SQLAlchemy完全入門

403·Forbidden發表於2022-01-09

最近想要學習SQLAlchemy, 發現網上的中文文件大多是機翻的, 讀起來特別變扭, 因此對照著最新的英文文件梳理了一遍, 寫下來記錄一下
目前SQLAlchemy的版本為1.4.x, 風格處於1.x過渡到2.0的時代. 為了儘量讓這篇文章的相容之後的版本, 本文將講述1.x和2.0兩種風格的介面(主要是查詢的介面)

其實在2.0風格中, 主要受到影響的是ORM的查詢方式, 詳情見文件: 2.0 Migration - ORM Usage

安裝

pip install sqlalchemy

檢測sqlalchemy版本:

>>>import sqlalchemy
>>>sqlalchemy.__version__
'1.4.27'

使用步驟

一般來說SQLAlchemy的使用方式有兩種: Core和ORM
兩種有什麼不同呢?

ORM是構建在Core之上的
Core更加底層, 可以執行直接執行SQL語句
ORM類似於Django的ORM, 由於sqlalchemy提供了一套介面, 所以不需要我們直接寫SQL語句 (1.x版本)
至於要用哪個, 等到你用到時, 你會知道的

元件依賴關係圖:

Core

一般來說, 使用步驟如下:

配置資料庫連線
建立連線
建立表
執行SQL語句, 按需開啟事件是否自動提交
拿到返回資料, 執行其他程式碼

資料庫的連線的格式

我們在建立引擎(連線)時, 需要指定資料庫的URL, URL格式, 見: Engine Configuration
, 總的來說, 格式就是: dialect[+driver]://user:password@host/dbname[?key=value..]

dialect 資料庫名稱(方言): 如mysql
driver 連線資料庫的庫: 如: pymysql
user 使用者名稱
password 密碼
host 地址
dbname 資料庫名稱
key=value 指的是給資料庫的引數

如下面的URL:

mysql+pymysql://root:passwd@127.0.0.1:3306/test_db?charset=utf8

建立連線

呼叫sqlalchemy.create_engine方法, 為了相容2.0風格的介面, 可以加上future引數. 至於什麼是2.0風格的介面, 可以看看官方文件: 2.0 style
create_engine有幾個引數需要我們注意:

url 即資料庫url, 其格式見上文: 資料庫的連線的格式
echo引數為True時, 將會將engine的SQL記錄到日誌中 ( 預設輸出到標準輸出)
echo_pool 為True時，會將連線池的記錄資訊輸出
future 使用2.0樣式Engine 和 Connection API

更多引數見官方文件: sqlalchemy.create_engine

例子

from sqlalchemy import create_engine

# 相容2.0的寫法
# 返回物件不一樣
engine1 = create_engine("sqlite+pysqlite:///:memory:", echo=True, future=True)
print(type(engine1))
# <class 'sqlalchemy.future.engine.Engine'>

engine2 = create_engine("sqlite+pysqlite:///:memory:", echo=True)
print(type(engine2))
# <class 'sqlalchemy.engine.base.Engine'>

注意, 由於sqlalchemy使用lazy initialization的策略連線資料庫, 故此時還未真正地連線上資料庫

建立表

我們想要讓資料庫建立一個表, 需要利用MetaData物件, 關於一些常用的MetaData方法, 見: MetaData
除了要MetaData物件外, 我們還需要Table物件, 用於定義一個表的結構
Table的一般使用

mytable = Table("mytable", metadata,
    Column('mytable_id', Integer, primary_key=True),
    Column('value', String(50))
    )

Table的引數:

name 表名稱
metadata 該表所屬的MetaData物件
其他引數: 通過Column指定一列資料, 格式見: Column定義

例子:

from sqlalchemy import MetaData, Table, Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey
from sqlalchemy import create_engine, text

#  資料庫配置
DATABASE_CONFIG = {
    "username": "root",
    "password": "123456",
    "host": "localhost",
    "database": "test"
}
# 連線mysql
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://{username}:{password}@{host}/{database}".format(**DATABASE_CONFIG),
                       echo=True, future=True)
metadata_obj = MetaData()

user_table = Table(
    "user_account",
    metadata_obj,
    Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
    Column("username", String(30)))  # String也可以不例項化

# 第二個表
address_table = Table(
    "address",
    metadata_obj,
    Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
    # 定義外來鍵
    Column("uid", ForeignKey("user_account.id"), nullable=False),
    Column('email_address', String(32), nullable=False)
)
# 相當於執行 CREATE TABLE 語句
metadata_obj.create_all(engine)

"""
-- 相當於:
CREATE TABLE user_account (
    id INTEGER NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, 
    username VARCHAR(30), 
    PRIMARY KEY (id)
);
CREATE TABLE address (
    id INTEGER NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, 
    uid INTEGER NOT NULL, 
    email_address VARCHAR(32) NOT NULL, 
    PRIMARY KEY (id), 
    FOREIGN KEY(uid) REFERENCES user_account (id)
)
"""

create_all方法, 預設會在建立表之間檢測一下表是否存在, 不存在時才建立.

Table的一些屬性

# ---------- 訪問所有列
# .c  => Column
print(user_table.c.keys())
# ['id', 'username']

# ---------- 訪問某一列
print(repr(user_table.c.username))
# Column('username', String(length=30), table=<user>)

# ---------- 返回主鍵
print(user_table.primary_key)
# 隱式生成
# PrimaryKeyConstraint(Column('id', Integer(), table=<user>, primary_key=True, nullable=False))

在事務中執行SQL

通常, 我們通過呼叫engine.connect和engine.begin方法開始一個事件
sqlalchemy使用事務有兩種風格commit as you go和Begin once, 前者需要我們手動提交, 後者會自動提交

手動提交

engine.connect方法符合python的上下文管理協議, 會返回一個Connection物件, 該方法會在不手動提交的情況下回滾.舉個例子:

from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy import text

#  資料庫配置
DATABASE_CONFIG = {
    "username": "root",
    "password": "123456",
    "host": "localhost",
    "database": "test"
}
# 連線mysql
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://{username}:{password}@{host}/{database}".format(**DATABASE_CONFIG),
                       echo=True, future=True)

with engine.connect() as conn:
    # 執行
    result = conn.execute(text("select 'hello world'")) # text 可以使用SQL語句
    print(result.all())
    # conn.commit()
    # [('hello world',)]
    
    # 最後會ROLLBACK

上面的程式碼中, 相當於開啟了事務, 由於最後沒有呼叫commit方法, 所以會回滾.

自動提交

engine.begin方法也符合python的上下文管理協議, 只要執行時不報錯就會自動提交, 報錯時會回滾.

from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy import text

#  資料庫配置
DATABASE_CONFIG = {
    "username": "root",
    "password": "123456",
    "host": "localhost",
    "database": "test"
}
# 連線mysql
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://{username}:{password}@{host}/{database}".format(**DATABASE_CONFIG),
                       echo=True, future=True)

with engine.begin() as conn:
    result = conn.execute(text("select 'hello world'"))
    print(result.all())
    # [('hello world',)]

    # COMMIT

繫結引數

上面在事務中執行SQL語句時, 我們用到了sqlalchemy.text, 可以直接定義文字SQL字串
為了避免被SQL隱碼攻擊, 故在需要傳入引數的場景中需要根據sqlalchemy的方式傳入, 而不是直接拼接成字串.
使用:y的格式定義引數, 且將值以字典的形式傳給execute

from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy import text

#  資料庫配置
DATABASE_CONFIG = {
    "username": "root",
    "password": "123456",
    "host": "localhost",
    "database": "test"
}
# 連線mysql
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://{username}:{password}@{host}/{database}".format(**DATABASE_CONFIG),
                       echo=True, future=True)

with engine.begin() as conn:
    result = conn.execute(text("select name from userinfo where name like :y"), {"y": "lcz%"})
    print(result.all())
    # [('lczmx',)]

    # COMMIT

多個引數時, 可以這樣

with engine.connect() as conn:
    conn.execute(
        text("INSERT INTO userinfo (id, name) VALUES (:x, :y)"),
        [{"x": 1, "y": "lcmx"}, {"x": 2, "y": "xxx"}])
    conn.commit()

這種方式也可以

stmt = text("SELECT x, y FROM some_table WHERE y > :y ORDER BY x, y").bindparams(y=6)

with engine.connect() as conn:
    conn.execute(stmt)
    conn.commit()

增刪改查

處理使用text直接執行SQL外, 你還可以使用其他語法增刪改查資料
假如表結構如下:

$show create table address;
+---------+-----------------------------------------+
| Table   | Create Table                            |
+---------+-----------------------------------------+
| address | CREATE TABLE `address` (
  `id` int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `uid` int NOT NULL,
  `email_address` varchar(32) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
  KEY `uid` (`uid`),
  CONSTRAINT `address_ibfk_1` FOREIGN KEY (`uid`) REFERENCES `user_account` (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=2 DEFAULT CHARSET=gbk |
+---------+------------------------------------------+


$show create table user_account;
+--------------+------------------------------------+
| Table        | Create Table                       |
+--------------+------------------------------------+
| user_account | CREATE TABLE `user_account` (
  `id` int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `username` varchar(30) DEFAULT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=6 DEFAULT CHARSET=gbk |
+--------------+-------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

插入資料

使用insert(...).values(...)形式為資料庫插入資料

from sqlalchemy import MetaData, Table, Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey
from sqlalchemy import create_engine, insert

#  資料庫配置
DATABASE_CONFIG = {
    "username": "root",
    "password": "123456",
    "host": "localhost",
    "database": "test"
}
# 連線mysql
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://{username}:{password}@{host}/{database}?charset=utf8".format(**DATABASE_CONFIG),
                       echo=True, future=True)
metadata_obj = MetaData()

user_table = Table(
    "user_account",
    metadata_obj,
    Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
    Column("username", String(30)))  # String也可以不例項化

# 第二個表
address_table = Table(
    "address",
    metadata_obj,
    Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
    Column("uid", ForeignKey("user_account.id"), nullable=False),
    Column('email_address', String(32), nullable=False)
)

metadata_obj.create_all(bind=engine)

with engine.connect() as conn:
    # 插入一條普通資料
    conn.execute(insert(user_table).values(id=1, username="lczmx"))
    # 插入外來鍵等資料
    conn.execute(insert(address_table).values(uid=1, email_address="lczmx@foxmail.com"))

    # 自動生成value, 不需要我們手動指定

    conn.execute(insert(user_table),
                 [{"username": "張三"},
                  {"username": "李四"},
                  {"username": "王五"},
                  {"username": "趙六"},
                  ])

    conn.commit()

SQLAlchemy還提供了更復雜的用法, 見: Inserting Rows with Core

注意: 插入資料沒有返回值

刪除資料

使用delete(...).where(...)的形式刪除資料

目前的表資料:

select u.id as uid, u.username, a.id as aid, a.email_address as email_address 
from user_account as u 
left join  address as a on u.id=a.uid;

+-----+----------+------+-------------------+
| uid | username | aid  | email_address     |
+-----+----------+------+-------------------+
|   1 | lczmx    |    1 | lczmx@foxmail.com |
|   2 | 張三     | NULL | NULL              |
|   3 | 李四     | NULL | NULL              |
|   4 | 王五     | NULL | NULL              |
|   5 | 趙六     | NULL | NULL              |
+-----+----------+------+-------------------+

例子:

from sqlalchemy import MetaData, Table, Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey
from sqlalchemy import create_engine, delete

#  資料庫配置
DATABASE_CONFIG = {
    "username": "root",
    "password": "123456",
    "host": "localhost",
    "database": "test"
}
# 連線mysql
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://{username}:{password}@{host}/{database}?charset=utf8".format(**DATABASE_CONFIG),
                       echo=True, future=True)
metadata_obj = MetaData()

user_table = Table(
    "user_account",
    metadata_obj,
    Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
    Column("username", String(30)))  # String也可以不例項化

# 第二個表
address_table = Table(
    "address",
    metadata_obj,
    Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
    Column("uid", ForeignKey("user_account.id"), nullable=False),
    Column('email_address', String(32), nullable=False)
)

metadata_obj.create_all(bind=engine)

with engine.connect() as conn:
    # 一般刪除
    # user_table.c 獲取的是 列資料
    result1 = conn.execute(delete(user_table).where(user_table.c.id == 3))
    print(f"受影響行數: {result1.rowcount}")  # 受影響行數: 1

    # and 刪除
    result2 = conn.execute(delete(user_table).where(user_table.c.username == "張三", user_table.c.id == 2))
    print(f"受影響行數: {result2.rowcount}")  # 受影響行數: 1

    conn.commit()

.rowcount屬性獲取受影響的行數

更新資料

使用update(...).where(...).values(...)的形式更新資料

select u.id as uid, u.username, a.id as aid, a.email_address as email_address 
from user_account as u 
left join  address as a on u.id=a.uid;

+-----+----------+------+-------------------+
| uid | username | aid  | email_address     |
+-----+----------+------+-------------------+
|   1 | lczmx    |    1 | lczmx@foxmail.com |
|   2 | 張三     | NULL | NULL              |
|   3 | 李四     | NULL | NULL              |
|   4 | 王五     | NULL | NULL              |
|   5 | 趙六     | NULL | NULL              |
+-----+----------+------+-------------------+

例子:

from sqlalchemy import MetaData, Table, Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey
from sqlalchemy import create_engine, update, bindparam, select

#  資料庫配置
DATABASE_CONFIG = {
    "username": "root",
    "password": "123456",
    "host": "localhost",
    "database": "test"
}
# 連線mysql
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://{username}:{password}@{host}/{database}?charset=utf8".
                       format(**DATABASE_CONFIG), echo=True, future=True)
metadata_obj = MetaData()

user_table = Table(
    "user_account",
    metadata_obj,
    Column('id', Integer, primary_key=True),
    Column("username", String(30)))  # String也可以不例項化

# 第二個表
address_table = Table(
    "address",
    metadata_obj,
    Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
    Column("uid", ForeignKey("user_account.id"), nullable=False),
    Column('email_address', String(32), nullable=False)
)

metadata_obj.create_all(bind=engine)

with engine.connect() as conn:
    # 一般更新
    result1 = conn.execute(update(user_table).where(
        user_table.c.username == "王五").values(username="王老五"))
    print(f"受影響行數: {result1.rowcount}")  # 受影響行數: 1

    # 更新資料 加上 原來的資料
    result2 = conn.execute(
        update(user_table).where(user_table.c.username == "趙六").values(
            username=user_table.c.username + "一號"))
    print(f"受影響行數: {result2.rowcount}")  # 受影響行數: 1

    # 以字典的形式, 替換更新多個值
    result3 = conn.execute(
        update(user_table).where(user_table.c.username == bindparam('old_name')).values(
            username=bindparam('new_name')),
        [
            {"old_name": "張三", "new_name": "新張三"},
            {"old_name": "李四", "new_name": "新李四"},
        ]
    )

    print(f"受影響行數: {result3.rowcount}")  # 受影響行數: 2

    # 以 子查詢 的方式 更新資料
    scalar_subq = (
        select(address_table.c.email_address).
            where(address_table.c.uid == user_table.c.id).
            order_by(address_table.c.id).
            limit(1).
            scalar_subquery()
    )
    # 將email_address的值 賦給 username
    update(user_table).values(username=scalar_subq)

    """
    -- 以上查詢, 相當於:
    UPDATE user_account SET username=(SELECT address.email_address
    FROM address
    WHERE address.uid = user_account.id ORDER BY address.id
    LIMIT :param_1)
    """
    conn.commit()

修改後的結果:

+-----+----------+------+-------------------+
| uid | username | aid  | email_address     |
+-----+----------+------+-------------------+
|   1 | lczmx    |    1 | lczmx@foxmail.com |
|   2 | 新張三   | NULL | NULL              |
|   3 | 新李四   | NULL | NULL              |
|   4 | 王老五   | NULL | NULL              |
|   5 | 趙六一號 | NULL | NULL              |
+-----+----------+------+-------------------+

查詢資料

由於2.0的查詢方式, Core和ORM都可以使用, 所以放在一起, 見下文: 查詢資料詳解

處理查詢返回的資料

我們執行conn.execute方法的結果為: CursorResult物件
其本質上是繼承與Result物件, 其使用方式見: Result

例子:
假如查詢的表:

mysql> select * from user_account;
+----+----------+
| id | username |
+----+----------+
|  9 | lczmx    |
| 10 | jack     |
| 11 | tom      |
| 12 | mike     |
+----+----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql>

利用SQLAlchemy獲取資料:

from sqlalchemy import MetaData, Table, Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey
from sqlalchemy import create_engine, text

#  資料庫配置
DATABASE_CONFIG = {
    "username": "root",
    "password": "123456",
    "host": "localhost",
    "database": "test"
}
# 連線mysql
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://{username}:{password}@{host}/{database}".format(**DATABASE_CONFIG),
                       echo=True, future=True)

with engine.connect() as conn:
    # 執行
    result = conn.execute(text("select * from user_account;"))

    for row in result.all():
        # 使用f-strings 格式化字串
        print(f"id: {row.id:3}, username: {row.username:20}")
    # 列印的結果:
    """
    id:   9, username: lczmx               
    id:  10, username: jack                
    id:  11, username: tom                 
    id:  12, username: mike  
    """
    conn.commit()

ORM

和Core一樣, ORM也有一定的使用步驟:

配置資料庫連線, 見上文: 資料庫的連線的格式
建立會話
建立表
使用介面, 增刪改查資料
拿到返回資料, 執行其他程式碼

在學習SQLAlcehmy的ORM之前, 建議先了解一些概念, 以免後面會混淆

會話 Session
會話是SQLAlchemy ORM與資料庫的互動物件
它可以管理建立連線中engine, 併為通過會話載入或與會話關聯的物件提供標識對映 (identity map)
在使用時與Connection非常相似, 你可以對比著使用
Base
通過sqlalchemy.orm.declarative_base建立
作為定義表的基類, 內部有包含MetaData物件
可以類似於Django一樣定義表

在SQLAlchemy中, session是一個連線池, 的由其管理, 因此, 假如我們需要運算元據庫的話, 需要在session中拿到Connection(連線)

建立會話

SQLAlchemy提供了兩種建立會話的方法:

sqlalchemy.orm.Session

from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.orm import Session

# 建立引擎
engine = create_engine('postgresql://scott:tiger@localhost/')

# 建立會話
# 以下with可以簡寫成 with Session(engine) as session, session.begin():
with Session(engine) as session:
    # 開啟自動提交
    with session.begin():
        # add方法 會將some_object 儲存到資料庫
        # session.add(some_object)
        # session.add(some_other_object)
        pass

sqlalchemy.orm.sessionmaker

from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker

# 建立引擎
engine = create_engine('postgresql://scott:tiger@localhost/')

# 建立session
Session = sessionmaker(engine)

# 一般使用
with Session() as session:
    # session.add(some_object)
    # session.add(some_other_object)
    # 提交
    session.commit()

# 自動提交
with Session.begin() as session:
    # session.add(some_object)
    # session.add(some_other_object)
    pass

雖然有兩種方法建立會話, 但我們一般使用sessionmaker建立會話

另外補充一下session的其它使用方式:

from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker

engine = create_engine('postgresql://scott:tiger@localhost/')

Session = sessionmaker(engine)

# 從連線指定到session
with engine.connect() as connection:
    with Session(bind=connection) as session:
        # 一些操作
        pass

下面列出session的一些常用方法, 增刪改查資料時要用到

方法	引數	描述
`add`	`instance`	下次重新整理操作時, 將 `instance` 保留到資料庫中
`delete`	`instance`	下次重新整理操作時, 將`instance`從資料庫中刪除
`begin`	`subtransactions` `nested` `_subtrans`	開始事務
`rollback`	無	回滾當前事務
`commit`	無	提交當前事務
`close`	無	關閉此Session
`execute`	`statement` `params` `execution_option` `bind_arguments` 等	執行SQL表示式構造
`query`	`entities` `*kwargs`	返回`Query`物件, 可用於查詢資料
`refresh`	`instance` `attribute_names` `with_for_update`	為`instance`執行重新整理操作

例子:

from sqlalchemy import create_engine, text
from sqlalchemy.orm import Session

#  資料庫配置
DATABASE_CONFIG = {
    "username": "root",
    "password": "123456",
    "host": "localhost",
    "database": "test"
}
# 連線mysql
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://{username}:{password}@{host}/{database}".format(**DATABASE_CONFIG),
                       echo=True, future=True)

stmt = text("SELECT id, name FROM userinfo WHERE id > :y").bindparams(y=1)
with Session(engine) as session:
    result = session.execute(stmt)
    print(result.all())
    # [(2, 'name2'), (3, 'name2')]
    
    # ROLLBACK

在ORM中建立表

使用ORM時, 我們也需要MetaData, 不同的是, 我們是通過sqlalchemy.orm.registry構造的. 而且, 我們不需要像Core那樣直接宣告Table, 而是繼承某個公共基類 (Base), 新增屬性即可. 有兩種方式定義基類.
方式一:

from sqlalchemy.orm import registry
mapper_registry = registry()
print(mapper_registry.metadata)  # MetaData物件
# 公共基類
Base = mapper_registry.generate_base()

方法二:

from sqlalchemy.orm import declarative_base

# 內部 return registry(...).generate_base(...)
Base = declarative_base()

現在你可以像在Django ORM中一樣, 定義表並在資料庫中建立表, 每一個Column表示一列資料, 關於Column的寫法, 見: Column定義

from sqlalchemy import Column, String, Integer, create_engine, SMALLINT, Boolean, ForeignKey
from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship, declarative_base, sessionmaker

# 匯入公共基類
Base = declarative_base()
#  資料庫配置
DATABASE_CONFIG = {
    "username": "root",
    "password": "123456",
    "host": "localhost",
    "database": "test"
}
# 連線mysql
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://{username}:{password}@{host}/{database}".format(**DATABASE_CONFIG),
                       echo=True, future=True)


class Student(Base):
    __tablename__ = "student"
    sid = Column("sid", Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column("name", String(32), nullable=False, index=True, comment="姓名")
    age = Column("age", SMALLINT, nullable=False, comment="年齡")
    gender = Column("gender", Boolean, nullable=False, comment="性別, True: 男, False: 女")


class Course(Base):
    __tablename__ = "course"
    cid = Column("cid", Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column("name", String(10), nullable=False, comment="科目名")
    tid = Column("tid", ForeignKey("teacher.tid"), comment="課程教師")


class Teacher(Base):
    __tablename__ = "teacher"
    tid = Column("tid", Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column("name", String(10), nullable=False, comment="教師名")


class Score(Base):
    __tablename__ = "score"
    sid = Column("sid", Integer, primary_key=True)
    score = Column("score", SMALLINT, nullable=False, comment="成績")
    student_id = Column("student_id", ForeignKey("student.sid"), comment="成績所屬學生")
    course_id = Column("course_id", ForeignKey("course.cid"), comment="成績所屬科目")


Base.metadata.create_all(bind=engine)

"""
-- 對於sql
CREATE TABLE student (
    sid INTEGER NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, 
    name VARCHAR(32) NOT NULL COMMENT '姓名', 
    age SMALLINT NOT NULL COMMENT '年齡', 
    gender BOOL NOT NULL COMMENT '性別, True: 男, False: 女', 
    PRIMARY KEY (sid)
)
CREATE TABLE teacher (
    tid INTEGER NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, 
    name VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL COMMENT '教師名', 
    PRIMARY KEY (tid)
)
CREATE TABLE course (
    cid INTEGER NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, 
    name VARCHAR(10) NOT NULL COMMENT '科目名', 
    tid INTEGER COMMENT '課程教師', 
    PRIMARY KEY (cid), 
    FOREIGN KEY(tid) REFERENCES teacher (tid)
)
CREATE TABLE score (
    sid INTEGER NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, 
    score SMALLINT NOT NULL COMMENT '成績', 
    student_id INTEGER COMMENT '成績所屬學生', 
    course_id INTEGER COMMENT '成績所屬科目', 
    PRIMARY KEY (sid), 
    FOREIGN KEY(student_id) REFERENCES student (sid), 
    FOREIGN KEY(course_id) REFERENCES course (cid)
)

"""

Base.metadata是MetaData物件, 常用的MetaData方法見: MetaData

注: 你通過Student.__table__屬性可以檢視Table, 也可以通過Student.name訪問某一列
你也可以通過__init__顯示定義某些列

增刪改查資料

插入資料

接上文 "在ORM中建立表" 中的表

1.x的介面與2.0的介面一樣, 都是呼叫session.add(instance)方法新增到資料庫 (add方法下次重新整理操作時, 將instance儲存到資料庫)
注意: 自動生成的資料, 在未插入到資料庫之前, 都為None, 如: 自動生成的主鍵

你也可以呼叫add_all(instance1, instance2, ...)方法, 區別只是插入一條和多條資料而已

from sqlalchemy import Column, String, Integer, create_engine, SMALLINT, Boolean, ForeignKey
from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship, declarative_base, sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy.orm import Session
from typing import Any

# 匯入公共基類
Base = declarative_base()
#  資料庫配置
DATABASE_CONFIG = {
    "username": "root",
    "password": "123456",
    "host": "localhost",
    "database": "test"
}
# 連線mysql
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://{username}:{password}@{host}/{database}".format(**DATABASE_CONFIG),
                       echo=True, future=True)


class Student(Base):
    __tablename__ = "student"
    sid = Column("sid", Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column("name", String(32), nullable=False, index=True, comment="姓名")
    age = Column("age", SMALLINT, nullable=False, comment="年齡")
    gender = Column("gender", Boolean, nullable=False, comment="性別, True: 男, False: 女")


class Course(Base):
    __tablename__ = "course"
    cid = Column("cid", Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column("name", String(10), nullable=False, comment="科目名")
    tid = Column("tid", ForeignKey("teacher.tid"), comment="課程教師")


class Teacher(Base):
    __tablename__ = "teacher"
    tid = Column("tid", Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column("name", String(10), nullable=False, comment="教師名")


class Score(Base):
    __tablename__ = "score"
    sid = Column("sid", Integer, primary_key=True)
    score = Column("score", SMALLINT, nullable=False, comment="成績")
    student_id = Column("student_id", ForeignKey("student.sid"), comment="成績所屬學生")
    course_id = Column("course_id", ForeignKey("course.cid"), comment="成績所屬科目")


Base.metadata.create_all(bind=engine)

SessionLocal = sessionmaker(bind=engine)


# 一般將 新增到資料庫 封裝成一個函式
def create_data(db: Session, target_cls: Any, **kwargs):
    try:
        cls_obj = target_cls(**kwargs)
        # 新增一個
        db.add(cls_obj)
        # 新增多個:
        # db.add_all([obj1, obj2, ...])

        db.commit()
        # 手動將 資料 重新整理到資料庫
        db.refresh(cls_obj)
        return cls_obj
    except Exception as e:
        # 別忘記發生錯誤時回滾
        db.rollback()
        raise e


session = SessionLocal()

# -------------- 建立學生資料
student = create_data(session, Student, sid=1, name="張三", age=22, gender=True)

# -------------- 建立教師資料
teacher = create_data(session, Teacher, tid=1, name="語文老師")

# -------------- 建立課程資料
course = create_data(session, Course, cid=1, name="語文", tid=teacher.tid)

# -------------- 建立成績資料
score = create_data(session, Score, sid=1, score=89, student_id=student.sid, course_id=course.cid)

注意: 自動生成主鍵時, 只有在重新整理到資料庫中後, 才能獲取主鍵

總的來說, 插入資料程式碼一般為:

# 1. 例項化一個表類
db_city = CityTable(....)

# 2. 呼叫session的add方法
session.add(db_city)

# 3. 呼叫session的commit方法 提交事務
session.commit()

# 4. 手動呼叫session的refresh方法 將資料重新整理到資料庫
session.refresh(db_city)

刪除資料

1.x的方法

主要步驟是先查詢再刪除, 一般形式為: session.query(...).filter(...).delete()

from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, create_engine, SMALLINT, ForeignKey
from sqlalchemy.orm import declarative_base, sessionmaker

# 匯入公共基類
Base = declarative_base()
#  資料庫配置
DATABASE_CONFIG = {
    "username": "root",
    "password": "123456",
    "host": "localhost",
    "database": "test"
}
# 連線mysql
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://{username}:{password}@{host}/{database}".format(**DATABASE_CONFIG),
                       echo=True, future=True)


class Score(Base):
    __tablename__ = "score"
    sid = Column("sid", Integer, primary_key=True)
    score = Column("score", SMALLINT, nullable=False, comment="成績")
    student_id = Column("student_id", ForeignKey("student.sid"), comment="成績所屬學生")
    course_id = Column("course_id", ForeignKey("course.cid"), comment="成績所屬科目")


Base.metadata.create_all(bind=engine)

SessionLocal = sessionmaker(bind=engine)

with SessionLocal() as session:
    # 方法一: 呼叫 session.delete 方法
    s = session.query(Score).filter(Score.score == 59).first()
    session.delete(s)

    # 方法二: 查詢後直接刪除
    session.query(Score).filter(Score.score == 59).delete()
    session.commit()

2.0的方法

像Core一樣刪除資料, 即delte(...).where(...)

from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, create_engine, SMALLINT, ForeignKey
from sqlalchemy.orm import declarative_base, sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import select, delete

# 匯入公共基類
Base = declarative_base()
#  資料庫配置
DATABASE_CONFIG = {
    "username": "root",
    "password": "123456",
    "host": "localhost",
    "database": "test"
}
# 連線mysql
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://{username}:{password}@{host}/{database}".format(**DATABASE_CONFIG),
                       echo=True, future=True)


class Score(Base):
    __tablename__ = "score"
    sid = Column("sid", Integer, primary_key=True)
    score = Column("score", SMALLINT, nullable=False, comment="成績")
    student_id = Column("student_id", ForeignKey("student.sid"), comment="成績所屬學生")
    course_id = Column("course_id", ForeignKey("course.cid"), comment="成績所屬科目")


Base.metadata.create_all(bind=engine)

SessionLocal = sessionmaker(bind=engine)

with SessionLocal() as session:
    session.execute(
        delete(Score).where(Score.sid == 1)
    )
    session.commit()

修改資料

1.x的方法

主要步驟是先查詢再更新, 即: session.query(...).filter(...).update(...)

from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, create_engine, SMALLINT, ForeignKey
from sqlalchemy.orm import declarative_base, sessionmaker

# 匯入公共基類
Base = declarative_base()
#  資料庫配置
DATABASE_CONFIG = {
    "username": "root",
    "password": "123456",
    "host": "localhost",
    "database": "test"
}
# 連線mysql
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://{username}:{password}@{host}/{database}".format(**DATABASE_CONFIG),
                       echo=True, future=True)


class Score(Base):
    __tablename__ = "score"
    sid = Column("sid", Integer, primary_key=True)
    score = Column("score", SMALLINT, nullable=False, comment="成績")
    student_id = Column("student_id", ForeignKey("student.sid"), comment="成績所屬學生")
    course_id = Column("course_id", ForeignKey("course.cid"), comment="成績所屬科目")


Base.metadata.create_all(bind=engine)

SessionLocal = sessionmaker(bind=engine)

with SessionLocal() as session:
    row = session.query(Score).filter(Score.score == 59).update({"score": 60})

    print(f"修改的行數: {row}")
    session.commit()

2.0的方法

同樣和Core一樣, 使用update(...).where(...).values(...)的形式更新資料

from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, create_engine, SMALLINT, ForeignKey
from sqlalchemy.orm import declarative_base, sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import update, bindparam

# 匯入公共基類
Base = declarative_base()
#  資料庫配置
DATABASE_CONFIG = {
    "username": "root",
    "password": "123456",
    "host": "localhost",
    "database": "test"
}
# 連線mysql
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://{username}:{password}@{host}/{database}".format(**DATABASE_CONFIG),
                       echo=True, future=True)


class Score(Base):
    __tablename__ = "score"
    sid = Column("sid", Integer, primary_key=True)
    score = Column("score", SMALLINT, nullable=False, comment="成績")
    student_id = Column("student_id", ForeignKey("student.sid"), comment="成績所屬學生")
    course_id = Column("course_id", ForeignKey("course.cid"), comment="成績所屬科目")


Base.metadata.create_all(bind=engine)

SessionLocal = sessionmaker(bind=engine)

with SessionLocal() as session:
    # 一般更新
    result1 = session.execute(update(Score).where(Score.score == 59).values(score=60))
    print(f"受影響行數: {result1.rowcount}")

    # # 更新資料 加上 原來的資料
    result2 = session.execute(
        update(Score).where(Score.score == 59).values(score=Score.score + 1))
    print(f"受影響行數: {result2.rowcount}")  # 受影響行數: 1

    # 以字典的形式, 替換更新多個值
    result3 = session.execute(
        update(Score).where(Score.score == bindparam('old_score')).values(score=bindparam('new_score')),
        [
            {"old_score": 59, "new_score": 60},
        ]
    )

    print(f"受影響行數: {result3.rowcount}")

    session.commit()

同樣.rowcount屬性獲取受影響行數

查詢資料

1.x的方法

在SQLAlchemy1.x查詢方式中, 使用Query物件進行查詢, 類似於Django ORM的管理器, 可以較為簡單地查詢資料
假如要查詢的表如下:

class User(Base):
    __tablename__ = "User"  # 設定表名
    uid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    username = Column(String(80), unique=True)
    email = Column(String(120), unique=True)
    tags = Column(String(120))

    def __repr__(self):
        return '<User %r>' % self.username

表的資料:

mysql> select * from User;
+-----+----------+-------------------+------+
| uid | username | email             | tags |
+-----+----------+-------------------+------+
|   1 | 張三     | zhangesan@xx.com  | 熱情 |
|   2 | 李四     | lisi@xx.com       | 熱情 |
|   3 | 王五     | wangwu@xx.com     | 開朗 |
|   4 | lczmx    | lczmx@foxmail.com | 熱情 |
+-----+----------+-------------------+------+
4 rows in set (0.10 sec)

mysql>

使用例子:

from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, create_engine, String
from sqlalchemy.orm import declarative_base, sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import not_, or_, desc

# 匯入公共基類
Base = declarative_base()
#  資料庫配置
DATABASE_CONFIG = {
    "username": "root",
    "password": "123456",
    "host": "localhost",
    "database": "test"
}
# 連線mysql
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://{username}:{password}@{host}/{database}".format(**DATABASE_CONFIG),
                       echo=True, future=True)


class User(Base):
    __tablename__ = "User"  # 設定表名
    uid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    username = Column(String(80), unique=True)
    email = Column(String(120), unique=True)
    tags = Column(String(120))

    def __repr__(self):
        return '<User %r>' % self.username


Base.metadata.create_all(bind=engine)

SessionLocal = sessionmaker(bind=engine)

with SessionLocal() as session:
    # ------------------  查詢所有User資料
    session.query(User).all()
    """
    對應SQL
    SELECT `User`.uid AS `User_uid`, `User`.username AS `User_username`, 
    `User`.email AS `User_email`, `User`.tags AS `User_tags` FROM `User`
    """

    # ------------------  查詢有多少條資料
    session.query(User).count()
    """
    對應SQL
    SELECT count(*) AS count_1 FROM (SELECT `User`.uid AS `User_uid`,
    `User`.username AS `User_username`, `User`.email AS `User_email`,
    `User`.tags AS `User_tags` FROM `User`) AS anon_1
    """

    # ------------------  查詢第1條資料
    session.query(User).first()
    """
    對應SQL
    SELECT `User`.uid AS `User_uid`, `User`.username AS `User_username`,
    `User`.email AS `User_email`, `User`.tags AS `User_tags` FROM `User`
    LIMIT 1
    """

    # ------------------  根據主鍵查詢
    session.query(User).get(1)
    """
    對應SQL
    SELECT `User`.uid AS `User_uid`, `User`.username AS `User_username`,
    `User`.email AS `User_email`, `User`.tags AS `User_tags` FROM `User`
    WHERE `User`.uid = 1
    """

    # ------------------  簡單查詢, 使用 關鍵字實參 的形式來設定欄位名
    session.query(User).filter_by(uid=1).all()
    """
    對應SQL
    SELECT `User`.uid AS `User_uid`, `User`.username AS `User_username`, 
    `User`.email AS `User_email`, `User`.tags AS `User_tags` FROM `User` 
    WHERE `User`.uid = 1
    """
    
    # ------------------  複雜查詢, 可以多個表一起，使用 恆等式'==' 等形式 來設定條件
    session.query(User).filter(User.uid == 1).all()
    """
    對應SQL
    SELECT `User`.uid AS `User_uid`, `User`.username AS `User_username`,
    `User`.email AS `User_email`, `User`.tags AS `User_tags` FROM `User`
    WHERE `User`.uid = 1
    """
    
    # ------------------  filter 查詢開頭
    session.query(User).filter(User.username.startswith("l")).all()
    """
    對應SQL
    SELECT `User`.uid AS `User_uid`, `User`.username AS `User_username`,
    `User`.email AS `User_email`, `User`.tags AS `User_tags` FROM `User`
    WHERE (`User`.username LIKE concat('l', '%%'))
    """
    
    # ------------------  filter 查詢結尾
    session.query(User).filter(User.username.endswith("x")).all()
    """
    對應SQL
    SELECT `User`.uid AS `User_uid`, `User`.username AS `User_username`,
    `User`.email AS `User_email`, `User`.tags AS `User_tags` FROM `User`
    WHERE (`User`.username LIKE concat('%%', 'x'))
    """
    
    # ------------------  filter 查詢是否包含
    session.query(User).filter(User.username.contains("lcz")).all()
    """
    對應SQL
    SELECT `User`.uid AS `User_uid`, `User`.username AS `User_username`,
    `User`.email AS `User_email`, `User`.tags AS `User_tags` FROM `User`
    WHERE (`User`.username LIKE concat(concat('%%', "lcz", '%%')))
    """
    
    # ------------------  filter 模糊查詢
    session.query(User).filter(User.username.like("%cz%")).all()
    """
    對應SQL
    SELECT `User`.uid AS `User_uid`, `User`.username AS `User_username`,
    `User`.email AS `User_email`, `User`.tags AS `User_tags` FROM `User`
    WHERE `User`.username LIKE "%cz%"
    """
    
    # ------------------  filter 條件取反 (not)
    session.query(User).filter(not_(User.username == "lczmx")).all()
    """
    對應SQL
    SELECT `User`.uid AS `User_uid`, `User`.username AS `User_username`,
    `User`.email AS `User_email`, `User`.tags AS `User_tags` FROM `User`
    WHERE `User`.username != "lczmx"
    """
    
    # ------------------  filter條件 或 (or), 預設為and
    session.query(User).filter(
        or_(User.uid == 1, User.uid == 3), ).all()
    """
    對應SQL
    SELECT `User`.uid AS `User_uid`, `User`.username AS `User_username`,
    `User`.email AS `User_email`, `User`.tags AS `User_tags` FROM `User`
    WHERE `User`.uid = 1 OR `User`.uid = 3
    """
    
    # ------------------  filter條件 and or not 一起使用
    session.query(User).filter(or_(User.uid == 1, User.uid == 4), User.username == "lczmx",
                               not_(User.email == "wangwu@xx.com")).all()
    """
    對應SQL
    SELECT `User`.uid AS `User_uid`, `User`.username AS `User_username`,
    `User`.email AS `User_email`, `User`.tags AS `User_tags` FROM `User`
    WHERE (`User`.uid = 1 OR `User`.uid = 4)
    AND `User`.username = "lczmx" AND `User`.email = "lczmx@foxmail.com"
    """
    
    # ------------------   filter 取反查詢
    session.query(User).filter(User.username != "lczmx").all()
    """
    對應SQL
    SELECT `User`.uid AS `User_uid`, `User`.username AS `User_username`,
    `User`.email AS `User_email`, `User`.tags AS `User_tags` FROM `User`
    WHERE `User`.username != "lczmx";
    """

    # ------------------  查詢uid為[1, 3, 5, 7, 9]的使用者
    session.query(User).filter(User.uid.in_([1, 3, 5, 7, 9])).all()
    """
    對應ＳＱＬ
    SELECT `User`.uid AS `User_uid`, `User`.username AS `User_username`,
    `User`.email AS `User_email`, `User`.tags AS `User_tags` FROM `User`
    WHERE `User`.uid IN (1, 3, 5, 7, 9)
    """
    
    # ------------------  分組查詢
    # !! 注意不是query(User), 因為Query(User)對應的SQL為:
    # SELECT `User`.uid AS `User_uid`, `User`.username AS `User_username`,
    # `User`.email AS `User_email`, `User`.tags AS `User_tags`
    session.query(User.tags).group_by(User.tags).all()
    """
    對應SQL
    SELECT `User`.tags AS `User_tags` FROM `User` GROUP BY `User`.tags
    """
    
    # ------------------  排序 順序
    session.query(User).order_by(User.uid).all()
    """
    對應SQL
    SELECT `User`.uid AS `User_uid`, `User`.username AS `User_username`,
    `User`.email AS `User_email`, `User`.tags AS `User_tags`
    FROM `User` ORDER BY `User`.uid
    """
    
    # ------------------  排序 倒序
    session.query(User).order_by(desc(User.uid)).all()
    """
    對應SQL
    SELECT `User`.uid AS `User_uid`, `User`.username AS `User_username`,
    `User`.email AS `User_email`, `User`.tags AS `User_tags` FROM `User`
    ORDER BY `User`.uid DESC
    """
    
    # ------------------ 去重
    session.query(User.tags).distinct().all()
    """
    對應SQL:
    SELECT DISTINCT `User`.tags AS `User_tags` FROM `User`;
    """

    # ------------------ 取幾條資料
    session.query(User).limit(2).all()
    """
    對應SQL:
    SELECT `User`.uid AS `User_uid`, `User`.username AS `User_username`,
    `User`.email AS `User_email`, `User`.tags AS `User_tags` FROM `User`
    LIMIT 2;
    """

    # ------------------ 跳過幾條個資料
    session.query(User).offset(1).limit(2).all()
    """
    對應SQL
    SELECT `User`.uid AS `User_uid`, `User`.username AS `User_username`,
    `User`.email AS `User_email`, `User`.tags AS `User_tags` FROM `User`
    LIMIT 1, 2;
    """

關於query返回的物件
query的返回物件為sqlalchemy.orm.query.Query物件, 你可以與Result物件進行對比, 主要有以下的方法:

all()
返回由表物件組成的列表
first()
返回第一個結果 (表物件), 內部執行limit SQL
one()
只返回一行資料或引發異常 (無資料時丟擲: sqlalchemy.exc.NoResultFound, 多行資料時丟擲: sqlalchemy.exc.MultipleResultsFound)
one_or_none()
最多返回一行資料或引發異常 (無資料時返回None, 多行資料時丟擲: sqlalchemy.exc.MultipleResultsFound)
scalar()
獲取第一行的第一列資料. 如果沒有要獲取的行, 則返回None, 多行資料時丟擲: sqlalchemy.exc.MultipleResultsFound

以上查詢不包含一些連表操作, 見: relationship連表操作

2.0的方法

2.0的返回結果也是Result物件, 關於Result物件, 見: Result

注意: 由於2.0的查詢方式, Core和ORM都可以使用, 所以放在一起, 見下文: 查詢資料詳解

relationship連表操作

我們自定義外來鍵時, 一般的步驟是:

子表使用欄位名= Column(Integer, ForeignKey('主表名.主鍵'))的格式定義
除此外, 還需要在主表中定義relationship用於子表與主表之間的跨表查詢

完整例子:

from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, create_engine, String, Text, ForeignKey
from sqlalchemy.orm import declarative_base, sessionmaker, relationship

# 匯入公共基類
Base = declarative_base()
#  資料庫配置
DATABASE_CONFIG = {
    "username": "root",
    "password": "123456",
    "host": "localhost",
    "database": "test"
}
# 連線mysql
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://{username}:{password}@{host}/{database}".format(**DATABASE_CONFIG),
                       echo=True, future=True)


class User(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'user'
    uid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    username = Column(String(16), nullable=False)
    password = Column(String(32), nullable=False)
    # Article是類名 user是反向訪問的屬性名稱
    article = relationship("Article", backref="user")
    """
    article = relationship("Article", backref="user")
    相當於:
    class User(Base):
        # Article是類名 user是反向訪問的屬性名稱
        article = relationship("Article", back_populates="user")
        
    class Article(Base):
        # User是類名 addresses是反向訪問的屬性名稱
        user = relationship("User", back_populates="addresses")

    """

    def __repr__(self):
        return "<User %s>" % self.username


class Article(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'article'
    aid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    title = Column(String(36), nullable=False)
    content = Column(Text, nullable=False)
    author_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("user.uid"))

    def __repr__(self):
        return "<User %s>" % self.title


Base.metadata.create_all(bind=engine)

關於relationship
relationship在定義外來鍵時, 有非常重要的作用, 如: 1. 跨表操作 2. 設定刪除主表資料時子表的值
relationship的引數很多, 這裡只列出常用的幾個, 全部引數見文件: relationship

back_populates
指定反向訪問的屬性名稱
backref
快捷設定兩個relationship (設定back_populates的話, 要設定兩個表)

cascade
用於控制修改資料時的選項

值	說明
`save-update`	預設選項, 在新增一條資料的時候，會把其他和它相關聯的資料都新增到資料庫中。這種行為就是`save-update`屬性影響的
`delete`	表示當刪除某一個模型中的資料的時候，是否也刪除掉使用`relationship`和它關聯的資料
`delete-orphan`	表示當對一個ORM物件解除了父表中的關聯物件的時候，自己便會被刪除掉。當然如果表中的資料被刪除，自己也會被刪除。這個選項只能用在一對多上，不能用在多對多以及多對一上。並且還需要在子表中的`relationship`中，增加一個`single_parent=True`的引數
`merge`	預設選項, 當在使用`session.merge`，合併一個物件的時候，會將使用了`relationship`相關聯的物件也進行`merge`操作
`expunge`	移除操作的時候，會將相關聯的物件也進行移除。這個操作只是從`session`中移除，並不會真正的從資料庫中刪除
`all`	是對`save-update`，`merge`，`refresh-expire`，`expunge`，`delete`幾種的填寫

比如:

articles = relationship("Article",cascade="save-update,delete")

order_by
子表列表的排序方式

# 倒序
article = relationship("Article", backref="user", order_by="Article.aid.desc()")
# 正序
article = relationship("Article", backref="user", order_by="Article.aid")

本部分包括Core與ORM的跨表增刪改查操作

select `user`.uid as uid, `user`.username, `user`.password,
 (select GROUP_CONCAT(`article`.title) from article 
   where `article`.author_id = `user`.uid) as article
 from user;

+-----+----------+----------+---------------+
| uid | username | password | article       |
+-----+----------+----------+---------------+
|   1 | 張三     | 12345    | C++入門,C入門 |
|   2 | 李四     | 12346    | python入門    |
+-----+----------+----------+---------------+

GROUP_CONCAT可以讓多行資料拼接成一行資料, 以,連結

通過relationship雙向訪問

即直接通過relationship訪問主表或子表

from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import select

SessionLocal = sessionmaker(bind=engine)

with SessionLocal() as session:
    # +++++++++++++++++++++++++ 子表訪問主表, 返回主表物件
    """
    實質上內部執行的SQL
    SELECT user.uid AS user_uid, user.username AS user_username, user.password AS user_password
    FROM user
    WHERE user.uid = %(pk_1)s
    """
    # ----------- 1.x方法
    article_1x = session.query(Article).first()
    print(article_1x.user)  # <User 張三>
    # ----------- 2.0 方法
    article_20 = session.execute(select(Article)).first()
    print(article_20.Article.user)  # <User 張三>

    # +++++++++++++++++++++++++ 主表訪問子表, 返回子表列表
    # 實質是 sqlalchemy.orm.collections.InstrumentedList 物件
    # 是List的子類
    """
    實質上內部執行的SQL
    SELECT article.aid AS article_aid, article.title AS article_title,
    article.content AS article_content, article.author_id AS article_author_id
    FROM article
    WHERE %(param_1)s = article.author_id ORDER BY article.aid
    """
    # ----------- 1.x方法
    user_1x = session.query(User).first()
    print(user_1x.article)
    # [<User C++入門>, <User C入門>]
    # ----------- 2.0方法
    user_20 = session.execute(select(User)).first()
    print(user_20.User.article)
    # [<User C++入門>, <User C入門>]

通過relationship修改關聯關係

上面例子中說過, 主表.relationship欄位是InstrumentedList物件 (類似於List), 我們可以修改它, 然後呼叫commit方法即可. 子表.relationship欄位是對應的主表, 可以修改為自己想要的, 同樣呼叫commit方法即可

from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import select

SessionLocal = sessionmaker(bind=engine)

with SessionLocal() as session:
    # +++++++++++++++++++++++++ 子表修改屬於的主表
    """
    對於SQL
    UPDATE article 
    SET author_id=%(author_id)s 
    WHERE article.aid = %(article_aid)s
    """
    # ----------- 1.x方法
    lisi = session.query(User).get(2)

    article_1x = session.query(Article).first()
    print(article_1x.user)  # <User 張三>
    article_1x.user = lisi  # 改為 <User 李四>
    session.commit()  # 記得提交
    # ----------- 2.0 方法
    zhangsan = session.execute(select(User).where(User.uid == 1)).first()

    article_20 = session.execute(select(Article)).first()
    print(article_20.Article.user)  # <User 李四>
    article_20.Article.user = zhangsan.User  # 改為 <User 張三>
    session.commit()  # 記得提交

    # +++++++++++++++++++++++++ 主表修改子表列表

    # ----------- 1.x方法 增加
    user_1x = session.query(User).first()
    # 新增一個新的子表資料
    # 會在Article中插入一條新的資料
    user_1x.article.append(Article(title="javascript 入門", content="console.log(hello world)"))
    session.commit()  # 記得提交

    # ----------- 2.0 方法 移除
    user_20 = session.execute(select(User)).first()
    print(user_20.User.article)  # [<User C++入門>, <User C入門>, <User javascript 入門>]

    article_js = session.execute(select(Article).where(Article.aid == 4)).scalar()
    # 從主表中移除與子表的關係
    user_20.User.article.remove(article_js)
    session.commit()  # 記得提交

通過relationship修改子/主表資料

同樣非常簡單, 找到對應的類, 然後修改資料並commit即可

from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import select

SessionLocal = sessionmaker(bind=engine)

with SessionLocal() as session:
    # +++++++++++++++++++++++++ 通過子表修改對應主表的資料
    # ----------- 1.x方法
    article_1x = session.query(Article).first()
    print(article_1x.user)  # <User 張三>

    article_1x.user.username = "張三二號"
    session.commit()  # 記得提交
    # ----------- 2.0 方法

    article_20 = session.execute(select(Article)).first()
    print(article_20.Article.user)  # <User 張三二號>

    article_20.Article.user.username = "張三"
    session.commit()  # 記得提交

    # +++++++++++++++++++++++++ 通過主表修改對應子表的資料
    # ----------- 1.x方法
    user_1x = session.query(User).first()
    print(user_1x.article)  # [<User C++入門>, <User C入門>, <User javascript 入門>]

    user_1x.article[-1].title = "js入門"
    session.commit()  # 記得提交
    # ----------- 2.0 方法
    user_20 = session.execute(select(User)).scalar()

    print(user_20.article)  # [<User C++入門>, <User C入門>, <User js入門>]
    
    user_20.article[-1].title = "javascript 入門"
    session.commit()  # 記得提交

通過relationship查詢資料

正向查詢, 子表利用主表的條件查詢, 使用has, 條件和普通查詢的條件一樣
反向查詢, 主表利用子表的條件查詢, 使用any, 條件和普通查詢的條件一樣

from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import select

SessionLocal = sessionmaker(bind=engine)

with SessionLocal() as session:
    # +++++++++++++++++++++++++ 反向查詢
    """
    對應的SQL
    SELECT user.uid AS user_uid, user.username AS user_username, user.password AS user_password
    FROM user
    WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1
    FROM article
    WHERE user.uid = article.author_id AND article.title LIKE 'python%')
    """
    # ********* 查詢有以python開頭的Article的User
    # ----------- 1.x方法
    user_1x = session.query(User).filter(User.article.any(Article.title.like("python%")))
    print(user_1x.all())  # [<User 李四>]

    # ----------- 2.0方法
    user_20 = session.execute(
        select(User).where(User.article.any(Article.title.like("python%"))))
    print(user_20.all())  # [(<User 李四>,)]
    
    # +++++++++++++++++++++++++ 正向查詢
    """
    對應的SQL
    SELECT article.aid AS article_aid, article.title AS article_title, 
     article.content AS article_content, article.author_id AS article_author_id 
    FROM article 
    WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 
    FROM user 
    WHERE user.uid = article.author_id AND (user.username LIKE concat(concat('%%', '四', '%%')))
    """
    # ********* 查詢User表中username有 四 的Article
    # ----------- 1.x方法
    article_1x = session.query(Article).filter(Article.user.has(User.username.contains("四")))
    print(article_1x.all())  # [<User python入門>]

    # ----------- 2.0方法
    article_20 = session.execute(
        select(Article).where(Article.user.has(User.username.contains("四"))))
    print(article_20.all())  # [(<User python入門>,)]

建立多對多關係

可以通過relationship便捷使用多對多關係

from sqlalchemy import Table, Text, Column, ForeignKey

# 第三張表
post_keywords = Table("post_keywords", Base.metadata,
                      Column('post_id', ForeignKey('posts.id'), primary_key=True),
                      Column('keyword_id', ForeignKey('keywords.id'), primary_key=True)
                      )


class BlogPost(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'posts'

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    headline = Column(String(255), nullable=False)
    body = Column(Text)

    # 多對多關係 BlogPost<->Keyword
    keywords = relationship('Keyword',
                            secondary=post_keywords,
                            back_populates='posts')

    def __init__(self, headline, body):
        self.headline = headline
        self.body = body

    def __repr__(self):
        return "BlogPost(%r, %r)" % (self.headline, self.body)


class Keyword(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'keywords'
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    keyword = Column(String(50), nullable=False, unique=True)
    # 多對多關係 Keyword<->BlogPost
    posts = relationship('BlogPost',
                         secondary=post_keywords,
                         back_populates='keywords')

    def __init__(self, keyword):
        self.keyword = keyword


Base.metadata.create_all(bind=engine)

新增操作例子:

from sqlalchemy import select

SessionLocal = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
with SessionLocal() as session:
    # 比如新增一篇文章, 為文章新增多個keyword
    blog = BlogPost(headline="起飛!", body="我是文章的內容")
    # 獲取子表列表 並 append
    blog.keywords.append(Keyword("新聞"))
    blog.keywords.append(Keyword("熱門"))
    session.add(blog)
    session.commit()
    # ------- 新增第二篇文章
    keyword1 = session.execute(
        select(Keyword).filter_by(keyword="熱門")
    ).scalar()
    new_blog = BlogPost(headline="震驚!", body="我是第二篇文章的內容")
    new_blog.keywords.append(keyword1)
    session.add(new_blog)
    session.commit()

查詢操作例子:

from sqlalchemy import select

SessionLocal = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
with SessionLocal() as session:
    # 查詢所有 "熱門" 文章
    blog = session.execute(
        select(BlogPost).where(BlogPost.keywords.any(Keyword.keyword == "熱門"))
    ).all()

    print(blog)
    # [(BlogPost('起飛!', '我是文章的內容'),), 
    # (BlogPost('震驚!', '我是第二篇文章的內容'),)]

其他操作也像一般的relationship一樣操作

專案示範

一般來說, 我們使用SQLAlchemy的步驟大多相同, 下面
檔案結構:

+--- database.py  # 用於 初始化session 和 公共基類
+--- models.py   # 定義表
+--- crud.py     # 封裝增刪改查的方法
+--- schemas.py  # 定義pydantic模型, 用於格式化已經取得的資料 [可選]
+--- main.py    # 執行主邏輯

database.py 初始化session和公共基類:

from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.orm import declarative_base, sessionmaker

# 資料庫的URL
# 替換成自己的
SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URL = 'sqlite:///./coronavirus.sqlite3'

# 建立引擎
engine = create_engine(
    # echo=True表示引擎將用repr()函式記錄所有語句及其引數列表到日誌
    SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URL, encoding='utf-8', echo=True
)

# SessionLocal用於對資料的增刪改查
# flush()是指傳送資料庫語句到資料庫，但資料庫不一定執行寫入磁碟；commit()是指提交事務，將變更儲存到資料庫檔案
SessionLocal = sessionmaker(bind=engine, autoflush=False, autocommit=False, expire_on_commit=True)

# 建立基本對映類, 用於建立表
Base = declarative_base(bind=engine, name='Base')

models.py 定義表結構

from sqlalchemy import Column, String, Integer, BigInteger, Date, DateTime, ForeignKey, func
from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship
# 匯入公共基類
from .database import Base


class City(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'city'  

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, index=True, autoincrement=True)
    province = Column(String(100), unique=True, nullable=False, comment='省/直轄市')
    country = Column(String(100), nullable=False, comment='國家')
    country_code = Column(String(100), nullable=False, comment='國家程式碼')
    country_population = Column(BigInteger, nullable=False, comment='國家人口')
    data = relationship('Data', back_populates='city')  # 'Data'是關聯的類名；back_populates來指定反向訪問的屬性名稱

    created_at = Column(DateTime, server_default=func.now(), comment='建立時間')
    updated_at = Column(DateTime, server_default=func.now(), onupdate=func.now(), comment='更新時間')

    __mapper_args__ = {"order_by": country_code}  # 預設是正序，倒序加上.desc()方法

    def __repr__(self):
        return f'{self.country}_{self.province}'


class Data(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'data'

    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, index=True, autoincrement=True)
    city_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey('city.id'), comment='所屬省/直轄市')  # ForeignKey裡的字串格式不是類名.屬性名，而是表名.欄位名
    date = Column(Date, nullable=False, comment='資料日期')
    confirmed = Column(BigInteger, default=0, nullable=False, comment='確診數量')
    deaths = Column(BigInteger, default=0, nullable=False, comment='死亡數量')
    recovered = Column(BigInteger, default=0, nullable=False, comment='痊癒數量')
    city = relationship('City', back_populates='data')  # 'City'是關聯的類名；back_populates來指定反向訪問的屬性名稱

    created_at = Column(DateTime, server_default=func.now(), comment='建立時間')
    updated_at = Column(DateTime, server_default=func.now(), onupdate=func.now(), comment='更新時間')

    __mapper_args__ = {"order_by": date.desc()}  # 按日期降序排列

    def __repr__(self):
        return f'{repr(self.date)}：確診{self.confirmed}例'

crud.py 封裝增刪改查的方法:

from sqlalchemy.orm import Session

import models
import schemas


def get_city(db: Session, city_id: int):
    return db.query(models.City).filter(models.City.id == city_id).first()


def get_city_by_name(db: Session, name: str):
    return db.query(models.City).filter(models.City.province == name).first()


def get_cities(db: Session, skip: int = 0, limit: int = 10):
    return db.query(models.City).offset(skip).limit(limit).all()


def create_city(db: Session, city: schemas.CreateCity):
    """
    建立City資料
    """
    db_city = models.City(**city.dict())
    db.add(db_city)
    db.commit()
    db.refresh(db_city)
    return db_city


def get_data(db: Session, city: str = None, skip: int = 0, limit: int = 10):
    if city:
        # 外來鍵關聯查詢，這裡不是像Django ORM那樣Data.city.province
        return db.query(models.Data).filter(models.Data.city.has(province=city))
    return db.query(models.Data).offset(skip).limit(limit).all()


def create_city_data(db: Session, data: schemas.CreateData, city_id: int):
    """
    建立Data資料
    """
    db_data = models.Data(**data.dict(), city_id=city_id)
    db.add(db_data)
    db.commit()
    db.refresh(db_data)
    return db_data

schemas.py 定義pydantic模型, 用於格式化已經取得的資料:

from datetime import date as date_
from datetime import datetime

from pydantic import BaseModel


class CreateData(BaseModel):
    date: date_
    confirmed: int = 0
    deaths: int = 0
    recovered: int = 0


class CreateCity(BaseModel):
    province: str
    country: str
    country_code: str
    country_population: int


class ReadData(CreateData):
    id: int
    city_id: int
    updated_at: datetime
    created_at: datetime

    class Config:
        orm_mode = True


class ReadCity(CreateCity):
    id: int
    updated_at: datetime
    created_at: datetime

    class Config:
        orm_mode = True

main.py 執行主邏輯:

from sqlalchemy.orm import Session

import crud
import schemas

from database import engine, Base, SessionLocal
from models import City, Data

# 建立表, 已經存在的將被忽略
Base.metadata.create_all(bind=engine)
db = SessionLocal()
# 呼叫 crud
db_city = crud.get_city_by_name(db, name="廣東省")
if db_city:
    raise Exception("City already registered")

# 建立資料
city = City(...)
crud.create_city(db=db, city=city)

查詢資料詳解

只有涉及SQL 的查詢資料, 必然繞不開FROM WHERE SELECT GROUP BY HAVING ORDER BY LIMIT INNER JOIN ... ON LEFT JOIN ... ON UNION 這些SQL查詢語法, 那麼它們在SQLAlchemy中是如何表示的呢? 實際上和SQL語句一樣, SQLAlchemy的語法也有select where join order_by group_by having 等 ...

注意: 這些方法在Core與ORM中都適用

剛接觸可能會覺得比較複雜, 但是假如有SQL基礎的話, 用起來比較簡單.
要查詢的表結構為:

# +++++++++++++++++++ 使用Core定義 +++++++++++++++++++
from sqlalchemy import MetaData, create_engine
from sqlalchemy import Table, Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey, Text

#  資料庫配置
DATABASE_CONFIG = {
    "username": "root",
    "password": "123456",
    "host": "localhost",
    "database": "test"
}
# 連線mysql
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://{username}:{password}@{host}/{database}?charset=utf8".
                       format(**DATABASE_CONFIG), echo=True, future=True)
metadata_obj = MetaData()

user_table = Table(
    "user",
    metadata_obj,
    Column("uid", Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True),
    Column("username", String(16), nullable=False),
    Column("password", String(32), nullable=False),
)

article_table = Table(
    'article',
    metadata_obj,
    Column("aid", Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True),
    Column("title", String(36), nullable=False),
    Column("content", Text, nullable=False),
    Column("author_id", Integer, ForeignKey("user.uid"))
)

metadata_obj.create_all(bind=engine)


# +++++++++++++++++++ 使用ORM定義  +++++++++++++++++++
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, create_engine, String, Text, ForeignKey
from sqlalchemy.orm import declarative_base, relationship

# 匯入公共基類
Base = declarative_base()
#  資料庫配置
DATABASE_CONFIG = {
    "username": "root",
    "password": "123456",
    "host": "localhost",
    "database": "test"
}
# 連線mysql
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://{username}:{password}@{host}/{database}".
                       format(**DATABASE_CONFIG), echo=True, future=True)


class User(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'user'
    uid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    username = Column(String(16), nullable=False)
    password = Column(String(32), nullable=False)

    # Article是類名 user是反向訪問的屬性名稱
    article = relationship("Article", backref="user")

    def __repr__(self):
        return "<User %s>" % self.username


class Article(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'article'
    aid = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)
    title = Column(String(36), nullable=False)
    content = Column(Text, nullable=False)
    author_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("user.uid"))

    def __repr__(self):
        return "<User %s>" % self.title


Base.metadata.create_all(bind=engine)

表資料為:

mysql> select  * from article, user where user.uid=article.author_id;
+-----+------------+--------------------+-----------+-----+----------+----------+
| aid | title      | content            | author_id | uid | username | password |
+-----+------------+--------------------+-----------+-----+----------+----------+
|   1 | C++入門    | c++ hello world    |         1 |   1 | 張三     | 12345    |
|   2 | C入門      | c hello world      |         1 |   1 | 張三     | 12345    |
|   3 | python入門 | print(hello world) |         2 |   2 | 李四     | 12346    |
+-----+------------+--------------------+-----------+-----+----------+----------+
3 rows in set (0.12 sec)

select

該函式可以指定要查詢的表、列及新增別名

from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import select


conn = engine.connect()  # engine 在上面定義

SessionLocal = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = SessionLocal()

# 1 ++++++++++++++++++ 一般查詢 ++++++++++++++++++
"""
對應SQL
SELECT user.uid, user.username, user.password FROM user
WHERE user.uid = 2
"""
# -------------- Core
result_core_1 = conn.execute(select(user_table).where(user_table.c.uid == 2))
print(result_core_1.all())  # [(2, '李四', '12346')]
# -------------- ORM
result_orm_1 = session.execute(select(User).where(User.uid == 2))
print(result_orm_1.all())  # [(<User 李四>,)]

# 2 ++++++++++++++++++ 查詢全部列 ++++++++++++++++++
"""
對應SQL
SELECT user.uid, user.username, user.password 
FROM user
"""
# -------------- Core
result_core_2 = conn.execute(select(user_table))
print(result_core_2.all())  # [(1, '張三', '12345'), (2, '李四', '12346')]
# -------------- ORM
result_orm_2 = session.execute(select(User))
print(result_orm_2.all())  # [(<User 張三>,), (<User 李四>,)]

# 3 ++++++++++++++++++ 查詢指定的列 ++++++++++++++++++
"""
對應SQL
SELECT user.username 
FROM user
"""
# -------------- Core
result_core_3 = conn.execute(select(user_table.c.username))
print(result_core_3.all())  # [('張三',), ('李四',)]
# -------------- ORM
result_orm_3 = session.execute(select(User.username))
print(result_orm_3.all())  # [('張三',), ('李四',)]

# 4 ++++++++++++++++++ 兩個表 聯合查詢 ++++++++++++++++++
"""
對應SQL
SELECT user.username, article.title 
FROM user, article 
WHERE user.uid = article.author_id
"""
# -------------- Core
result_core_4 = conn.execute(
    select(user_table.c.username, article_table.c.title).where(
        user_table.c.uid == article_table.c.author_id))
# [('張三', 'C++入門'), ('張三', 'C入門'), ('李四', 'python入門')]
print(result_core_4.all())
# -------------- ORM
result_orm_4 = session.execute(select(User.username, Article.title).where(
    User.uid == Article.author_id))
# [('張三', 'C++入門'), ('張三', 'C入門'), ('李四', 'python入門')]
print(result_orm_4.all())

# 5 ++++++++++++++++++ 為列新增別名 ++++++++++++++++++
"""
對應SQL
SELECT user.username AS name 
FROM user 
WHERE user.uid = 1
"""
# -------------- Core
result_core_5 = conn.execute(
    select((user_table.c.username).label("name")).where(
        user_table.c.uid == 1))
# print(result_core_5.all())  # [('張三',)]
# -------------- ORM
result_orm_5 = session.execute(
    select((User.username).label("name")).where(
        User.uid == 1))
# print(result_orm_5.all())  # [('張三',)]

# 利用別名 取值
print(result_core_5.first().name)  # 張三
print(result_orm_5.first().name)  # 張三

# 6 ++++++++++++++++++ 為表新增別名 ++++++++++++++++++
"""
對應SQL
SELECT user_1.username 
FROM user AS user_1 
WHERE user_1.uid = 1
"""
# -------------- Core
user_table_core_alias = user_table.alias()
result_core_6 = conn.execute(
    select(user_table_core_alias.c.username).where(
        user_table_core_alias.c.uid == 1))
print(result_core_6.all())  # [('張三',)]
# -------------- ORM
from sqlalchemy.orm import aliased

user_table_orm_alias = aliased(User)
result_orm_6 = session.execute(
    select(user_table_orm_alias.username).where(
        user_table_orm_alias.uid == 1))
print(result_orm_6.all())  # [('張三',)]

# 7 ++++++++++++++++++ 與text 結合, 新增額外列 ++++++++++++++++++
"""
對應SQL
SELECT now() AS now, user.username, '自定義字元' 
FROM user
"""

from sqlalchemy import literal_column, text

# literal_column表示一列資料
# text可以轉化成SQL

# -------------- Core
result_core_7 = conn.execute(
    select(literal_column("now()").label("now"), user_table.c.username, text("'自定義字元'")))
print(result_core_7.all())
"""
[(datetime.datetime(2022, 1, 8, 18, 54, 44), '張三', '自定義字元'), 
(datetime.datetime(2022, 1, 8, 18, 54, 44), '李四', '自定義字元')]
"""
# -------------- ORM
result_orm_7 = session.execute(
    select(literal_column("now()").label("now"), User.username, text("'自定義字元'")))
print(result_orm_7.all())
"""
[(datetime.datetime(2022, 1, 8, 18, 59, 42), '張三', '自定義字元'), 
(datetime.datetime(2022, 1, 8, 18, 59, 42), '李四', '自定義字元')]
"""

where

過濾資料, Core中table.c.xxx獲取行, 假如是ORM的話為:類名.屬性名

from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import select


conn = engine.connect()  # engine 在上面定義

SessionLocal = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = SessionLocal()

# 1 ++++++++++++++++++ 條件預設為and ++++++++++++++++++
"""
對應SQL
SELECT user.uid, user.username, user.password 
FROM user 
WHERE user.uid < 3 AND user.uid > 1
"""
# -------------- Core
result_core_1 = conn.execute(
    select(user_table).where(user_table.c.uid < 3, user_table.c.uid > 1))
print(result_core_1.all())  # [(2, '李四', '12346')]
# -------------- ORM
result_orm_1 = session.execute(select(User).where(User.uid < 3, User.uid > 1))
print(result_orm_1.all())  # [(<User 李四>,)]

# 2 ++++++++++++++++++ 修改條件為not or ++++++++++++++++++
"""
對應SQL
SELECT user.uid, user.username, user.password 
FROM user 
WHERE (user.uid = 1 OR user.uid = 2) AND user.username != "李四"
"""
from sqlalchemy import or_, not_

# -------------- Core
result_core_2 = conn.execute(
    select(user_table).where(
        or_(user_table.c.uid == 1, user_table.c.uid == 2),
        not_(user_table.c.username == "李四"),
    ))
print(result_core_2.all())  # [(1, '張三', '12345')]
# -------------- ORM
result_orm_2 = session.execute(select(User).where(
    or_(User.uid == 1, User.uid == 2),
    not_(User.username == "李四")))
print(result_orm_2.all())  # [(<User 張三>,)]

# 3 ++++++++++++++++++ startswith ++++++++++++++++++
"""
對應SQL
SELECT user.uid, user.username, user.password 
FROM user 
WHERE (user.username LIKE concat('張', '%%'))
"""

# -------------- Core
result_core_3 = conn.execute(
    select(user_table).where(
        user_table.c.username.startswith("張")))
print(result_core_3.all())  # [(1, '張三', '12345')]
# -------------- ORM
result_orm_3 = session.execute(select(User).where(
    User.username.startswith("張")))
print(result_orm_3.all())  # [(<User 張三>,)]

# 4 ++++++++++++++++++ endswith ++++++++++++++++++
"""
對應SQL
SELECT user.uid, user.username, user.password 
FROM user 
WHERE (user.username LIKE concat('%%', '三'))
"""

# -------------- Core
result_core_4 = conn.execute(
    select(user_table).where(
        user_table.c.username.endswith("三")))
print(result_core_4.all())  # [(1, '張三', '12345')]
# -------------- ORM
result_orm_4 = session.execute(select(User).where(
    User.username.endswith("三")))
print(result_orm_4.all())  # [(<User 張三>,)]

# 5 ++++++++++++++++++ endswith ++++++++++++++++++
"""
對應SQL
SELECT user.uid, user.username, user.password 
FROM user 
WHERE (user.username LIKE concat(concat('%%', '三', '%%'))
"""

# -------------- Core
result_core_5 = conn.execute(
    select(user_table).where(
        user_table.c.username.contains("三")))
print(result_core_5.all())  # [(1, '張三', '12345')]
# -------------- ORM
result_orm_5 = session.execute(select(User).where(
    User.username.contains("三")))
print(result_orm_5.all())  # [(<User 張三>,)]

# 6 ++++++++++++++++++ like ++++++++++++++++++
"""
對應SQL
SELECT user.uid, user.username, user.password 
FROM user 
WHERE user.username LIKE '%三'
"""

# -------------- Core
result_core_6 = conn.execute(
    select(user_table).where(
        user_table.c.username.like("%三")))
print(result_core_6.all())  # [(1, '張三', '12345')]
# -------------- ORM
result_orm_6 = session.execute(select(User).where(
    User.username.like("%三")))
print(result_orm_6.all())  # [(<User 張三>,)]

# 7 ++++++++++++++++++ in ++++++++++++++++++
"""
對應SQL
SELECT user.uid, user.username, user.password 
FROM user 
WHERE user.uid IN (1, 2)
"""

# -------------- Core
result_core_7 = conn.execute(
    select(user_table).where(
        user_table.c.uid.in_((1, 2))
    ))
print(result_core_7.all())  # [(1, '張三', '12345'), (2, '李四', '12346')]
# -------------- ORM
result_orm_7 = session.execute(
    select(User).where(
        User.uid.in_((1, 2))
    ))
print(result_orm_7.all())  # [(<User 張三>,), (<User 李四>,)]

# 8 ++++++++++++++++++ between ... and ... ++++++++++++++++++
"""
對應SQL
SELECT user.uid, user.username, user.password 
FROM user 
WHERE user.uid BETWEEN 1 AND 2
"""

# -------------- Core
result_core_8 = conn.execute(
    select(user_table).where(
        user_table.c.uid.between(1, 2)
    ))
print(result_core_8.all())  # [(1, '張三', '12345'), (2, '李四', '12346')]
# -------------- ORM
result_orm_8 = session.execute(
    select(User).where(
        User.uid.between(1, 2)
    ))
print(result_orm_8.all())  # [(<User 張三>,), (<User 李四>,)]

# 9 ++++++++++++++++++ is null 或 is not null ++++++++++++++++++
"""
對應SQL
SELECT user.uid, user.username, user.password 
FROM user 
WHERE user.uid IS NOT NULL
"""

from sqlalchemy import not_

# -------------- Core
result_core_9 = conn.execute(
    select(user_table).where(
        # user_table.c.uid.is_(None),  # IS NULL
        not_(user_table.c.uid.is_(None)),  # IS NOT NULL
    ))
print(result_core_9.all())  # [(1, '張三', '12345'), (2, '李四', '12346')]
# -------------- ORM
result_orm_9 = session.execute(
    select(User).where(
        # User.uid.is_(None),  # IS NULL
        not_(User.uid.is_(None)),  # IS NOT NULL
    ))
print(result_orm_9.all())  # [(<User 張三>,), (<User 李四>,)]

除此之外, 你還可以使用一些其他運算子, 詳情見: Operator Reference

order_by

order_by用於排序

from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import select


conn = engine.connect()  # engine 在上面定義

SessionLocal = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = SessionLocal()

# 1 ++++++++++++++++++ 根據某一列排序 (預設升序) ++++++++++++++++++
"""
對應SQL
SELECT user.uid, user.username, user.password 
FROM user ORDER BY user.uid
"""

# -------------- Core
result_core_1 = conn.execute(
    select(user_table).order_by(user_table.c.uid))
print(result_core_1.all())  # [(1, '張三', '12345'), (2, '李四', '12346')]
# -------------- ORM
result_orm_1 = session.execute(
    select(User).order_by(User.uid))
print(result_orm_1.all())  # [(<User 張三>,), (<User 李四>,)]

# 2 ++++++++++++++++++ 手動指定升序/降序 ++++++++++++++++++
"""
對應SQL
SELECT user.uid, user.username, user.password 
FROM user ORDER BY user.uid ASC/DESC
"""

# -------------- Core
result_core_2 = conn.execute(
    # select(user_table).order_by(user_table.c.uid.asc())  # 升序
    select(user_table).order_by(user_table.c.uid.desc())  # 降序
)
print(result_core_2.all())
# [(1, '張三', '12345'), (2, '李四', '12346')] / [(2, '李四', '12346'), (1, '張三', '12345')]
# -------------- ORM
result_orm_2 = session.execute(
    # select(User).order_by(User.uid.asc())  # 升序
    select(User).order_by(User.uid.desc())  # 降序
)
print(result_orm_2.all())
# [(<User 張三>,), (<User 李四>,)] / [(<User 李四>,), (<User 張三>,)]

# 3 ++++++++++++++++++ 根據別名排序 ++++++++++++++++++
"""
對應SQL
SELECT user.username AS name 
FROM user ORDER BY name DESC
"""
from sqlalchemy import desc, asc

# -------------- Core
result_core_3 = conn.execute(
    select((user_table.c.username).label("name")).order_by(desc("name"))
)
print(result_core_3.all())  # [('張三',), ('李四',)]

# -------------- ORM
result_orm_3 = session.execute(
    select((User.username).label("name")).order_by(desc("name"))
)
print(result_orm_3.all())  # [('張三',), ('李四',)]

group_by和having

group_by用於分組, having類似於where, 但可以對已分組資料使用聚合函式

from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import select, func


conn = engine.connect()  # engine 在上面定義

SessionLocal = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = SessionLocal()

# 1 ++++++++++++++++++ group_by一般使用 ++++++++++++++++++
"""
對應SQL
SELECT count(article.author_id) AS count 
FROM article GROUP BY article.author_id
"""

# func 內有很多內建函式

# -------------- Core
result_core_1 = conn.execute(
    select(func.count(article_table.c.author_id).label("count")).group_by(article_table.c.author_id)
)
print(result_core_1.all())  # [(2,), (1,)]

# -------------- ORM
result_orm_1 = session.execute(
    select(func.count(Article.author_id).label("count")).group_by(Article.author_id)
)
print(result_orm_1.all())  # [(2,), (1,)]

# 2 ++++++++++++++++++ group by + having ++++++++++++++++++
"""
對應SQL
SELECT count(article.author_id) AS count 
FROM article GROUP BY article.author_id 
HAVING count(article.author_id) > 1
"""

# func 內有很多內建函式

# -------------- Core
result_core_2 = conn.execute(
    select(func.count(article_table.c.author_id).label("count")).group_by(
        article_table.c.author_id).having(func.count(article_table.c.author_id) > 1)
)
print(result_core_2.all())  # [(2,)]

# -------------- ORM
result_orm_2 = session.execute(
    select(func.count(Article.author_id).label("count")).group_by(
        Article.author_id).having(func.count(Article.author_id) > 1)
)
print(result_orm_2.all())  # [(2,)]

除了count外, 還有其他的方法, 詳情見: 內建函式

limit和offset

limit: 表示取幾條資料, offset: 表示要跳過多少條資料

from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import select


conn = engine.connect()  # engine 在上面定義

SessionLocal = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = SessionLocal()

# 1 ++++++++++++++++++ 僅使用LIMIT ++++++++++++++++++
"""
對應SQL
SELECT user.uid, user.username, user.password 
FROM user 
LIMIT 1
"""

# -------------- Core
result_core_1 = conn.execute(select(user_table).limit(1))
print(result_core_1.all())  # [(1, '張三', '12345')]

# -------------- ORM
result_orm_1 = session.execute(select(User).limit(1))
print(result_orm_1.all())  # [(<User 張三>,)]

# 2 ++++++++++++++++++ 使用LIMIT和OFFSET ++++++++++++++++++
"""
對應SQL
SELECT user.uid, user.username, user.password 
FROM user 
LIMIT 1, 1
"""

# -------------- Core
result_core_2 = conn.execute(select(user_table).limit(1).offset(1))
print(result_core_2.all())  # [(2, '李四', '12346')]

# -------------- ORM
result_orm_2 = session.execute(select(User).limit(1).offset(1))
print(result_orm_2.all())  # [(<User 李四>,)]

去重

你可以在查詢的時候使用SQL進行去重, 亦可以在取到資料後進行去重

from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import select

conn = engine.connect()  # engine 在上面定義

SessionLocal = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = SessionLocal()
# 1 ++++++++++++++++++ 在SQL中去重 ++++++++++++++++++
"""
對應SQL
SELECT DISTINCT article.author_id 
FROM article
"""

# -------------- Core
result_core_1 = conn.execute(
    select(article_table.c.author_id).distinct()
)
print(result_core_1.all())  # [(1,), (2,)]
# -------------- ORM
result_orm_1 = session.execute(
    select(Article.author_id).distinct())
print(result_orm_1.all())  # [(1,), (2,)]

# 2 ++++++++++++++++++ 在結果中去重 ++++++++++++++++++
"""
對應SQL
SELECT article.author_id 
FROM article
"""

# -------------- Core
result_core_2 = conn.execute(select(article_table.c.author_id))
print(result_core_2.unique().all())  # [(1,), (2,)]

# -------------- ORM
result_orm_2 = session.execute(select(Article.author_id))
print(result_orm_2.unique().all())  # [(1,), (2,)]

連線查詢

有內連線查詢 外連線查詢 完全連線查詢三種連線查詢方式, 在SQLAlchemy中分別對應著join(...) join(..., isouter=True) join(..., full=True)

from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import select


conn = engine.connect()  # engine 在上面定義

SessionLocal = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = SessionLocal()

# 1 ++++++++++++++++++ 內連線查詢 (自動推斷join的表) 方式一 ++++++++++++++++++
"""
對應SQL
SELECT user.username, article.title 
FROM user INNER JOIN article ON user.uid = article.author_id
"""

# -------------- Core
result_core_1 = conn.execute(
    select(user_table.c.username, article_table.c.title).join_from(user_table, article_table))
print(result_core_1.all())  # [('張三', 'C++入門'), ('張三', 'C入門'), ('李四', 'python入門')]
# -------------- ORM
result_orm_1 = session.execute(
    select(User.username, Article.title).join_from(User, Article))
print(result_orm_1.all())  # [('張三', 'C++入門'), ('張三', 'C入門'), ('李四', 'python入門')]

# 2 ++++++++++++++++++ 內連線查詢 (自動推斷join的表) 方式二 ++++++++++++++++++
"""
對應SQL
SELECT user.username, article.title 
FROM user INNER JOIN article ON user.uid = article.author_id
"""

# -------------- Core
result_core_2 = conn.execute(
    select(user_table.c.username, article_table.c.title).join(article_table))
print(result_core_2.all())  # [('張三', 'C++入門'), ('張三', 'C入門'), ('李四', 'python入門')]
# -------------- ORM
result_orm_2 = session.execute(select(User.username, Article.title).join(Article))
print(result_orm_2.all())  # [('張三', 'C++入門'), ('張三', 'C入門'), ('李四', 'python入門')]

# 3 ++++++++++++++++++ 內連線查詢 (手動指定join的表) ++++++++++++++++++
"""
對應SQL
SELECT user.username, article.title 
FROM user INNER JOIN article ON user.uid = article.author_id
"""

# -------------- Core
result_core_3 = conn.execute(
    select(user_table.c.username, article_table.c.title).select_from(user_table).join(article_table))
print(result_core_3.all())  # [('張三', 'C++入門'), ('張三', 'C入門'), ('李四', 'python入門')]
# -------------- ORM
result_orm_3 = session.execute(
    select(User.username, Article.title).select_from(User).join(Article))
print(result_orm_3.all())  # [('張三', 'C++入門'), ('張三', 'C入門'), ('李四', 'python入門')]

# 4 ++++++++++++++++++ 內連線查詢 (手動指定on的條件) ++++++++++++++++++
"""
對應SQL
SELECT user.username, article.title 
FROM user INNER JOIN article ON user.uid = article.author_id
"""

# -------------- Core
result_core_4 = conn.execute(
    select(user_table.c.username, article_table.c.title).select_from(
        user_table).join(article_table, user_table.c.uid == article_table.c.author_id))
print(result_core_4.all())  # [('張三', 'C++入門'), ('張三', 'C入門'), ('李四', 'python入門')]
# -------------- ORM
result_orm_4 = session.execute(
    select(User.username, Article.title).select_from(
        User).join(Article, User.uid == Article.author_id))
print(result_orm_4.all())  # [('張三', 'C++入門'), ('張三', 'C入門'), ('李四', 'python入門')]

# 5 ++++++++++++++++++ 外連線查詢 ++++++++++++++++++
"""
對應SQL
SELECT user.uid, user.username, user.password, article.title 
FROM user LEFT OUTER JOIN article ON user.uid = article.author_id
"""

# -------------- Core
result_core_5 = conn.execute(
    select(user_table, article_table.c.title).join(article_table, isouter=True))
print(result_core_5.all())
# [(1, '張三', '12345', 'C入門'), (1, '張三', '12345', 'C++入門'), (2, '李四', '12346', 'python入門')]
# -------------- ORM
result_orm_5 = session.execute(
    select(User, Article.title).join(Article, isouter=True))
print(result_orm_5.all())  # [(<User 張三>, 'C入門'), (<User 張三>, 'C++入門'), (<User 李四>, 'python入門')]

# 6 ++++++++++++++++++ 完全連線查詢 ++++++++++++++++++
# # !!! 注意: MYSQL 中沒有  FULL OUTER JOIN, 執行時會報錯
"""
對應SQL
SELECT user.uid, user.username, user.password, article.title 
FROM user LEFT OUTER JOIN article ON user.uid = article.author_id
"""

# -------------- Core
result_core_6 = conn.execute(
    select(user_table, article_table.c.title).join(article_table, full=True))
print(result_core_6.all())

# -------------- ORM
result_orm_6 = session.execute(
    select(User, Article.title).join(Article, full=True))
print(result_orm_6.all())

注意: 使用ORM的方式進行連表操作時, 可以通過relationship, 即不需要直接指定第二張表, 指定relationship

比如:

from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import select


conn = engine.connect()  # engine 在上面定義

SessionLocal = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = SessionLocal()

"""
對應SQL
SELECT user.username, article.title 
FROM user INNER JOIN article ON user.uid = article.author_id
"""

result_orm = session.execute(
    select(User.username, Article.title).select_from(User).join(User.article))
print(result_orm.all())  # [('張三', 'C++入門'), ('張三', 'C入門'), ('李四', 'python入門')]

UNION和UNION ALL

UNION ALL: 合併兩個或多個SELECT語句的結果, 結果不會去重
UNION: 合併兩個或多個SELECT語句的結果, 結果會去重

from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import select, union_all, union


conn = engine.connect()  # engine 在上面定義

SessionLocal = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = SessionLocal()

# 1 ++++++++++++++++++ UNION ALL ++++++++++++++++++
"""
對應SQL
SELECT user.uid, user.username, user.password 
FROM user 
WHERE user.uid = 1 
UNION ALL
SELECT user.uid, user.username, user.password 
FROM user 
WHERE user.uid = 2
"""

# -------------- Core
result_core_1_stmt1 = select(user_table).where(user_table.c.uid == 1)
result_core_1_stmt2 = select(user_table).where(user_table.c.uid == 2)
result_core_1_u = union_all(result_core_1_stmt1, result_core_1_stmt2)

result_core_1 = conn.execute(result_core_1_u)
print(result_core_1.all())  # [(1, '張三', '12345'), (2, '李四', '12346')]

# -------------- ORM
result_orm_1_stmt1 = select(user_table).where(user_table.c.uid == 1)
result_orm_1_stmt2 = select(user_table).where(user_table.c.uid == 2)
result_orm_1_u = union_all(result_orm_1_stmt1, result_orm_1_stmt2)

result_orm_1 = session.execute(result_orm_1_u)
print(result_orm_1.all())  # [(1, '張三', '12345'), (2, '李四', '12346')]

# 2 ++++++++++++++++++ UNION ++++++++++++++++++
"""
對應SQL
SELECT user.uid, user.username, user.password 
FROM user 
WHERE user.uid = 1 
UNION
SELECT user.uid, user.username, user.password 
FROM user 
WHERE user.uid = 1
"""

# -------------- Core
result_core_2_stmt1 = select(user_table).where(user_table.c.uid == 1)
result_core_2_stmt2 = select(user_table).where(user_table.c.uid == 1)
result_core_2_u = union(result_core_2_stmt1, result_core_2_stmt2)

result_core_2 = conn.execute(result_core_2_u)
print(result_core_2.all())  # [(1, '張三', '12345')]

# -------------- ORM
result_orm_2_stmt1 = select(user_table).where(user_table.c.uid == 1)
result_orm_2_stmt2 = select(user_table).where(user_table.c.uid == 1)
result_orm_2_u = union(result_orm_2_stmt1, result_orm_2_stmt2)

result_orm_2 = session.execute(result_orm_2_u)
print(result_orm_2.all())  # [(1, '張三', '12345')]

子查詢

即形如: SELECT * FROM data WHERE name IN (SELECT name FROM user);
和SELECT * FROM data WHERE EXISTS (SELECT name FROM user);的查詢
或使用WITH temp AS (...) 作為臨時表
注意: 在使用子查詢後，SQL語句的查詢效能變得非常糟糕, 至於如何取捨看個人權衡了

關於子查詢的優化, 見: 深入理解MySql子查詢IN的執行和優化

from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import select, func


conn = engine.connect()  # engine 在上面定義

SessionLocal = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = SessionLocal()

# 1 ++++++++++++++++++ EXISTS 子查詢 ++++++++++++++++++
"""
對應SQL
SELECT user.username 
FROM user 
WHERE EXISTS (SELECT count(article.author_id) AS count_1 
FROM article GROUP BY article.author_id 
HAVING count(article.author_id) >= 2)
"""

# -------------- Core
subquery_core_1 = (select(func.count(article_table.c.author_id)).group_by(
    article_table.c.author_id).having(
    func.count(article_table.c.author_id) >= 2)).exists()

result_core_1 = conn.execute(select(user_table.c.username).where(subquery_core_1))
print(result_core_1.all())  # [('張三',), ('李四',)]

# -------------- ORM
subquery_orm_1 = (select(func.count(Article.author_id)).group_by(
    Article.author_id).having(
    func.count(Article.author_id) >= 2)).exists()

result_orm_1 = session.execute(select(User.username).where(subquery_orm_1))
print(result_orm_1.all())  # [('張三',), ('李四',)]

# 2 ++++++++++++++++++ 其它 子查詢 ++++++++++++++++++
"""
對應SQL
SELECT article.title, anon_1.username 
FROM article, (SELECT user.uid AS uid, user.username AS username 
FROM user 
WHERE user.uid = 1) AS anon_1 
WHERE article.author_id = anon_1.uid
"""

# -------------- Core
subquery_core_2 = select(user_table.c.uid, user_table.c.username).where(
    user_table.c.uid == 1).subquery()

result_core_2 = conn.execute(
    select(article_table.c.title, subquery_core_2.c.username).where(
        article_table.c.author_id == subquery_core_2.c.uid))
print(result_core_2.all())  # [('C++入門', '張三'), ('C入門', '張三')]

# # -------------- ORM
subquery_orm_2 = select(User.uid, User.username).where(User.uid == 1).subquery()

result_orm_2 = session.execute(
    select(Article.title, subquery_orm_2.c.username).where(
        Article.author_id == subquery_orm_2.c.uid))
print(result_orm_2.all())  # [('C++入門', '張三'), ('C入門', '張三')]

# 3 ++++++++++++++++++ with 新增臨時表 ++++++++++++++++++
"""
對應SQL
WITH anon_1 AS 
(SELECT user.uid AS uid, user.username AS username 
FROM user 
WHERE user.uid = 1)
 SELECT article.title, anon_1.username 
FROM article, anon_1 
WHERE article.author_id = anon_1.uid
"""

# -------------- Core
subquery_core_3 = select(user_table.c.uid, user_table.c.username).where(
    user_table.c.uid == 1).cte()

result_core_3 = conn.execute(
    select(article_table.c.title, subquery_core_3.c.username).where(
        article_table.c.author_id == subquery_core_3.c.uid))
print(result_core_3.all())  # [('C++入門', '張三'), ('C入門', '張三')]

# -------------- ORM
subquery_orm_3 = select(User.uid, User.username).where(User.uid == 1).cte()

result_orm_3 = session.execute(
    select(Article.title, subquery_orm_3.c.username).where(
        Article.author_id == subquery_orm_3.c.uid))
print(result_orm_3.all())  # [('C++入門', '張三'), ('C入門', '張三')]

從1.x遷移到2.0的介面

一些Query的介面用起來還是特別好用的, 因此在2.0風格的介面中, 一些介面仍然可以使用

get根據主鍵查詢

注意: 這是session的方法

# ---------------- 1.x
session.query(User).get(42)
# ---------------- 2.0
session.get(User, 42)

filter_by簡單查詢

注意: 這是select的方法

result = session.execute(
    select(User).filter_by(username="張三")
)
print(result.all())  # [(<User 張三>,)]

filter複雜查詢

注意: 這是select的方法

result = session.execute(
    select(User).filter(User.username == "張三")
)
print(result.all())  # [(<User 張三>,)]

1.x與2.0的ORM介面對比

以下表格來自於: 2.0 Migration - ORM Usage

一些類的介紹

Result

表示從資料庫中返回的結果, 一行資料使用Row物件表示, 關於Row, 見: Row

從SQLAlchemy1.4開始, Core和ORM的結果(Result), 使用的介面相同

from sqlalchemy import create_engine, text
from sqlalchemy.orm import declarative_base, sessionmaker

# 匯入公共基類
Base = declarative_base()
# 資料庫配置
DATABASE_CONFIG = {
    "username": "root",
    "password": "123456",
    "host": "localhost",
    "database": "test"
}
# 連線mysql
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://{username}:{password}@{host}/{database}".format(**DATABASE_CONFIG),
                       echo=True, future=True)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)

with Session() as session:
    session_res = session.execute(
        text("select tid, name from teacher;")
    )
    # <class 'sqlalchemy.engine.cursor.CursorResult'>
    print(type(session_res))

with engine.connect() as conn:
    conn_res = conn.execute(
        text("select tid, name from teacher;")
    )
    # <class 'sqlalchemy.engine.cursor.CursorResult'>
    print(type(conn_res))

注意: 例子中的teacher表的資料為:

+-----+----------+
| tid | name     |
+-----+----------+
|   1 | 語文老師 |
|   2 | 英語老師 |
|   3 | 數學老師 |
+-----+----------+

Result的全部方法

unique(strategy=None)
去重, 但需要注意何時呼叫, 應該在呼叫如.all()這種生成Row的方法之前呼叫, 否則返回的物件都沒有unique這個方法

from sqlalchemy import create_engine, text
from sqlalchemy.orm import declarative_base, sessionmaker

# 匯入公共基類
Base = declarative_base()
#  資料庫配置
DATABASE_CONFIG = {
    "username": "root",
    "password": "123456",
    "host": "localhost",
    "database": "test"
}
# 連線mysql
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://{username}:{password}@{host}/{database}".format(**DATABASE_CONFIG),
                       echo=True, future=True)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)

with Session() as session:
    session_res1 = session.execute(
        text("select tid, name from teacher;")
    )
    session_res2 = session.execute(
        text("select tid, name from teacher;")
    )

    session_res = session_res1.merge(session_res2)

    # [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3] ==> [1, 2, 3]
    print(session_res.scalars().unique().all())

all
返回所有Row資料的列表, 之後的呼叫將返回一個空列表

from sqlalchemy import create_engine, text
from sqlalchemy.orm import declarative_base, sessionmaker

# 匯入公共基類
Base = declarative_base()
#  資料庫配置
DATABASE_CONFIG = {
   "username": "root",
   "password": "123456",
   "host": "localhost",
   "database": "test"
}
# 連線mysql
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://{username}:{password}@{host}/{database}".format(**DATABASE_CONFIG),
                      echo=True, future=True)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)

with Session() as session:
   session_res = session.execute(
       text("select tid, name from teacher;")
   )

   # ---------------------------------- 第一次呼叫all
   first_all = session_res.all()
   print(type(session_res.all()))  # <class 'list'>
   for row in first_all:
       print(type(row))  # <class 'sqlalchemy.engine.row.Row'>
       print(f"{row.tid}-{row.name}")

   # ---------------------------------- 第二次呼叫all
   print(session_res.all())  # []

fetchall()
與all方法一樣

from sqlalchemy import create_engine, text
from sqlalchemy.orm import declarative_base, sessionmaker

# 匯入公共基類
Base = declarative_base()
#  資料庫配置
DATABASE_CONFIG = {
    "username": "root",
    "password": "123456",
    "host": "localhost",
    "database": "test"
}
# 連線mysql
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://{username}:{password}@{host}/{database}".format(**DATABASE_CONFIG),
                       echo=True, future=True)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)

with Session() as session:
    session_res = session.execute(
        text("select tid, name from teacher;")
    )
    first_fetchall = session_res.fetchall()
    second_fetchall = session_res.fetchall()
    # [(1, '語文老師'), (2, '英語老師'), (3, '數學老師')]
    print(first_fetchall)
    # []
    print(second_fetchall)

fetchmany(size=None)
取多行資料, size表示取多少行資料 , 當所有行都用完時, 返回一個空列表

from sqlalchemy import create_engine, text
from sqlalchemy.orm import declarative_base, sessionmaker

# 匯入公共基類
Base = declarative_base()
#  資料庫配置
DATABASE_CONFIG = {
    "username": "root",
    "password": "123456",
    "host": "localhost",
    "database": "test"
}
# 連線mysql
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://{username}:{password}@{host}/{database}".format(**DATABASE_CONFIG),
                       echo=True, future=True)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)

with Session() as session:
    session_res = session.execute(
        text("select tid, name from teacher;")
    )
    # 一共3行資料

    # 取兩行資料: [(1, '語文老師'), (2, '英語老師')]
    print(session_res.fetchmany(2))

    # 取一行資料: [(3, '數學老師')]
    print(session_res.fetchmany(1))

    # 沒有資料了, 返回空列表: []
    print(session_res.fetchmany(1))

fetchone()
取一行資料, 當所有行都用完時，返回None

from sqlalchemy import create_engine, text
from sqlalchemy.orm import declarative_base, sessionmaker

# 匯入公共基類
Base = declarative_base()
#  資料庫配置
DATABASE_CONFIG = {
   "username": "root",
   "password": "123456",
   "host": "localhost",
   "database": "test"
}
# 連線mysql
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://{username}:{password}@{host}/{database}".format(**DATABASE_CONFIG),
                      echo=True, future=True)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)

with Session() as session:
   session_res = session.execute(
       text("select tid, name from teacher;")
   )
   while True:
       row = session_res.fetchone()
       if not row:
           break
       print(row)
       """
       (1, '語文老師')
       (2, '英語老師')
       (3, '數學老師')
       """

first()
獲取第一行資料，關閉Result並丟棄其餘行, 如果沒有行，則不獲取 (即返回值為None)

from sqlalchemy import create_engine, text
from sqlalchemy.orm import declarative_base, sessionmaker

# 匯入公共基類
Base = declarative_base()
#  資料庫配置
DATABASE_CONFIG = {
    "username": "root",
    "password": "123456",
    "host": "localhost",
    "database": "test"
}
# 連線mysql
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://{username}:{password}@{host}/{database}".format(**DATABASE_CONFIG),
                       echo=True, future=True)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)

with Session() as session:
    session_res = session.execute(
        text("select tid, name from teacher;")
    )

    # (1, '語文老師')
    print(session_res.first())

    # !!! 由於Result已經關閉, 繼續操作會報錯:
    # sqlalchemy.exc.ResourceClosedError: This result object is closed.
    print(session_res.first())

one()
只返回一行資料或引發異常, 並關閉Result (無資料時丟擲: sqlalchemy.exc.NoResultFound, 多行資料時丟擲: sqlalchemy.exc.MultipleResultsFound)

from sqlalchemy import create_engine, text
from sqlalchemy.orm import declarative_base, sessionmaker

# 匯入公共基類
Base = declarative_base()
#  資料庫配置
DATABASE_CONFIG = {
    "username": "root",
    "password": "123456",
    "host": "localhost",
    "database": "test"
}
# 連線mysql
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://{username}:{password}@{host}/{database}".format(**DATABASE_CONFIG),
                       echo=True, future=True)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)

with Session() as session:
    session_res = session.execute(
        text("select tid, name from teacher where tid=1;")
    )

    # (1, '語文老師')
    print(session_res.one())

one_or_none()
最多返回一行資料或引發異常, 並關閉Result (無資料時返回None, 多行資料時丟擲: sqlalchemy.exc.MultipleResultsFound)

from sqlalchemy import create_engine, text
from sqlalchemy.orm import declarative_base, sessionmaker

# 匯入公共基類
Base = declarative_base()
#  資料庫配置
DATABASE_CONFIG = {
    "username": "root",
    "password": "123456",
    "host": "localhost",
    "database": "test"
}
# 連線mysql
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://{username}:{password}@{host}/{database}".format(**DATABASE_CONFIG),
                       echo=True, future=True)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)

with Session() as session:
    session_res1 = session.execute(
        text("select tid, name from teacher where tid < 1;")
    )
    # None
    print(session_res1.one_or_none())

    session_res2 = session.execute(
        text("select tid, name from teacher where tid = 1;")
    )
    # (1, '語文老師')
    print(session_res2.one_or_none())

columns(*col_expressions)
限制返回列, 也可以對列進行重新排序
即假如結果的列為(a, b, c, d), 但我只需要a和b, 那麼只需要result.columns("a", "b"), 你還可以調整它們的順序, 以方便解包
注意: 這會修改Result的列, 且該方法的返回值就是修改後的Result物件

from sqlalchemy import create_engine, text
from sqlalchemy.orm import declarative_base, sessionmaker

# 匯入公共基類
Base = declarative_base()
#  資料庫配置
DATABASE_CONFIG = {
    "username": "root",
    "password": "123456",
    "host": "localhost",
    "database": "test"
}
# 連線mysql
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://{username}:{password}@{host}/{database}".format(**DATABASE_CONFIG),
                       echo=True, future=True)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)

with Session() as session:
    session_res1 = session.execute(
        text("select tid, name from teacher;")
    )
    session_res2 = session.execute(
        text("select tid, name from teacher;")
    )

    for row in session_res1.columns("tid"):
        # 返回值時修改後的Result

        # 獲取欄位名元組
        print(row._fields)  # ('tid',)

    # 會修改原Result
    session_res2.columns("name")
    for row in session_res2:
        # 獲取欄位名元組
        print(row._fields)  # ('name',)

scalar()
獲取第一行的第一列資料, 並關閉Result. 如果沒有要獲取的行, 則返回None
如: [(1, "lczmx"), (2, "jack")], 返回 1

from sqlalchemy import create_engine, text
from sqlalchemy.orm import declarative_base, sessionmaker

# 匯入公共基類
Base = declarative_base()
#  資料庫配置
DATABASE_CONFIG = {
    "username": "root",
    "password": "123456",
    "host": "localhost",
    "database": "test"
}
# 連線mysql
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://{username}:{password}@{host}/{database}".format(**DATABASE_CONFIG),
                       echo=True, future=True)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)

with Session() as session:
    session_res = session.execute(
        text("select tid, name from teacher;")
    )
    print(session_res.scalar())  # 1

scalar_one()
只返回一行資料的第一列或引發異常, 並關閉Result (無資料時丟擲: sqlalchemy.exc.NoResultFound, 多行資料時丟擲: sqlalchemy.exc.MultipleResultsFound)
即Result.one() + Result.scalar()

from sqlalchemy import create_engine, text
from sqlalchemy.orm import declarative_base, sessionmaker

# 匯入公共基類
Base = declarative_base()
#  資料庫配置
DATABASE_CONFIG = {
    "username": "root",
    "password": "123456",
    "host": "localhost",
    "database": "test"
}
# 連線mysql
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://{username}:{password}@{host}/{database}".format(**DATABASE_CONFIG),
                       echo=True, future=True)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)

with Session() as session:
    session_res = session.execute(
        text("select tid, name from teacher where tid=1;")
    )

    print(session_res.scalar_one())  # 1

scalar_one_or_none()
最多返回一行資料的第一列或引發異常, 並關閉Result (無資料時返回None, 多行資料時丟擲: sqlalchemy.exc.MultipleResultsFound)
即Result.one_or_none() + Result.scalar()

from sqlalchemy import create_engine, text
from sqlalchemy.orm import declarative_base, sessionmaker

# 匯入公共基類
Base = declarative_base()
#  資料庫配置
DATABASE_CONFIG = {
    "username": "root",
    "password": "123456",
    "host": "localhost",
    "database": "test"
}
# 連線mysql
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://{username}:{password}@{host}/{database}".format(**DATABASE_CONFIG),
                       echo=True, future=True)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)

with Session() as session:
    session_res1 = session.execute(
        text("select tid, name from teacher where tid<1;")
    )

    print(session_res1.scalar_one_or_none())  # None

    session_res2 = session.execute(
        text("select tid, name from teacher where tid=1;")
    )

    print(session_res2.scalar_one_or_none())  # 1

scalars(index=0)
返回一個ScalarResult物件, 該物件以每行資料的第index列元素作為資料 (而不是Result的Row)
該物件的方法有: unique partitions fetchall fetchmany all first one_or_none one
具體使用與Result類似

from sqlalchemy import create_engine, text
from sqlalchemy.orm import declarative_base, sessionmaker

# 匯入公共基類
Base = declarative_base()
#  資料庫配置
DATABASE_CONFIG = {
    "username": "root",
    "password": "123456",
    "host": "localhost",
    "database": "test"
}
# 連線mysql
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://{username}:{password}@{host}/{database}".format(**DATABASE_CONFIG),
                       echo=True, future=True)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)

with Session() as session:
    session_res = session.execute(
        text("select tid, name from teacher;")
    )

    # [1, 2, 3]
    print(session_res.scalars().all())

mappings()
返回一個MappingResult物件, MappingResult物件與Result物件類似, 但是一行資料使用RowMapping物件表示, RowMapping物件類似於字典物件, 簡而言之: 呼叫該方法, 你可以將一行資料由類元組變為類字典

from sqlalchemy import create_engine, text
from sqlalchemy.orm import declarative_base, sessionmaker

# 匯入公共基類
Base = declarative_base()
#  資料庫配置
DATABASE_CONFIG = {
    "username": "root",
    "password": "123456",
    "host": "localhost",
    "database": "test"
}
# 連線mysql
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://{username}:{password}@{host}/{database}".format(**DATABASE_CONFIG),
                       echo=True, future=True)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)

with Session() as session:
    session_res = session.execute(
        text("select tid, name from teacher;")
    )

    for d in session_res.mappings():
        # 像操作字典一樣操作 d 即可
        print(d.get("tid"), d.get("name"))

keys()
從SQLAlchemy1.4起 (之前的版本返回一個列表), 該方法將返回一個RMKeyView物件, 該物件可迭代, 其_keys屬性存放列的名稱, 由於實現的__contains__方法, 因此也可以使用in運算子作判斷.

from sqlalchemy import create_engine, text
from sqlalchemy.orm import declarative_base, sessionmaker
from collections import Iterable

# 匯入公共基類
Base = declarative_base()
#  資料庫配置
DATABASE_CONFIG = {
    "username": "root",
    "password": "123456",
    "host": "localhost",
    "database": "test"
}
# 連線mysql
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://{username}:{password}@{host}/{database}".format(**DATABASE_CONFIG),
                       echo=True, future=True)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)

with Session() as session:
    session_res = session.execute(
        text("select tid, name from teacher;")
    )

    keys = session_res.keys()
    print(keys)  # RMKeyView(['tid', 'name'])

    # <class 'sqlalchemy.engine.result.RMKeyView'>
    print(type(keys))

    # 可迭代的
    print(isinstance(keys, Iterable))  # True

    if "name" in keys:
        print("name in keys")

freeze()
可以對Result進行快取, 見官方文件: Re-Executing Statements

merge(*others)
該方法合併其他Result, 返回一個MergedResult物件, 你可以像一般的Result一樣操作它, 但是取值的時候注意遊標的位置(MergedResult關閉, Result也關閉; MergedResult取完了值, Result的值也被取完)

from sqlalchemy import create_engine, text
from sqlalchemy.orm import declarative_base, sessionmaker

# 匯入公共基類
Base = declarative_base()
#  資料庫配置
DATABASE_CONFIG = {
    "username": "root",
    "password": "123456",
    "host": "localhost",
    "database": "test"
}
# 連線mysql
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://{username}:{password}@{host}/{database}".format(**DATABASE_CONFIG),
                       echo=True, future=True)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)

with Session() as session:
    session_res1 = session.execute(
        text("select tid, name from teacher where tid=1;")
    )
    session_res2 = session.execute(
        text("select tid, name from teacher where tid=2;")
    )

    session_res = session_res2.merge(session_res1)

    # 注意 先session_res2再session_res1

    # (2, '英語老師')
    print(session_res.fetchone())

    # [(1, '語文老師')]
    print(session_res1.all())

    # session_res已經取過一次
    # 所以返回: []
    print(session_res2.all())

partitions(size=None)
迭代生成size大小的行的子列表, size為None時呼叫Result.yield_per(), 否則呼叫Result.fetchmany(size)

from sqlalchemy import create_engine, text
from sqlalchemy.orm import declarative_base, sessionmaker

# 匯入公共基類
Base = declarative_base()
#  資料庫配置
DATABASE_CONFIG = {
    "username": "root",
    "password": "123456",
    "host": "localhost",
    "database": "test"
}
# 連線mysql
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://{username}:{password}@{host}/{database}".format(**DATABASE_CONFIG),
                       echo=True, future=True)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)

with Session() as session:
    session_res1 = session.execute(
        text("select tid, name from teacher;")
    )
    # 每次迭代 取 1行 資料
    for i in session_res1.partitions():
        print(i)
        """
        [(1, '語文老師')]
        [(2, '英語老師')]
        [(3, '數學老師')]
        """

    session_res2 = session.execute(
        text("select tid, name from teacher;")
    )
    # 每次迭代 取 2行 資料
    for i in session_res2.partitions(2):
        print(i)
        """
        [(1, '語文老師'), (2, '英語老師')]
        [(3, '數學老師')]
        """
    # 已經迭代完了, 就沒有值了
    print(list(session_res2.partitions()))  # []

yield_per(num)
迭代num行資料, 返回的是Result物件

from sqlalchemy import create_engine, text
from sqlalchemy.orm import declarative_base, sessionmaker

# 匯入公共基類
Base = declarative_base()
#  資料庫配置
DATABASE_CONFIG = {
    "username": "root",
    "password": "123456",
    "host": "localhost",
    "database": "test"
}
# 連線mysql
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://{username}:{password}@{host}/{database}".format(**DATABASE_CONFIG),
                       echo=True, future=True)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)

with Session() as session:
    session_res = session.execute(
        text("select tid, name from teacher;")
    )
    # [(1, '語文老師'), (2, '英語老師'), (3, '數學老師')]
    print(session_res.yield_per(1).all())

close
關閉此Result, 再操作的話會丟擲異常: sqlalchemy.exc.ResourceClosedError: This result object is closed.

Row

一般來說, 一行資料是一個Row物件
常用的屬性或方法:

屬性/方法	屬性或方法	描述
`_asdict`	方法	返回欄位名與值的字典資料並新增到 `_mapping`屬性
`_fields`	屬性	返回字元名的元組
`_mapping`	屬性	返回欄位名與值的字典資料

一般使用:
注意: 我們每一次迭代Result物件, 得到的是Row物件

通過屬性取值

result = conn.execute(text("select x, y from some_table"))

for row in result:
    y = row.y

    # illustrate use with Python f-strings
    print(f"Row: {row.x} {row.y}")

在ORM中, select(Article)的屬性是Article, select(Article.title)的屬性是title

通過元組解包

result = conn.execute(text("select x, y from some_table"))

for x, y in result:
    # ...

通過索引取值

result = conn.execute(text("select x, y from some_table"))

for row in result:
    x = row[0]

MetaData

MetaData是包含Table和Engine的物件, 也就是說它主要是用來管理Table (表)的
下面列出MetaData物件的一些方法

方法	引數	描述
`clear`	無	清除此後設資料中的所有表物件
`create_all(bind=None, tables=None, checkfirst=True)`	`bind`: 資料庫Engine `tables`: `Table`物件列表 `checkfirst`: 是否僅不存在表時建立	在資料庫中建立後設資料中的所有表
`drop_all(bind=None, tables=None, checkfirst=True)`	`bind`: 資料庫Engine `tables`: `Table`物件列表 `checkfirst`: 是否僅存在表時刪除	在資料庫中刪除後設資料中儲存的所有表
`remove(table)`	`table`: 表物件	從此後設資料中刪除給定的表物件
`tables`	`tables`是屬性, 無引數	返回`Table`的欄位物件

內建函式

常用的SQL函式:

函式名	對應的SQL函式	描述
`max`	MAX	返回一組值中的最大值
`min`	MIN	返回一組值中的最小值
`count`	COUNT	返回匹配指定條件的行數, 沒有引數時為: `COUNT(*)`
`sum`	SUM	計算一組值的總和
`rank`	RAND	產生 0 至 1 之間的隨機數
`concat`	CONCAT	多個字串連線為一個字串
`char_length`	CHAR_LENGTH	計算字串字元數
`coalesce`	COALESCE	接受一系列的表示式或列, 返回第一個非空的值
`session_user`	SESSION_USER	返回當前連線的當前使用者名稱和主機名, 形如: `root@localhost`
`user`	USER	返回連線的當前使用者名稱和主機名, 形如: `root@localhost`
`current_user`	CURRENT_USER	返回使用者名稱和主機名, 形如: `root@localhost`
`current_date`	CURRENT_DATE	函式返回當前日期, 格式: `YYYY-MM-DD`
`current_time`	CURRENT_TIME	返回當前時間, 格式: `HH-MM-SS`
`current_timestamp`	CURRENT_TIMESTAMP	返回當前日期和時間, 格式: `YYYY-MM-DD HH-MM-SS`
`localtime`	LOCALTIME	返回當前日期和時間, 格式: `YYYY-MM-DD HH-MM-SS`
`localtimestamp`	LOCALTIMESTAMP	返回當前日期和時間, 格式: `YYYY-MM-DD HH-MM-SS`
`now`	NOW	返回當前日期和時間, 格式: `YYYY-MM-DD HH-MM-SS`
`sysdate`	SYSDATE	返回當前日期和時間, 格式: `YYYY-MM-DD HH：MM：SS`
`array_agg`	ARRAY_AGG	PostgreSql可用, 把表示式變成一個陣列
`dense_rank`	DENSE_RANK	用於排名, 見: MySQL DENSE_RANK() 函式
`percent_rank`	PERCENT_RANK	計算分割槽或結果集中行的百分位數排名
`Function`		描述一個SQL函式, 見: Function
`GenericFunction`		見: GenericFunction
`grouping_sets`	GROUPING SETS	定義分組集, 見: SQL Grouping Sets運算子
`rollup`	ROLLUP	生成小計和總計, 見: MySQL ROLLUP
`cube`		見: cube
`cume_dist`		見: cume_dist

全部函式見: SQL and Generic Functions

使用例子:

from sqlalchemy import create_engine
from sqlalchemy.orm import declarative_base, sessionmaker
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String
from sqlalchemy import select, func

# 匯入公共基類
Base = declarative_base()
#  資料庫配置
DATABASE_CONFIG = {
    "username": "root",
    "password": "123456",
    "host": "localhost",
    "database": "test"
}
# 連線mysql
engine = create_engine("mysql+pymysql://{username}:{password}@{host}/{database}".format(**DATABASE_CONFIG),
                       echo=True, future=True)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)


class Teacher(Base):
    __tablename__ = "teacher"

    tid = Column("tid", Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=True)

    name = Column("name", String(10), nullable=False, comment="教師名")


with Session() as session:
    session_res = session.execute(
        select(func.count()).select_from(Teacher)
    )
    # (3,)
    print(session_res.one())

Column定義

一個Column即表的一列資料, 和我們用SQL語句定義一列資料一樣, 引數主要包括: 欄位名、欄位型別、約束條件, 比如:

from sqlalchemy import Column, String

Column("name", String(30), unique=True, nullable=False, comment='姓名')

欄位型別, 一般你可以用直接指定資料庫的欄位型別, 也可以讓SQLAlchemy的DDL自動選擇欄位型別
直接使用資料庫的欄位型別

欄位型別	描述
`ARRAY(item_type, ...)`	陣列型別, 目前只支援`PostgreSQL`, 因此建議用: `sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql.ARRAY`
`BIGINT`	SQL BIGINT型別
`BINARY(length)`	SQL BINARY型別
`BLOB`	SQL BLOB型別
`BOOLEAN`	SQL布林型別
`CHAR`	SQLCHAR型別
`CLOB`	SQL CLOB型
`DATE`	SQL DATE期型別
`DATETIME`	SQL DATETIME型別
`DECIMAL`	SQL DECIMAL型別
`FLOAT`	SQL FLOAT型別
`INT`	`sqlalchemy.sql.sqltypes.INTEGER`的別名
`INTEGER`	SQL INT或INTEGER型別
`JSON`	SQL JSON型別
`NCHAR`	SQL NChar型別
`NUMERIC`	SQL NUMERIC型別
`NVARCHAR`	SQL NVARCHAR型別
`REAL`	SQL REAL型別
`SMALLINT`	SQL SMALLINT型別
`TEXT`	SQL TEXT型別
`TIME`	SQL TIME型別
`TIMESTAMP`	SQL TIMESTAMP型別
`VARBINARY`	SQLVARBINARY型別
`VARCHAR`	SQL VARCHAR型別

關於SQL的資料型別, 見: SQL 資料型別

自動轉化的欄位型別

欄位型別	描述	通常對應的欄位型別
`Boolean`	布林資料型別	Boolean或SMALLINT
`String`	所有字串和字元型別的基	VARCHAR
`Text`	大小可變的字串型別	CLOB或TEXT
`LargeBinary`	大的二進位制位元組資料型別	BLOB或BYTEA
`Unicode`	長度可變的Unicode字串型別
`UnicodeText`	無限長的Unicode字串型別
`SmallInteger`	較小的一種 int 整數	SMALLINT
`Integer`	int型別
`BigInteger`	BIGINT資料型別	BIGINT
`Numeric`	用於固定精度數字的型別	NUMERIC或DECIMAL
`Float`	浮點型別	FLOAT 或 REAL .
`Date`	`datetime.date`型別
`Time`	`datetime.time`型別
`DateTime`	`datetime.datetime`型別
`Interval`	`datetime.timedelta`型別
`Enum`	列舉型別	ENUM或VARCHAR
`PickleType`	儲存使用pickle序列化的python物件	二進位制型別
`SchemaType`	將型別標記為可能需要架構級DDL才能使用
`MatchType`	引用match運算子的返回型別	MySQL的是浮點型

約束條件

約束條件和其他引數	描述
`autoincrement`	是否自增
`default`	設定預設引數, 可以是可呼叫物件
`index`	是否建立索引
`info`	`SchemaItem.info`的屬性
`nullable`	是否非空, `False`時`not null`
`primary_key`	是否為主鍵
`unique`	是否唯一
`comment`	註釋欄位, 會寫入SQL 中的COMMENT
`onupdate`	呼叫更新資料時傳入的值, 如: `updated_at = Column(DateTime, server_default=func.now(), onupdate=func.now())`
`server_default`	為SQLAlchemy的DDL設定預設值, 可以是`str` `unicode` `text()`, 如: `sqlalchemy.func.now()`

注 : sqlalchemy.func, 用於生成SQL函式表示式, 詳情見: 內建函式

Column的例子:

from sqlalchemy import DateTime, func


class Data(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'data'
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True, index=True, autoincrement=True)
    created_at = Column(DateTime, server_default=func.now(), comment='建立時間')
    updated_at = Column(DateTime, server_default=func.now(), onupdate=func.now(), comment='更新時間')

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SQLAlchemy完全入門

安裝

使用步驟

Core

資料庫的連線的格式

建立連線

建立表

在事務中執行SQL

手動提交

自動提交

繫結引數

增刪改查

插入資料

刪除資料

更新資料

查詢資料

處理查詢返回的資料

ORM

建立會話

在ORM中建立表

增刪改查資料

插入資料

刪除資料

1.x的方法

2.0的方法

修改資料

1.x的方法

2.0的方法

查詢資料

1.x的方法

2.0的方法

relationship連表操作

通過relationship雙向訪問

通過relationship修改關聯關係

通過relationship修改子/主表資料

通過relationship查詢資料

建立多對多關係

專案示範

查詢資料詳解

select

where

order_by

group_by和having

limit和offset

去重

連線查詢

UNION和UNION ALL

子查詢

從1.x遷移到2.0的介面

get根據主鍵查詢

filter_by簡單查詢

filter複雜查詢

1.x與2.0的ORM介面對比

一些類的介紹

Result

Result的全部方法

Row

MetaData

內建函式

Column定義

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