Android的延遲實現的幾種解決方案以及原理分析

Wellijohn發表於2019-02-28

寫這篇文章的目的,是看到群裡有人在實現延遲的時候,用如下的第四種方法,個人感覺有點不妥,為了防止更多的人有這種想法,所以自己抽空深入分析,就分析的結果,寫下此文,希望對部分人有啟示作用。

1.實現延遲的幾種方法?

答:
1.java.util.Timer類的:

public void schedule(TimerTask task, long delay) {
        if (delay < 0)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Negative delay.");
        sched(task, System.currentTimeMillis()+delay, 0);
    }
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2.android.os.Handler類:

public final boolean postDelayed(Runnable r, long delayMillis)
    {
        return sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), delayMillis);
    }
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3.android.app.AlarmManager類:

    @SystemApi
    @RequiresPermission(android.Manifest.permission.UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS)
    public void set(@AlarmType int type, long triggerAtMillis, long windowMillis,
            long intervalMillis, OnAlarmListener listener, Handler targetHandler,
            WorkSource workSource) {
        setImpl(type, triggerAtMillis, windowMillis, intervalMillis, 0, null, listener, null,
                targetHandler, workSource, null);
    }
            
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4.Thread.sleep()然後在一定時間之後再執行想執行的程式碼:

new Thread(new Runnable(){
    Thead.sleep(4*1000);
    doTask();
}).start()
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5.View.postDelay:

public boolean postDelayed(Runnable action, long delayMillis) {
        final AttachInfo attachInfo = mAttachInfo;
        if (attachInfo != null) {
            return attachInfo.mHandler.postDelayed(action, delayMillis);
        }

        // Postpone the runnable until we know on which thread it needs to run.
        // Assume that the runnable will be successfully placed after attach.
        getRunQueue().postDelayed(action, delayMillis);
        return true;
    }//這個原理和2是類似的,暫不做分析了
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2.他們的各自的實現原理?

答:

1.Timer的實現,是通過內部開啟一個TimerThread:

private void mainLoop() {
        while (true) {
            try {
                TimerTask task;
                boolean taskFired;
                synchronized(queue) {
                    // Wait for queue to become non-empty
                    while (queue.isEmpty() && newTasksMayBeScheduled)
                        queue.wait();
                    if (queue.isEmpty())
                        break; // Queue is empty and will forever remain; die

                    // Queue nonempty; look at first evt and do the right thing
                    long currentTime, executionTime;
                    task = queue.getMin();
                    synchronized(task.lock) {
                        if (task.state == TimerTask.CANCELLED) {
                            queue.removeMin();
                            continue;  // No action required, poll queue again
                        }
                        currentTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
                        executionTime = task.nextExecutionTime;
                        if (taskFired = (executionTime<=currentTime)) {
                            if (task.period == 0) { // Non-repeating, remove
                                queue.removeMin();
                                task.state = TimerTask.EXECUTED;
                            } else { // Repeating task, reschedule
                                queue.rescheduleMin(
                                  task.period<0 ? currentTime   - task.period
                                                : executionTime + task.period);
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    if (!taskFired) // Task hasn`t yet fired; wait
                        queue.wait(executionTime - currentTime);
                }
                if (taskFired)  // Task fired; run it, holding no locks
                    task.run();
            } catch(InterruptedException e) {
            }
        }
    }
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是通過wait和延遲時間到達的時候,呼叫notify來喚起執行緒繼續執行,這樣來實現延遲的話,我們可以會開啟一個新的執行緒,貌似為了個延遲沒必要這樣吧,等到需要定時,頻繁執行的任務,再考慮這個吧。

2.Handler的postDelay是通過設定Message的when為delay的時間,我們知道當我們的應用開啟的時候,會同步開啟Looper.loop()方法迴圈的,不停的通過MeassgeQueue的next方法:

Message next() {
        ......
        int nextPollTimeoutMillis = 0;
        for (;;) {
            if (nextPollTimeoutMillis != 0) {
                Binder.flushPendingCommands();
            }

            nativePollOnce(ptr, nextPollTimeoutMillis);

            synchronized (this) {
                // Try to retrieve the next message.  Return if found.
                final long now = SystemClock.uptimeMillis();
                Message prevMsg = null;
                Message msg = mMessages;
                if (msg != null && msg.target == null) {
                    // Stalled by a barrier.  Find the next asynchronous message in the queue.
                    do {
                        prevMsg = msg;
                        msg = msg.next;
                    } while (msg != null && !msg.isAsynchronous());
                }
                if (msg != null) {
                    if (now < msg.when) {
                        // Next message is not ready.  Set a timeout to wake up when it is ready.
                        nextPollTimeoutMillis = (int) Math.min(msg.when - now, Integer.MAX_VALUE);
                    } else {
                        // Got a message.
                        mBlocked = false;
                        if (prevMsg != null) {
                            prevMsg.next = msg.next;
                        } else {
                            mMessages = msg.next;
                        }
                        msg.next = null;
                        if (DEBUG) Log.v(TAG, "Returning message: " + msg);
                        msg.markInUse();
                        return msg;
                    }
                } else {
                    // No more messages.
                    nextPollTimeoutMillis = -1;
                }
        ......
        }
    }
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當我們向MessageQueue插入一條延遲的Message的時候,Looper在執行loop方法,底層會呼叫epoll_wait(mEpollFd, eventItems, EPOLL_MAX_EVENTS, timeoutMillis);其中的timeoutMillis引數指定了在沒有事件發生的時候epoll_wait呼叫阻塞的毫秒數(milliseconds)。這樣我們在之前的時間內這個時候阻塞了是會釋放cpu的資源,等到延遲的時間到了時候,再監控到事件發生。在這裡可能有人會有疑問,一直阻塞,那我接下來的訊息應該怎麼執行呢?我們可以看到當我們插入訊息的時候的方法:

boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) {
        if (msg.target == null) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Message must have a target.");
        }
        if (msg.isInUse()) {
            throw new IllegalStateException(msg + " This message is already in use.");
        }

        synchronized (this) {
            if (mQuitting) {
                IllegalStateException e = new IllegalStateException(
                        msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread");
                Log.w(TAG, e.getMessage(), e);
                msg.recycle();
                return false;
            }

            msg.markInUse();
            msg.when = when;
            Message p = mMessages;
            boolean needWake;
            if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) {
                msg.next = p;
                mMessages = msg;
                needWake = mBlocked;
            } else {
                needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous();
                Message prev;
                for (;;) {
                    prev = p;
                    p = p.next;
                    if (p == null || when < p.when) {
                        break;
                    }
                    if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) {
                        needWake = false;
                    }
                }
                msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next
                prev.next = msg;
            }
            mQuitting is false.
            if (needWake) {
                nativeWake(mPtr);
            }
        }
        return true;
    }
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阻塞了有兩種方式喚醒,一種是超時了,一種是被主動喚醒了,在上面我們可以看到當有訊息進入的時候,我們會喚醒繼續執行,所以我們的即時訊息在延遲訊息之後插入是沒有關係的。然後在延遲時間到了的時候,我們也會被喚醒,執行對應的訊息send,以達到延遲時間執行某個任務的目的。
優勢:這種延遲在阻塞的時候,是會釋放cpu的鎖,不會過多地佔用cpu的資源。

3.AlarmManager的延遲的實現原理,是通過一個AlarmManager的set方法,然後

IAlarmManager mService.set(mPackageName, type, triggerAtMillis, windowMillis, intervalMillis, flags,
                    operation, recipientWrapper, listenerTag, workSource, alarmClock);
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這裡是通過aidl與AlarmManagerService的所在程式進行通訊,具體的實現是在AlarmManagerService類裡面:

 private final IBinder mService = new IAlarmManager.Stub() {
        @Override
        public void set(String callingPackage,
                int type, long triggerAtTime, long windowLength, long interval, int flags,
                PendingIntent operation, IAlarmListener directReceiver, String listenerTag,
                WorkSource workSource, AlarmManager.AlarmClockInfo alarmClock) {
            final int callingUid = Binder.getCallingUid();
            if (interval != 0) {
                if (directReceiver != null) {
                    throw new IllegalArgumentException("Repeating alarms cannot use AlarmReceivers");
                }
            }

            if (workSource != null) {
                getContext().enforcePermission(
                        android.Manifest.permission.UPDATE_DEVICE_STATS,
                        Binder.getCallingPid(), callingUid, "AlarmManager.set");
            }
       
            flags &= ~(AlarmManager.FLAG_WAKE_FROM_IDLE
                    | AlarmManager.FLAG_ALLOW_WHILE_IDLE_UNRESTRICTED); DeviceIdleController.
            if (callingUid != Process.SYSTEM_UID) {
                flags &= ~AlarmManager.FLAG_IDLE_UNTIL;
            }

            if (windowLength == AlarmManager.WINDOW_EXACT) {
                flags |= AlarmManager.FLAG_STANDALONE;
            }
            if (alarmClock != null) {
                flags |= AlarmManager.FLAG_WAKE_FROM_IDLE | AlarmManager.FLAG_STANDALONE;
            } else if (workSource == null && (callingUid < Process.FIRST_APPLICATION_UID
                    || Arrays.binarySearch(mDeviceIdleUserWhitelist,
                            UserHandle.getAppId(callingUid)) >= 0)) {
                flags |= AlarmManager.FLAG_ALLOW_WHILE_IDLE_UNRESTRICTED;
                flags &= ~AlarmManager.FLAG_ALLOW_WHILE_IDLE;
            }

            setImpl(type, triggerAtTime, windowLength, interval, operation, directReceiver,
                    listenerTag, flags, workSource, alarmClock, callingUid, callingPackage);
        }
    }
}
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雖然有人覺得用AlarmManager能夠在應用關閉的情況下,定時器還能再喚起,經過自己的測試,當殺掉應用程式的程式,AlarmManager的receiver也是接收不到訊息的,但是我相信在這裡定時器肯定是傳送了,但是作為接收方的應用程式程式被殺掉了,執行不了對應的程式碼。不過有人也覺得AlarmManager更耗電,是因為我們執行定時任務的情況會頻繁喚起cpu,但是如果只是用來只是執行延遲任務的話,個人覺得和Handler.postDelayed()相比應該也不會耗電多的。

2.在上面的第四種方法,達到的延遲會一直通過Thread.sleep來達到延遲的話,會一直佔用cpu的資源,這種方法不贊同使用。

3.總結

如上面我們看到的這樣,如果是單純的實現一個任務的延遲的話,我們可以用Handler.postDelayed()和AlarmManager.set()來實現,用(4)的方法Thread.sleep()的話,首先開啟一個新的執行緒,然後會持有cpu的資源,用(1)的方法,Timer,會開啟一個死迴圈的執行緒,這樣在資源上面都有點浪費。
如果大家還有更好的延遲解決方案,可以拿出來大家探討,要是文章有不對的地方,歡迎拍磚。
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