零基礎入門資料探勘——二手車交易價格預測:baseline

FavoriteStar發表於2022-12-03

零基礎入門資料探勘 - 二手車交易價格預測

賽題理解

比賽要求參賽選手根據給定的資料集,建立模型,二手汽車的交易價格。

賽題以預測二手車的交易價格為任務,資料集報名後可見並可下載,該資料來自某交易平臺的二手車交易記錄,總資料量超過40w,包含31列變數資訊,其中15列為匿名變數。為了保證比賽的公平性,將會從中抽取15萬條作為訓練集,5萬條作為測試集A,5萬條作為測試集B,同時會對name、model、brand和regionCode等資訊進行脫敏。

比賽地址:https://tianchi.aliyun.com/competition/entrance/231784/introduction?spm=5176.12281957.1004.1.38b02448ausjSX

資料形式

訓練資料集具有的特徵如下:

  • name - 汽車編碼
  • regDate - 汽車註冊時間
  • model - 車型編碼
  • brand - 品牌
  • bodyType - 車身型別
  • fuelType - 燃油型別
  • gearbox - 變速箱
  • power - 汽車功率
  • kilometer - 汽車行駛公里
  • notRepairedDamage - 汽車有尚未修復的損壞
  • regionCode - 看車地區編碼
  • seller - 銷售方
  • offerType - 報價型別
  • creatDate - 廣告發布時間
  • price - 汽車價格(目標列)
  • v_0', 'v_1', 'v_2', 'v_3', 'v_4', 'v_5', 'v_6', 'v_7', 'v_8', 'v_9', 'v_10', 'v_11', 'v_12', 'v_13','v_14'(根據汽車的評論、標籤等大量資訊得到的embedding向量)【人工構造 匿名特徵】

預測指標

賽題要求採用mae作為評價指標

具體演算法

匯入相關庫

import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns
import missingno as msno
import scipy.stats as st
import warnings
warnings.filterwarnings('ignore')
# 解決中文顯示問題
plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['SimHei']
plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False

資料分析

先讀入資料:

train_data = pd.read_csv("used_car_train_20200313.csv", sep = " ")

用excel開啟可以看到每一行資料都放下一個單元格中,彼此之間用空格分隔,因此此處需要指定sep為空格,才能夠正確讀入資料。

觀看一下資料:

train_data.head(5).append(train_data.tail(5))

1

那麼下面就開始對資料進行分析。

train_data.columns.values
array(['SaleID', 'name', 'regDate', 'model', 'brand', 'bodyType',
       'fuelType', 'gearbox', 'power', 'kilometer', 'notRepairedDamage',
       'regionCode', 'seller', 'offerType', 'creatDate', 'price', 'v_0',
       'v_1', 'v_2', 'v_3', 'v_4', 'v_5', 'v_6', 'v_7', 'v_8', 'v_9',
       'v_10', 'v_11', 'v_12', 'v_13', 'v_14'], dtype=object)

以上為資料具有的具體特徵,那麼可以先初步探索一下每個特徵的數值型別以及取值等。

train_data.info()
<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 150000 entries, 0 to 149999
Data columns (total 31 columns):
 #   Column             Non-Null Count   Dtype  
---  ------             --------------   -----  
 0   SaleID             150000 non-null  int64  
 1   name               150000 non-null  int64  
 2   regDate            150000 non-null  int64  
 3   model              149999 non-null  float64
 4   brand              150000 non-null  int64  
 5   bodyType           145494 non-null  float64
 6   fuelType           141320 non-null  float64
 7   gearbox            144019 non-null  float64
 8   power              150000 non-null  int64  
 9   kilometer          150000 non-null  float64
 10  notRepairedDamage  150000 non-null  object 
 11  regionCode         150000 non-null  int64  
 12  seller             150000 non-null  int64  
 13  offerType          150000 non-null  int64  
 14  creatDate          150000 non-null  int64  
 15  price              150000 non-null  int64  
 16  v_0                150000 non-null  float64
 17  v_1                150000 non-null  float64
 18  v_2                150000 non-null  float64
 19  v_3                150000 non-null  float64
 20  v_4                150000 non-null  float64
 21  v_5                150000 non-null  float64
 22  v_6                150000 non-null  float64
 23  v_7                150000 non-null  float64
 24  v_8                150000 non-null  float64
 25  v_9                150000 non-null  float64
 26  v_10               150000 non-null  float64
 27  v_11               150000 non-null  float64
 28  v_12               150000 non-null  float64
 29  v_13               150000 non-null  float64
 30  v_14               150000 non-null  float64
dtypes: float64(20), int64(10), object(1)
memory usage: 35.5+ MB

可以看到除了notRepairedDamage是object型別,其他都是int或者float型別,同時可以看到部分特徵還是存在缺失值的,因此這也是後續處理的重要方向。下面檢視缺失值的情況:

train_data.isnull().sum()
SaleID                  0
name                    0
regDate                 0
model                   1
brand                   0
bodyType             4506
fuelType             8680
gearbox              5981
power                   0
kilometer               0
notRepairedDamage       0
regionCode              0
seller                  0
offerType               0
creatDate               0
price                   0
v_0                     0
v_1                     0
v_2                     0
v_3                     0
v_4                     0
v_5                     0
v_6                     0
v_7                     0
v_8                     0
v_9                     0
v_10                    0
v_11                    0
v_12                    0
v_13                    0
v_14                    0
dtype: int64

可以看到是部分特徵存在較多的缺失值的,因此這是需要處理的部分,下面對缺失值的數目進行視覺化展示:

missing = train_data.isnull().sum()
missing = missing[missing > 0]
missing.sort_values(inplace = True)
missing.plot.bar()

2

我們也可用多種方式來檢視缺失值:

msno.matrix(train_data.sample(10000))

3

這種圖中的白線代表為缺失值,可以看到中間的三個特徵存在較多白線,說明其取樣10000個的話其中仍然存在較多缺失值。

msno.bar(train_data.sample(10000))

4

上圖中同樣是那三個特徵,非缺失值的個數也明顯比其他特徵少。


再回到最開始的資料型別處,我們可以發現notRepairedDamage特徵的型別為object,因此我們可以來觀察其具有幾種取值:

train_data['notRepairedDamage'].value_counts()
0.0    111361
-       24324
1.0     14315
Name: notRepairedDamage, dtype: int64

可以看到其存在"-"取值,這也可以認為是一種缺失值,因此我們可以將"-"轉換為nan,然後再統一對nan進行處理。

而為了測試資料集也得到了相同的處理,因此讀入資料集併合並:

test_data = pd.read_csv("used_car_testB_20200421.csv", sep = " ")
train_data["origin"] = "train"
test_data["origin"] = "test"
data = pd.concat([train_data, test_data], axis = 0, ignore_index = True)

得到的data資料,是具有20000萬條資料。那麼可以統一對該資料集的notRepairedDamage特徵進行處理:

data['notRepairedDamage'].replace("-", np.nan, inplace = True)
data['notRepairedDamage'].value_counts()
0.0    148585
1.0     19022
Name: notRepairedDamage, dtype: int64

可以看到"-"已經被替換成了nan,因此在計數時沒有被考慮在內。

而以下這兩種特徵的類別嚴重不平衡,這種情況可以認為它們對於結果的預測並不會起到什麼作用:

data['seller'].value_counts()
0    199999
1         1
Name: seller, dtype: int64
data["offerType"].value_counts()
0    200000
Name: offerType, dtype: int64

因此可以對這兩個特徵進行刪除:

del data["seller"]
del data["offerType"]

以上是對特徵的初步分析,那麼接下來我們對目標列,也就是預測價格進行進一步的分析,先觀察其分佈情況:

target = train_data['price']
plt.figure(1)
plt.title('Johnson SU')
sns.distplot(target, kde=False, fit=st.johnsonsu)
plt.figure(2)
plt.title('Normal')
sns.distplot(target, kde=False, fit=st.norm)
plt.figure(3)
plt.title('Log Normal')
sns.distplot(target, kde=False, fit=st.lognorm)

11
12
13

我們可以看到價格的分佈是極其不均勻的,這對預測是不利的,部分取值較為極端的例子將會對模型產生較大的影響,並且大部分模型及演算法都希望預測的分佈能夠儘可能地接近正態分佈,因此後期需要進行處理,那我們可以從偏度和峰度兩個正態分佈的角度來觀察:

sns.distplot(target);
print("偏度: %f" % target.skew())
print("峰度: %f" % target.kurt())
偏度: 3.346487
峰度: 18.995183

33

對這種資料分佈的處理,通常可以用log來進行壓縮轉換:

# 需要將其轉為正態分佈
sns.distplot(np.log(target))
print("偏度: %f" % np.log(target).skew())
print("峰度: %f" % np.log(target).kurt())
偏度: -0.265100
峰度: -0.171801

231

可以看到,經過log變換之後其分佈相對好了很多,比較接近正態分佈了。


接下來,我們對不同型別的特徵進行觀察,分別對類別特徵和數字特徵來觀察。由於這裡沒有在數值型別上加以區分,因此我們需要人工挑選:

numeric_features = ['power', 'kilometer', 'v_0', 'v_1', 'v_2', 'v_3', 
                    'v_4', 'v_5', 'v_6', 'v_7', 'v_8', 'v_9', 'v_10',
                    'v_11', 'v_12', 'v_13','v_14' ]

categorical_features = ['name', 'model', 'brand', 'bodyType', 'fuelType','gearbox', 'notRepairedDamage', 'regionCode',]

那麼對於類別型特徵,我們可以檢視其具有多少個取值,是否能夠轉換one-hot向量:

# 對於類別型的特徵需要檢視其取值有多少個,能不能轉換為onehot
for feature in categorical_features:
    print(feature,"特徵有{}個取值".format(train_data[feature].nunique()))
    print(train_data[feature].value_counts())
name 特徵有99662個取值
387       282
708       282
55        280
1541      263
203       233
         ... 
26403       1
28450       1
32544       1
102174      1
184730      1
Name: name, Length: 99662, dtype: int64
model 特徵有248個取值
0.0      11762
19.0      9573
4.0       8445
1.0       6038
29.0      5186
         ...  
242.0        2
209.0        2
245.0        2
240.0        2
247.0        1
Name: model, Length: 248, dtype: int64
brand 特徵有40個取值
0     31480
4     16737
14    16089
10    14249
1     13794
6     10217
9      7306
5      4665
13     3817
11     2945
3      2461
7      2361
16     2223
8      2077
25     2064
27     2053
21     1547
15     1458
19     1388
20     1236
12     1109
22     1085
26      966
30      940
17      913
24      772
28      649
32      592
29      406
37      333
2       321
31      318
18      316
36      228
34      227
33      218
23      186
35      180
38       65
39        9
Name: brand, dtype: int64
bodyType 特徵有8個取值
0.0    41420
1.0    35272
2.0    30324
3.0    13491
4.0     9609
5.0     7607
6.0     6482
7.0     1289
Name: bodyType, dtype: int64
fuelType 特徵有7個取值
0.0    91656
1.0    46991
2.0     2212
3.0      262
4.0      118
5.0       45
6.0       36
Name: fuelType, dtype: int64
gearbox 特徵有2個取值
0.0    111623
1.0     32396
Name: gearbox, dtype: int64
notRepairedDamage 特徵有2個取值
0.0    111361
1.0     14315
Name: notRepairedDamage, dtype: int64
regionCode 特徵有7905個取值
419     369
764     258
125     137
176     136
462     134
       ... 
7081      1
7243      1
7319      1
7742      1
7960      1
Name: regionCode, Length: 7905, dtype: int64

可以看到name和regionCode 有很多個取值,因此不能轉換為onthot,其他是可以的。


而對於數值特徵,我們可以來檢視其與價格之間的相關性關係,這也有利於我們判斷哪些特徵更加重要:

numeric_features.append("price")
price_numeric = train_data[numeric_features]
correlation_score = price_numeric.corr() # 得到是一個特徵數*特徵數的矩陣,元素都行和列對應特徵之間的相關性
correlation_score['price'].sort_values(ascending = False)
price        1.000000
v_12         0.692823
v_8          0.685798
v_0          0.628397
power        0.219834
v_5          0.164317
v_2          0.085322
v_6          0.068970
v_1          0.060914
v_14         0.035911
v_13        -0.013993
v_7         -0.053024
v_4         -0.147085
v_9         -0.206205
v_10        -0.246175
v_11        -0.275320
kilometer   -0.440519
v_3         -0.730946
Name: price, dtype: float64

可以看到,例如v14,v13,v1,v7這種跟price之間的相關係數實在是過低,如果是在計算資源有限的情況下可以考慮捨棄這部分特徵。我們也可以直觀的展示相關性:

fig,ax = plt.subplots(figsize = (12,12))
plt.title("相關性展示")
sns.heatmap(correlation_score, square = True, vmax = 0.8)

3232

對於數值特徵來說,我們同樣關心其分佈,下面先具體分析再說明分佈的重要性:

# 檢視特徵值的偏度和峰度
for col in numeric_features:
    print("{:15}\t Skewness:{:05.2f}\t Kurtosis:{:06.2f}".format(col,
                                                    train_data[col].skew(), 
                                                   train_data[col].kurt()))
power          	 Skewness:65.86	 Kurtosis:5733.45
kilometer      	 Skewness:-1.53	 Kurtosis:001.14
v_0            	 Skewness:-1.32	 Kurtosis:003.99
v_1            	 Skewness:00.36	 Kurtosis:-01.75
v_2            	 Skewness:04.84	 Kurtosis:023.86
v_3            	 Skewness:00.11	 Kurtosis:-00.42
v_4            	 Skewness:00.37	 Kurtosis:-00.20
v_5            	 Skewness:-4.74	 Kurtosis:022.93
v_6            	 Skewness:00.37	 Kurtosis:-01.74
v_7            	 Skewness:05.13	 Kurtosis:025.85
v_8            	 Skewness:00.20	 Kurtosis:-00.64
v_9            	 Skewness:00.42	 Kurtosis:-00.32
v_10           	 Skewness:00.03	 Kurtosis:-00.58
v_11           	 Skewness:03.03	 Kurtosis:012.57
v_12           	 Skewness:00.37	 Kurtosis:000.27
v_13           	 Skewness:00.27	 Kurtosis:-00.44
v_14           	 Skewness:-1.19	 Kurtosis:002.39
price          	 Skewness:03.35	 Kurtosis:019.00

可以看到power特徵的偏度和峰度都非常大,那麼把分佈圖畫出來:

f = pd.melt(train_data, value_vars=numeric_features)
# 這裡相當於f是一個兩列的矩陣,第一列是原來特徵
# 第二列是特徵對應的取值,例如power有n個取值,那麼它會佔據n行,這樣疊在一起
g = sns.FacetGrid(f, col="variable",  col_wrap=2, sharex=False, sharey=False)
#g 是產生一個物件,可以用來應用各種圖面畫圖,map應用
# 第一個引數就是dataframe資料,但是要求是長資料,也就是melt處理完的資料
# 第二個引數是用來畫圖依據的列,valiable是melt處理完,那些特徵的列名稱
# 而那些值的列名稱為value
# 第三個引數col_wrap是代表分成多少列
g = g.map(sns.distplot, "value")

關於melt的使用可以看使用Pandas melt()重塑DataFrame - 知乎 (zhihu.com),我覺得講得非常容易理解。

222

可以看到power的分佈非常不均勻,那麼跟price同樣,如果出現較大極端值的power,就會對結果產生非常嚴重的影響,這就使得在學習的時候關於power 的權重設定非常不好做。因此後續也需要對這部分進行處理。而匿名的特徵的分佈相對來說會比較均勻一點,後續可能就不需要進行處理了。

還可以透過散點圖來觀察兩兩之間大概的關係分佈:

sns.pairplot(train_data[numeric_features], size = 2,  kind = "scatter",diag_kind = "kde")

散點圖

(這部分就自己看自己發揮吧)


下面繼續回到類別型特徵,由於其中存在nan不方便我們畫圖展示,因此我們可以先將nan進行替換,方便畫圖展示:

# 下面對類別特徵做處理
categorical_features_2 = ['model',
 'brand',
 'bodyType',
 'fuelType',
 'gearbox',
 'notRepairedDamage']
for c in categorical_features_2:
    train_data[c] = train_data[c].astype("category")
    # 將這些的型別轉換為分類型別,不保留原來的int或者float型別
    if train_data[c].isnull().any():
        # 如果該列存在nan的話
        train_data[c] = train_data[c].cat.add_categories(['Missing'])
        # 增加一個新的分類為missing,用它來填充那些nan,代表缺失值,
        # 這樣在後面畫圖方便展示
        train_data[c] = train_data[c].fillna('Missing')

下面透過箱型圖來對類別特徵的每個取值進行直觀展示:

def bar_plot(x, y, **kwargs):
    sns.barplot(x = x, y = y)
    x = plt.xticks(rotation = 90)
    
f = pd.melt(train_data, id_vars = ['price'], value_vars = categorical_features_2)
g = sns.FacetGrid(f, col = 'variable', col_wrap = 2, sharex = False, sharey = False)
g = g.map(bar_plot, "value", "price")

箱型圖

這可以看到類別型特徵相對來說分佈也不會出現極端情況。

特徵工程

在特徵處理中,最重要的我覺得是對異常資料的處理。之前我們已經看到了power特徵的分佈尤為不均勻,那麼這部分有兩種處理方式,一種是對極端值進行捨去,一部分是採用log的方式進行壓縮,那麼這裡都進行介紹。

首先是對極端值進行捨去,那麼可以採用箱型圖來協助判斷,下面封裝一個函式實現:

# 主要就是power的值分佈太過於異常,那麼可以對一些進行處理,刪除掉
# 下面定義一個函式用來處理異常值
def outliers_proc(data, col_name, scale = 3):
    # data:原資料
    # col_name:要處理異常值的列名稱
    # scale:用來控制刪除尺度的
    def box_plot_outliers(data_ser, box_scale):
        iqr = box_scale * (data_ser.quantile(0.75) - data_ser.quantile(0.25))
        # quantile是取出資料對應分位數的數值
        val_low = data_ser.quantile(0.25) - iqr # 下界
        val_up = data_ser.quantile(0.75) + iqr # 上界
        rule_low = (data_ser < val_low) # 篩選出小於下界的索引
        rule_up = (data_ser > val_up) # 篩選出大於上界的索引
        return (rule_low, rule_up),(val_low, val_up)
    
    data_n = data.copy()
    data_series = data_n[col_name]  # 取出對應資料
    rule, values = box_plot_outliers(data_series, box_scale = scale)
    index = np.arange(data_series.shape[0])[rule[0] | rule[1]]
    # 先產生0到n-1,然後再用索引把其中處於異常值的索引取出來
    print("Delete number is {}".format(len(index)))
    data_n = data_n.drop(index) # 整行資料都丟棄
    data_n.reset_index(drop = True, inplace = True)  # 重新設定索引
    print("Now column number is:{}".format(data_n.shape[0]))
    index_low = np.arange(data_series.shape[0])[rule[0]]
    outliers = data_series.iloc[index_low]  # 小於下界的值
    print("Description of data less than the lower bound is:")
    print(pd.Series(outliers).describe())
    index_up = np.arange(data_series.shape[0])[rule[1]]
    outliers = data_series.iloc[index_up]
    print("Description of data larger than the lower bound is:")
    print(pd.Series(outliers).describe())
    fig, axes = plt.subplots(1,2,figsize = (10,7))
    ax1 = sns.boxplot(y = data[col_name], data = data, palette = "Set1", ax = axes[0])
    ax1.set_title("處理異常值前")
    ax2 = sns.boxplot(y = data_n[col_name], data = data_n, palette = "Set1", ax = axes[1])
    ax2.set_title("處理異常值後")
    return data_n

我們應用於power資料集嘗試:

train_data_delete_after = outliers_proc(train_data, "power", scale =3)
Delete number is 963
Now column number is:149037
Description of data less than the lower bound is:
count    0.0
mean     NaN
std      NaN
min      NaN
25%      NaN
50%      NaN
75%      NaN
max      NaN
Name: power, dtype: float64
Description of data larger than the lower bound is:
count      963.000000
mean       846.836968
std       1929.418081
min        376.000000
25%        400.000000
50%        436.000000
75%        514.000000
max      19312.000000
Name: power, dtype: float64

異常值

可以看到總共刪除了900多條資料,使得最終的箱型圖也正常許多。

那麼另外一種方法就是採用log進行壓縮,但這裡因為我還想用power進行資料分桶,構造出一個power等級的特徵,因此我就先構造再進行壓縮:

bin_power = [i*10 for i in range(31)]
data["power_bin"] = pd.cut(data["power"],bin_power,right = False,labels = False)

這種方法就是將power按照bin_power的數值進行分段,最低一段在新特徵中取值為1,以此類推,但是這樣會導致大於最大一段的取值為nan,也就是power取值大於300的在power_bin中取值為nan,因此可以設定其等級為31來處理:

data['power_bin'] = data['power_bin'].fillna(31)

那麼對於power現在就可以用log進行壓縮了:

data['power'] = np.log(data['power'] + 1) 

接下來進行新特徵的構造。

首先是使用時間,我們可以用creatDate減去regDate來表示:

data["use_time"] = (pd.to_datetime(data['creatDate'],format = "%Y%m%d",errors = "coerce")
                        - pd.to_datetime(data["regDate"], format = "%Y%m%d", errors = "coerce")).dt.days
# errors是當格式轉換錯誤就賦予nan

而這種處理方法由於部分資料日期的缺失,會導致存在缺失值,那麼我的處理方法是填充為均值,但是測試集的填充也需要用訓練資料集的均值來填充,因此我放到後面劃分的時候再來處理。


下面是對品牌的銷售統計量創造特徵,因為要計算某個品牌的銷售均值、最大值、方差等等資料,因此我們需要在訓練資料集上計算,測試資料集是未知的,計算完畢後再根據品牌一一對應填上數值即可:

# 計算某個品牌的各種統計數目量
train_gb = train_data.groupby("brand")
all_info = {}
for kind, kind_data in train_gb:
    info = {}
    kind_data = kind_data[kind_data["price"] > 0]
    # 把價格小於0的可能存在的異常值去除
    info["brand_amount"] = len(kind_data) # 該品牌的數量
    info["brand_price_max"] = kind_data.price.max() # 該品牌價格最大值
    info["brand_price_min"] = kind_data.price.min() # 該品牌價格最小值
    info["brand_price_median"] = kind_data.price.median() # 該品牌價格中位數
    info["brand_price_sum"] = kind_data.price.sum() # 該品牌價格總和
    info["brand_price_std"] = kind_data.price.std() # 方差
    info["brand_price_average"] = round(kind_data.price.sum() / (len(kind_data) + 1), 2)
    # 均值,保留兩位小數
    all_info[kind] = info
brand_feature = pd.DataFrame(all_info).T.reset_index().rename(columns = {"index":"brand"})

這裡的brand_feature獲得方法可能有點複雜,我一步步解釋出來:

brand_feature = pd.DataFrame(all_info)
brand_feature

232321

這裡是7個統計量特徵作為索引,然後有40列代表有40個品牌。

brand_feature = pd.DataFrame(all_info).T.reset_index()
brand_feature

轉置後重新設定索引,也就是:

22222

將品牌統計量作為列,然後加入一個列為index,可以認為是品牌的取值。

brand_feature = pd.DataFrame(all_info).T.reset_index().rename(columns = {"index":"brand"})
brand_feature

這一個就是將index更名為brand,這一列就是品牌的取值,方便我們後續融合到data中:

data = data.merge(brand_feature, how='left', on='brand')

這就是將data中的brand取值和剛才那個矩陣中的取值一一對應,然後取出對應的特徵各個值,作為新的特徵。


接下來需要對大部分資料進行歸一化:

def max_min(x):
    return (x - np.min(x)) / (np.max(x) - np.min(x))
for feature in ["brand_amount","brand_price_average","brand_price_max",
                "brand_price_median","brand_price_min","brand_price_std",
               "brand_price_sum","power","kilometer"]:
    data[feature] = max_min(data[feature])

對類別特徵進行encoder:

# 對類別特徵轉換為onehot
data = pd.get_dummies(data, columns=['model', 'brand', 'bodyType','fuelType','gearbox', 
                                     'notRepairedDamage', 'power_bin'],dummy_na=True)

對沒用的特徵可以進行刪除了:

data = data.drop(['creatDate',"regDate", "regionCode"], axis = 1)

至此,關於特徵的處理工作基本上就完成了,但是這只是簡單的處理方式,可以去探索更加深度的特徵資訊(我不會哈哈哈哈)。

建立模型

先處理資料集:

use_feature = [x for x in data.columns if x not in ['SaleID',"name","price","origin"]]
target = data[data["origin"] == "train"]["price"]
target_lg = (np.log(target+1))

train_x = data[data["origin"] == "train"][use_feature]
test_x = data[data["origin"] == "test"][use_feature]

train_x["use_time"] = train_x["use_time"].fillna(train_x["use_time"].mean())

test_x["use_time"] = test_x["use_time"].fillna(train_x["use_time"].mean())# 用訓練資料集的均值填充

train_x.shape
(150000, 371)

可以看看訓練資料是否還存在缺失值:

test_x.isnull().sum()
power                    0
kilometer                0
v_0                      0
v_1                      0
v_2                      0
v_3                      0
v_4                      0
v_5                      0
v_6                      0
v_7                      0
v_8                      0
v_9                      0
v_10                     0
v_11                     0
v_12                     0
v_13                     0
v_14                     0
use_time                 0
brand_amount             0
brand_price_max          0
brand_price_min          0
brand_price_median       0
brand_price_sum          0
brand_price_std          0
brand_price_average      0
model_0.0                0
model_1.0                0
model_2.0                0
model_3.0                0
model_4.0                0
model_5.0                0
model_6.0                0
model_7.0                0
model_8.0                0
model_9.0                0
model_10.0               0
model_11.0               0
model_12.0               0
model_13.0               0
model_14.0               0
model_15.0               0
model_16.0               0
model_17.0               0
model_18.0               0
model_19.0               0
model_20.0               0
model_21.0               0
model_22.0               0
model_23.0               0
model_24.0               0
model_25.0               0
model_26.0               0
model_27.0               0
model_28.0               0
model_29.0               0
model_30.0               0
model_31.0               0
model_32.0               0
model_33.0               0
model_34.0               0
model_35.0               0
model_36.0               0
model_37.0               0
model_38.0               0
model_39.0               0
model_40.0               0
model_41.0               0
model_42.0               0
model_43.0               0
model_44.0               0
model_45.0               0
model_46.0               0
model_47.0               0
model_48.0               0
model_49.0               0
model_50.0               0
model_51.0               0
model_52.0               0
model_53.0               0
model_54.0               0
model_55.0               0
model_56.0               0
model_57.0               0
model_58.0               0
model_59.0               0
model_60.0               0
model_61.0               0
model_62.0               0
model_63.0               0
model_64.0               0
model_65.0               0
model_66.0               0
model_67.0               0
model_68.0               0
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model_70.0               0
model_71.0               0
model_72.0               0
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model_80.0               0
model_81.0               0
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model_84.0               0
model_85.0               0
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model_128.0              0
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model_137.0              0
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model_139.0              0
model_140.0              0
model_141.0              0
model_142.0              0
model_143.0              0
model_144.0              0
model_145.0              0
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model_148.0              0
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model_150.0              0
model_151.0              0
model_152.0              0
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model_154.0              0
model_155.0              0
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model_157.0              0
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model_160.0              0
model_161.0              0
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model_164.0              0
model_165.0              0
model_166.0              0
model_167.0              0
model_168.0              0
model_169.0              0
model_170.0              0
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model_172.0              0
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model_174.0              0
model_175.0              0
model_176.0              0
model_177.0              0
model_178.0              0
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model_180.0              0
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model_205.0              0
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model_210.0              0
model_211.0              0
model_212.0              0
model_213.0              0
model_214.0              0
model_215.0              0
model_216.0              0
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model_218.0              0
model_219.0              0
model_220.0              0
model_221.0              0
model_222.0              0
model_223.0              0
model_224.0              0
model_225.0              0
model_226.0              0
model_227.0              0
model_228.0              0
model_229.0              0
model_230.0              0
model_231.0              0
model_232.0              0
model_233.0              0
model_234.0              0
model_235.0              0
model_236.0              0
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model_238.0              0
model_239.0              0
model_240.0              0
model_241.0              0
model_242.0              0
model_243.0              0
model_244.0              0
model_245.0              0
model_246.0              0
model_247.0              0
model_nan                0
brand_0.0                0
brand_1.0                0
brand_2.0                0
brand_3.0                0
brand_4.0                0
brand_5.0                0
brand_6.0                0
brand_7.0                0
brand_8.0                0
brand_9.0                0
brand_10.0               0
brand_11.0               0
brand_12.0               0
brand_13.0               0
brand_14.0               0
brand_15.0               0
brand_16.0               0
brand_17.0               0
brand_18.0               0
brand_19.0               0
brand_20.0               0
brand_21.0               0
brand_22.0               0
brand_23.0               0
brand_24.0               0
brand_25.0               0
brand_26.0               0
brand_27.0               0
brand_28.0               0
brand_29.0               0
brand_30.0               0
brand_31.0               0
brand_32.0               0
brand_33.0               0
brand_34.0               0
brand_35.0               0
brand_36.0               0
brand_37.0               0
brand_38.0               0
brand_39.0               0
brand_nan                0
bodyType_0.0             0
bodyType_1.0             0
bodyType_2.0             0
bodyType_3.0             0
bodyType_4.0             0
bodyType_5.0             0
bodyType_6.0             0
bodyType_7.0             0
bodyType_nan             0
fuelType_0.0             0
fuelType_1.0             0
fuelType_2.0             0
fuelType_3.0             0
fuelType_4.0             0
fuelType_5.0             0
fuelType_6.0             0
fuelType_nan             0
gearbox_0.0              0
gearbox_1.0              0
gearbox_nan              0
notRepairedDamage_0.0    0
notRepairedDamage_1.0    0
notRepairedDamage_nan    0
power_bin_0.0            0
power_bin_1.0            0
power_bin_2.0            0
power_bin_3.0            0
power_bin_4.0            0
power_bin_5.0            0
power_bin_6.0            0
power_bin_7.0            0
power_bin_8.0            0
power_bin_9.0            0
power_bin_10.0           0
power_bin_11.0           0
power_bin_12.0           0
power_bin_13.0           0
power_bin_14.0           0
power_bin_15.0           0
power_bin_16.0           0
power_bin_17.0           0
power_bin_18.0           0
power_bin_19.0           0
power_bin_20.0           0
power_bin_21.0           0
power_bin_22.0           0
power_bin_23.0           0
power_bin_24.0           0
power_bin_25.0           0
power_bin_26.0           0
power_bin_27.0           0
power_bin_28.0           0
power_bin_29.0           0
power_bin_31.0           0
power_bin_nan            0
dtype: int64

可以看到都沒有缺失值了,因此接下來可以用來選擇模型了。


由於現實原因(電腦跑不動xgboost)因此我選擇了lightGBM和隨機森林、梯度提升決策樹三種,然後再用模型融合,具體程式碼如下:

from sklearn import metrics
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from sklearn.metrics import roc_auc_score, roc_curve, mean_squared_error,mean_absolute_error, f1_score
import lightgbm as lgb
import xgboost as xgb
from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestRegressor as rfr
from sklearn.model_selection import  KFold, StratifiedKFold,GroupKFold, RepeatedKFold
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
from sklearn.model_selection import GridSearchCV
from sklearn import preprocessing
from sklearn.metrics import mean_absolute_error
from sklearn.ensemble import GradientBoostingRegressor as gbr
from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression as lr

lightGBM

lgb_param = {  # 這是訓練的引數列表
    "num_leaves":7,
    "min_data_in_leaf": 20,  # 一個葉子上最小分配到的數量,用來處理過擬合
    "objective": "regression",  # 設定型別為迴歸
    "max_depth": -1,  # 限制樹的最大深度,-1代表沒有限制
    "learning_rate": 0.003,
    "boosting": "gbdt",  # 用gbdt演算法
    "feature_fraction": 0.50,  # 每次迭代時使用18%的特徵參與建樹,引入特徵子空間的多樣性
    "bagging_freq": 1,  # 每一次迭代都執行bagging
    "bagging_fraction": 0.55,  # 每次bagging在不進行重取樣的情況下隨機選擇55%資料訓練
    "bagging_seed": 1,
    "metric": 'mean_absolute_error',
    "lambda_l1": 0.5,
    "lambda_l2": 0.5,
    "verbosity": -1  # 列印訊息的詳細程度
}
folds = StratifiedKFold(n_splits=5, shuffle=True, random_state = 4)
# 產生一個容器,可以用來對對資料集進行打亂的5次切分,以此來進行五折交叉驗證
valid_lgb = np.zeros(len(train_x))
predictions_lgb = np.zeros(len(test_x))


for fold_, (train_idx, valid_idx) in enumerate(folds.split(train_x, target)):
    # 切分後返回的訓練集和驗證集的索引
    print("fold n{}".format(fold_+1))  # 當前第幾折
    train_data_now = lgb.Dataset(train_x.iloc[train_idx], target_lg[train_idx])
    valid_data_now = lgb.Dataset(train_x.iloc[valid_idx], target_lg[valid_idx])
    # 取出資料並轉換為lgb的資料
    num_round = 10000
    lgb_model = lgb.train(lgb_param, train_data_now, num_round, 
                        valid_sets=[train_data_now, valid_data_now], verbose_eval=500,
                       early_stopping_rounds = 800)
    valid_lgb[valid_idx] = lgb_model.predict(train_x.iloc[valid_idx],
                                             num_iteration=lgb_model.best_iteration)
    predictions_lgb += lgb_model.predict(test_x, num_iteration=
                                           lgb_model.best_iteration) / folds.n_splits
    # 這是將預測機率進行平均
print("CV score: {:<8.8f}".format(mean_absolute_error(valid_lgb, target_lg)))

這裡需要注意我進入訓練時split用的是target,而在其中價格用的是target_lg,因為target是原始的價格,可以認為是離散的取值,但是我target_lg經過np.log之後,我再用target_lg進行split時就會報錯,為:

Supported target types are: ('binary', 'multiclass'). Got 'continuous' instead.

我認為是np.nan將其轉換為了連續型數值,而不是原來的離散型數值取值,因此我只能用target去產生切片索引。

CV score: 0.15345674

同樣,觀察一下特徵重要性:

pd.set_option("display.max_columns", None)  # 設定可以顯示的最大行和最大列
pd.set_option('display.max_rows', None)  # 如果超過就顯示省略號,none表示不省略
#設定value的顯示長度為100,預設為50
pd.set_option('max_colwidth',100)
# 建立,然後只有一列就是剛才所使用的的特徵
df = pd.DataFrame(train_x.columns.tolist(), columns=['feature'])
df['importance'] = list(lgb_model.feature_importance())
df = df.sort_values(by='importance', ascending=False)  # 降序排列
plt.figure(figsize = (14,28))
sns.barplot(x='importance', y='feature', data = df.head(50))# 取出前五十個畫圖
plt.title('Features importance (averaged/folds)')
plt.tight_layout()  # 自動調整適應範圍

找

可以看到使用時間遙遙領先。

隨機森林

#RandomForestRegressor隨機森林
folds = KFold(n_splits=5, shuffle=True, random_state=2019)
valid_rfr = np.zeros(len(train_x))
predictions_rfr = np.zeros(len(test_x))
 
for fold_, (trn_idx, val_idx) in enumerate(folds.split(train_x, target)):
    print("fold n°{}".format(fold_+1))
    tr_x = train_x.iloc[trn_idx]
    tr_y = target_lg[trn_idx]
    rfr_model = rfr(n_estimators=1600,max_depth=9, min_samples_leaf=9, 
                  min_weight_fraction_leaf=0.0,max_features=0.25,
                  verbose=1,n_jobs=-1) #並行化
    #verbose = 0 為不在標準輸出流輸出日誌資訊
#verbose = 1 為輸出進度條記錄
#verbose = 2 為每個epoch輸出一行記錄
    rfr_model.fit(tr_x,tr_y)
    valid_rfr[val_idx] = rfr_model.predict(train_x.iloc[val_idx])
    
    predictions_rfr += rfr_model.predict(test_x) / folds.n_splits
    
print("CV score: {:<8.8f}".format(mean_absolute_error(valid_rfr, target_lg)))
CV score: 0.17160127

梯度提升

#GradientBoostingRegressor梯度提升決策樹
folds = StratifiedKFold(n_splits=5, shuffle=True, random_state=2018)
valid_gbr = np.zeros(len(train_x))
predictions_gbr = np.zeros(len(test_x))
 
for fold_, (trn_idx, val_idx) in enumerate(folds.split(train_x, target)):
    print("fold n°{}".format(fold_+1))
    tr_x = train_x.iloc[trn_idx]
    tr_y = target_lg[trn_idx]
    gbr_model = gbr(n_estimators=100, learning_rate=0.1,subsample=0.65 ,max_depth=7, 
                    min_samples_leaf=20, max_features=0.22,verbose=1)
    gbr_model.fit(tr_x,tr_y)
    valid_gbr[val_idx] = gbr_model.predict(train_x.iloc[val_idx])
    
    predictions_gbr += gbr_model.predict(test_x) / folds.n_splits
 
print("CV score: {:<8.8f}".format(mean_absolute_error(valid_gbr, target_lg)))
CV score: 0.14386158

下面用邏輯迴歸對這三種模型進行融合:

train_stack2 = np.vstack([valid_lgb, valid_rfr, valid_gbr]).transpose()
test_stack2 = np.vstack([predictions_lgb, predictions_rfr,predictions_gbr]).transpose()
#交叉驗證:5折,重複2次
folds_stack = RepeatedKFold(n_splits=5, n_repeats=2, random_state=7)
valid_stack2 = np.zeros(train_stack2.shape[0])
predictions_lr2 = np.zeros(test_stack2.shape[0])
 
for fold_, (trn_idx, val_idx) in enumerate(folds_stack.split(train_stack2,target)):
    print("fold {}".format(fold_))
    trn_data, trn_y = train_stack2[trn_idx], target_lg.iloc[trn_idx].values
    val_data, val_y = train_stack2[val_idx], target_lg.iloc[val_idx].values
    #Kernel Ridge Regression
    lr2 = lr()
    lr2.fit(trn_data, trn_y)
    
    valid_stack2[val_idx] = lr2.predict(val_data)
    predictions_lr2 += lr2.predict(test_stack2) / 10
    
print("CV score: {:<8.8f}".format(mean_absolute_error(target_lg.values, valid_stack2)))
CV score: 0.14343221

那麼就可以將預測結果先經過exp得到真正結果就去提交啦!

prediction_test = np.exp(predictions_lr2) - 1
test_submission = pd.read_csv("used_car_testB_20200421.csv", sep = " ")
test_submission["price"] = prediction_test
feature_submission = ["SaleID","price"]
sub = test_submission[feature_submission]
sub.to_csv("mysubmission.csv",index = False)

上述是直接指定引數,那麼接下來我會對lightGBM進行調參,看看是否能夠取得更好的結果:

# 下面對lightgbm調參
# 構建資料集
train_y = target_lg
x_train, x_valid, y_train, y_valid = train_test_split(train_x, train_y, 
                                                      random_state = 1, test_size = 0.2)
# 資料轉換
lgb_train = lgb.Dataset(x_train, y_train, free_raw_data = False)
lgb_valid = lgb.Dataset(x_valid, y_valid, reference=lgb_train,free_raw_data=False)

# 設定初始引數
params = {
    "boosting_type":"gbdt",
    "objective":"regression",
    "metric":"mae",
    "nthread":4,
    "learning_rate":0.1,
    "verbosity": -1
}

# 交叉驗證調參
print("交叉驗證")
min_mae = 10000
best_params = {}

print("調參1:提高準確率")
for num_leaves in range(5,100,5):
    for max_depth in range(3,10,1):
        params["num_leaves"] = num_leaves
        params["max_depth"] = max_depth
        cv_results = lgb.cv(params, lgb_train,seed = 1,nfold =5,
                           metrics=["mae"], early_stopping_rounds = 15,stratified=False,
                           verbose_eval = True)
        mean_mae = pd.Series(cv_results['l1-mean']).max()
        boost_rounds = pd.Series(cv_results["l1-mean"]).idxmax()
        if mean_mae <= min_mae:
            min_mae = mean_mae
            best_params["num_leaves"] = num_leaves
            best_params["max_depth"] = max_depth
if "num_leaves" and "max_depth" in best_params.keys():
    params["num_leaves"] = best_params["num_leaves"]
    params["max_depth"] = best_params["max_depth"]

print("調參2:降低過擬合")
for max_bin in range(5,256,10):
    for min_data_in_leaf in range(1,102,10):
            params['max_bin'] = max_bin
            params['min_data_in_leaf'] = min_data_in_leaf
            
            cv_results = lgb.cv(
                                params,
                                lgb_train,
                                seed=1,
                                nfold=5,
                                metrics=['mae'],
                                early_stopping_rounds=10,
                                verbose_eval=True,
                                stratified=False
                                )
                    
            mean_mae = pd.Series(cv_results['l1-mean']).max()
            boost_rounds = pd.Series(cv_results['l1-mean']).idxmax()
 
            if mean_mae <= min_mae:
                min_mae = mean_mae
                best_params['max_bin']= max_bin
                best_params['min_data_in_leaf'] = min_data_in_leaf
if 'max_bin' and 'min_data_in_leaf' in best_params.keys():
    params['min_data_in_leaf'] = best_params['min_data_in_leaf']
    params['max_bin'] = best_params['max_bin']
    
print("調參3:降低過擬合")
for feature_fraction in [0.6,0.7,0.8,0.9,1.0]:
    for bagging_fraction in [0.6,0.7,0.8,0.9,1.0]:
        for bagging_freq in range(0,50,5):
            params['feature_fraction'] = feature_fraction
            params['bagging_fraction'] = bagging_fraction
            params['bagging_freq'] = bagging_freq
            
            cv_results = lgb.cv(
                                params,
                                lgb_train,
                                seed=1,
                                nfold=5,
                                metrics=['mae'],
                                early_stopping_rounds=10,
                                verbose_eval=True,
                                stratified=False
                                )
                    
            mean_mae = pd.Series(cv_results['l1-mean']).max()
            boost_rounds = pd.Series(cv_results['l1-mean']).idxmax()
 
            if mean_mae <= min_mae:
                min_mae = mean_mae
                best_params['feature_fraction'] = feature_fraction
                best_params['bagging_fraction'] = bagging_fraction
                best_params['bagging_freq'] = bagging_freq
                
if 'feature_fraction' and 'bagging_fraction' and 'bagging_freq' in best_params.keys():
    params['feature_fraction'] = best_params['feature_fraction']
    params['bagging_fraction'] = best_params['bagging_fraction']
    params['bagging_freq'] = best_params['bagging_freq']
    
print("調參4:降低過擬合")
for lambda_l1 in [1e-5,1e-3,1e-1,0.0,0.1,0.3,0.5,0.7,0.9,1.0]:
    for lambda_l2 in [1e-5,1e-3,1e-1,0.0,0.1,0.4,0.6,0.7,0.9,1.0]:
        params['lambda_l1'] = lambda_l1
        params['lambda_l2'] = lambda_l2
        cv_results = lgb.cv(
                            params,
                            lgb_train,
                            seed=1,
                            nfold=5,
                            metrics=['mae'],
                            early_stopping_rounds=10,
                            verbose_eval=True,
                            stratified=False
                            )
                
        mean_mae = pd.Series(cv_results['l1-mean']).max()
        boost_rounds = pd.Series(cv_results['l1-mean']).idxmax()
 
        if mean_mae <= min_mae:
            min_mae = mean_mae
            best_params['lambda_l1'] = lambda_l1
            best_params['lambda_l2'] = lambda_l2
if 'lambda_l1' and 'lambda_l2' in best_params.keys():
    params['lambda_l1'] = best_params['lambda_l1']
    params['lambda_l2'] = best_params['lambda_l2']
    

print("調參5:降低過擬合2")
for min_split_gain in [0.0,0.1,0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8,0.9,1.0]:
    params['min_split_gain'] = min_split_gain
    
    cv_results = lgb.cv(
                        params,
                        lgb_train,
                        seed=1,
                        nfold=5,
                        metrics=['mae'],
                        early_stopping_rounds=10,
                        verbose_eval=True,
                        stratified=False
                        )
            
    mean_mae = pd.Series(cv_results['l1-mean']).max()
    boost_rounds = pd.Series(cv_results['l1-mean']).idxmax()
 
    if mean_mae <= min_mae:
        min_mae = mean_mae
        best_params['min_split_gain'] = min_split_gain
        
if 'min_split_gain' in best_params.keys():
    params['min_split_gain'] = best_params['min_split_gain']
    
print(best_params)

注意在lgb.cv中要設定引數stratified=False,同樣是之間那個連續與離散的問題!

{'num_leaves': 95, 'max_depth': 9, 'max_bin': 215, 'min_data_in_leaf': 71, 'feature_fraction': 1.0, 'bagging_fraction': 1.0, 'bagging_freq': 45, 'lambda_l1': 0.0, 'lambda_l2': 0.0, 'min_split_gain': 1.0}

那麼再用該模型做出預測:

best_params["verbosity"] = -1

folds = StratifiedKFold(n_splits=5, shuffle=True, random_state = 4)
# 產生一個容器,可以用來對對資料集進行打亂的5次切分,以此來進行五折交叉驗證
valid_lgb = np.zeros(len(train_x))
predictions_lgb = np.zeros(len(test_x))


for fold_, (train_idx, valid_idx) in enumerate(folds.split(train_x, target)):
    # 切分後返回的訓練集和驗證集的索引
    print("fold n{}".format(fold_+1))  # 當前第幾折
    train_data_now = lgb.Dataset(train_x.iloc[train_idx], target_lg[train_idx])
    valid_data_now = lgb.Dataset(train_x.iloc[valid_idx], target_lg[valid_idx])
    # 取出資料並轉換為lgb的資料
    num_round = 10000
    lgb_model = lgb.train(best_params, train_data_now, num_round, 
                        valid_sets=[train_data_now, valid_data_now], verbose_eval=500,
                       early_stopping_rounds = 800)
    valid_lgb[valid_idx] = lgb_model.predict(train_x.iloc[valid_idx],
                                             num_iteration=lgb_model.best_iteration)
    predictions_lgb += lgb_model.predict(test_x, num_iteration=
                                           lgb_model.best_iteration) / folds.n_splits
    # 這是將預測機率進行平均
print("CV score: {:<8.8f}".format(mean_absolute_error(valid_lgb, target_lg)))
CV score: 0.14548046

再用模型融合,同樣的程式碼,得到:

CV score: 0.14071899

完成

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