun ~]# ping -c2

[root@tianyun ~]# ip -s link show eth0

[root@tianyun ~]# traceroute

[root@tianyun ~]# tracepath

1?: [LOCALHOST] pmtu 1500

1: no reply

2: 11.245.87.126 0.787ms

3: 106.11.130.218 0.387ms

4: 42.120.244.125 0.425ms

5: 150.138.132.157 1.469ms

6: 150.138.128.241 3.546ms asymm 7

7: 202.97.40.241 24.677ms

8: 202.97.24.154 14.197ms

9: 202.97.33.154 18.340ms asymm 10

10: 202.97.90.242 182.632ms

11: 203.14.186.138 193.383ms asymm 13

12: 218.30.41.234 209.543ms asymm 13

13: 66.102.251.33 163.224ms reached

Resume: pmtu 1500 hops 13 back 14

檢視裝置物理連線的狀態

[root@tianyun ~]# ip a

2: enp1s0: <NO-CARRIER,BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP> mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast master br0 state DOWN qlen 1000

如果在連線禁用以上的資訊不真實

[root@tianyun ~]# ethtool enp1s0

Link detected: no

ports and services

以下為示例服務：

[root@aliyun ~]# yum -y install httpd vsftpd

[root@aliyun ~]# systemctl start httpd

[root@aliyun ~]# systemctl start vsftpd

http 80/tcp

https 443/tcp

ssh 22/tcp

ftp 21/tcp

1. Show TCP sockets (LISTEN)

[root@aliyun ~]# ss -tnl

State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port

LISTEN 0 128 *:80 *:*

LISTEN 0 128 *:8080 *:*

LISTEN 0 10 114.215.71.214:53 *:*

LISTEN 0 10 10.29.89.165:53 *:*

LISTEN 0 10 127.0.0.1:53 *:*

LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:*

LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:953 *:*

LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:6010 *:*

LISTEN 0 128 *:443 *:*

LISTEN 0 32 :::21 :::*

LISTEN 0 10 :::53 :::*

[root@aliyun ~]# ss -tnl |grep :80

LISTEN 0 128 *:80 *:*

[root@aliyun ~]# ss -tnl |grep :21

LISTEN 0 32 :::21 :::*

[root@aliyun ~]# ss -atn

State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port

LISTEN 0 128 *:80 *:*

LISTEN 0 10 114.215.71.214:53 *:*

LISTEN 0 10 10.29.89.165:53 *:*

LISTEN 0 10 127.0.0.1:53 *:*

LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:*

LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:953 *:*

LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:6010 *:*

ESTAB 0 52 114.215.71.214:22 123.120.38.233:49603

ESTAB 0 0 114.215.71.214:40962 140.205.140.205:80

LISTEN 0 32 :::21 :::*

LISTEN 0 10 :::53 :::*

[root@aliyun ~]# ss -atn |grep :22

LISTEN 0 128 *:22 *:*

ESTAB 0 52 114.215.71.214:22 123.120.38.233:49603

[root@aliyun ~]# ss -atn |grep :80

LISTEN 0 128 *:80 *:*

ESTAB 0 0 114.215.71.214:40962 140.205.140.205:80

a 所有狀態，包括 LISTEN

2. Show UDP sockets (所有狀態)

[alice@tianyun ~]$ ss -anu

State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port

UNCONN 0 0 114.215.71.214:53 *:*

UNCONN 0 0 10.29.89.165:53 *:*

UNCONN 0 0 127.0.0.1:53 *:*

UNCONN 0 0 114.215.71.214:123 *:*

UNCONN 0 0 10.29.89.165:123 *:*

UNCONN 0 0 127.0.0.1:123 *:*

UNCONN 0 0 *:123 *:*

UNCONN 0 0 :::53 :::*

UNCONN 0 0 :::123 :::*

[kiosk@foundation0 ~]$ ss -tan |grep :5910

LISTEN 0 5 *:5910 *:*

ESTAB 0 0 172.25.254.250:5910 172.25.254.44:51435

ESTAB 0 0 172.25.254.250:5910 172.25.254.6:40546

ESTAB 0 0 172.25.254.250:5910 172.25.254.18:37780

ESTAB 0 0 172.25.254.250:5910 172.25.254.13:55841

ESTAB 0 0 172.25.254.250:5910 172.25.254.35:36984

ESTAB 0 0 172.25.254.250:5910 172.25.254.9:47342

ESTAB 0 0 172.25.254.250:5910 172.25.254.2:40955

ESTAB 0 0 172.25.254.250:5910 172.25.254.12:50833

ESTAB 0 0 172.25.254.250:5910 172.25.254.36:50854

ESTAB 0 0 172.25.254.250:5910 172.25.254.1:52444

ESTAB 0 0 172.25.254.250:5910 172.25.254.47:39335

ESTAB 10 0 172.25.254.250:5910 172.25.254.14:55833

臨時配置網路資訊

ip/netmask

# ip addr add dev eth1 3.3.3.3/24

# ip addr del dev eth1 3.3.3.3/24

gateway

# ip route del default

# ip route add default via 192.168.122.3

# ip route add 10.10.10.0/24 via 192.168.122.5

hostname

# hostname tianyun.cc.com

配置檔案：

#vim /etc/sysconfig/network-s/ifcfg-eth0

DEVICE=eth0 裝置名稱

【NAME="System eth0" 裝置名稱】可以不存在

BOOTPROTO=none 啟動協議獲取ip地址的方式 static、none ==>靜態獲取 dhcp 動態

NM_CONTROLLED=no 預設是yes 關閉network-manager

開機啟動

TYPE=Ethernet 乙太網型別

HWADDR=00:0c:29:8e:a5:d3 mac地址

IPADDR=172.16.80.252 ip地址

NETMASK=255.255.0.0 掩碼

PREFIX =24

NETWORK=172.16.0.0

GATEWAY=172.16.80.1 閘道器

dns domain name server 域名解析

幫助文件：

#vim /usr/share/doc/inits-9.03.38/sysconfig.txt

閘道器：網路的關卡(出口)，一般設定到路由器上

IP轉發:

臨時

# echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward

永久

# vim /etc/sysctl.conf 修改核心引數

net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1

# sysctl -p //立即生效

dns ：域名伺服器，其中一種是解析域名到Ip地址

dns配置檔案（客戶端）

#vim /etc/resolv.conf

nameserver 172.16.70.250

檢視mac

#arping 172.16.70.250

掃描ip

#nmap -v -sP 172.16.70.0/24

掃描埠

#nmap -v -A 172.16.70.0/24

重啟網路服務:

#systemctl restart network //rhel7

#/etc/init.d/network restart //rhel5/6

#service network restart //rhel5/6

雲端計算學習路線教程大綱課件：網路管理基礎

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