root@test 10:50 > show create table t_num\G *************************** 1. row *************************** Table: t_num Create Table: CREATE TABLE `t_num` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `c1` int(11) NOT NULL, `c2` varchar(11) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`id`), KEY `ix_c1` (`c1`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=6 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 root@test 10:51 > select * from t_num; +----+----+----+ | id | c1 | c2 | +----+----+----+ | 1 | -2 | -2 | | 2 | -1 | -1 | | 3 | 0 | 0 | | 4 | 1 | 1 | | 5 | 2 | 2 | +----+----+----+ # 在c1欄位上加上索引 root@test 10:52 > alter table t_num add index ix_c1(c1); # 標準使用情況下,索引有效 root@test 10:55 > explain select * from t_num where c1 = -1; +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_num | NULL | ref | ix_c1 | ix_c1 | 4 | const | 1 | 100.00 | NULL | +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+
1、條件欄位函式操作
# 在where中c1上加上abs()絕對值函式,可以看到type=ALL,全表掃描,在Server層進行絕對值處理後進行比較 root@test 10:58 > explain select * from t_num where abs(c1) = 1; +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_num | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 5 | 100.00 | Using where | +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
如上,對索引欄位做函式操作,即where條件列上不乾淨時,可能會破壞索引值的有序性(按照c1的值有序組織索引樹),因此優化器就決定放棄走索引樹搜尋功能。
但是,條件欄位函式操作下,也並非完全的走全表掃描,優化器並非完全的放棄該欄位索引。
# 選擇查詢的資料,只有id和c1欄位,可以看到type=index,使用到了ix_c1索引 root@test 10:59 > explain select id,c1 from t_num where abs(c1) = 1; +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+------+------+----------+--------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+------+------+----------+--------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_num | NULL | index | NULL | ix_c1 | 4 | NULL | 5 | 100.00 | Using where; Using index | +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+------+------+----------+--------------------------+
如上,由於ix_c1索引樹是根節點c1和葉子節點id構造的,雖然因為c1上的函式操作導致放棄索引定位,但優化器可以選擇遍歷該索引樹,使用覆蓋索引(Using index),無需回表,將所需的id和c1資料返回Server層後進行後續的abs()和where過濾。
2、條件欄位運算操作
# where條件裡,對c1進行運算操作 root@test 11:03 > explain select * from t_num where c1 + 1 = 2; +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_num | NULL | ALL | NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL | 5 | 100.00 | Using where | +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
如上,雖然“+1”的操作並沒有破壞c1索引的有序性,但優化器仍然沒有使用該索引快速定位。因此,等號左邊,注意優化掉索引欄位上的運算操作。
3、隱式型別轉換
# 在c2欄位上加上索引 root@test 12:30 > alter table t_num add index ix_c2(c2); # 標準使用情況下(注:c2是varchar型別的),索引有效 root@test 12:30 > explain select * from t_num where c2 = "2"; +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_num | NULL | ref | ix_c2 | ix_c2 | 42 | const | 1 | 100.00 | NULL | +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------+ # 去掉等號右邊值的引號,即字串和數值進行比較,索引失效 root@test 12:30 > explain select * from t_num where c2 = 2; +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | t_num | NULL | ALL | ix_c2 | NULL | NULL | NULL | 5 | 20.00 | Using where | +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+------+---------+------+------+----------+-------------+
如上,c2欄位是varchar型別,是字串和數值的比較,此時,MySQL是將字串轉換成數字,即此處的c2被CAST(c2 AS signed int),這就相當於對條件欄位做了函式操作,優化器放棄走樹索引定位。
4、隱式字元編碼轉換
# 建立一個t_cou表,表結構基本和前面的t_num相同,唯一不同的設定是表字符集CHARSET=utf8 root@test 14:02 > show create table t_cou\G *************************** 1. row *************************** Table: t_cou Create Table: CREATE TABLE `t_cou` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `c1` int(11) NOT NULL, `c2` varchar(10) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`id`), KEY `ix_c1` (`c1`), KEY `ix_c2` (`c2`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=1 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 root@test 14:02 > insert into t_cou select * from t_num; # join表,t_num和t_cou通過c2欄位進行關聯查詢 root@test 14:03 > select n.* from t_num n -> join t_cou c -> on n.c2 = c.c2 -> where n.c1 = 1; +----+----+----+ | id | c1 | c2 | +----+----+----+ | 4 | 1 | 1 | +----+----+----+ root@test 14:23 > explain select n.* from t_num n join t_cou c on n.c2 = c.c2 where c.c1 = 1; +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | c | NULL | ref | ix_c1 | ix_c1 | 4 | const | 1 | 100.00 | NULL | | 1 | SIMPLE | n | NULL | ref | ix_c2 | ix_c2 | 42 | func | 1 | 100.00 | Using index condition | +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------------+ # 執行計劃分析: # 1.操作的c表,使用了ix_c1定位到一行資料 # 2.從c表定位到的行資料,拿到c2欄位去操作n表,t_cou稱為驅動表,t_num稱為被驅動表 # 3.ref=func說明使用了函式操作,指的是n.c2=CONVERT(c.c2 USING utf8mb4) # 4.同時Using index condition,ix_c2讀取查詢時,使用被下推的條件過濾,滿足條件的才回表 root@test 14:23 > explain select n.* from t_num n join t_cou c on n.c2 = c.c2 where n.c1 = 1; +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | n | NULL | ref | ix_c1,ix_c2 | ix_c1 | 4 | const | 1 | 100.00 | NULL | | 1 | SIMPLE | c | NULL | index | NULL | ix_c2 | 32 | NULL | 5 | 100.00 | Using where; Using index; Using join buffer (Block Nested Loop) | +----+-------------+-------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+ # 執行計劃分析: # 1.操作的n表,使用了ix_c1定位到一行資料 # 2.從n表定位到的行資料,拿到c2欄位去操作c表,t_num稱為驅動表,t_cou稱為被驅動表 # 3.同樣的n.c2=c.c2,會將c.c2的字符集進行轉換,即被驅動表的索引欄位上加函式操作,索引失效 # 4.BNL,表join時,驅動表資料讀入join buffer,被驅動表連線欄位無索引則全表掃,每取一行和join buffer資料對比判斷,作為結果集返回
如上,分別對t_num、 t_cou作為驅動表和被驅動表的執行計劃分析,總結:
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utf8mb4和utf8兩種不同字符集(編碼)型別的字串在做比較時,MySQL會先把 utf8 字串轉成 utf8mb4 字符集,再做比較。為什麼?字符集 utf8mb4 是 utf8 的超集,再做隱式自動型別轉換時,為了避免資料在轉換過程中由於截斷導致資料錯誤,會“按資料長度增加的方向”進行轉換。
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表連線過程中,被驅動表的索引欄位上加函式操作,會導致對被驅動表做全表掃描。
優化手法:
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修改統一join欄位的字符集
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對驅動表下手,將連線欄位的字符集轉換成被驅動表連線欄位的字符集
root@test 18:09 > explain select n.* from t_num n join t_cou c on convert(n.c2 using utf8) = c.c2 where n.c1 = 1; +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+--------------------------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+--------------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | n | NULL | ref | ix_c1 | ix_c1 | 4 | const | 1 | 100.00 | NULL | | 1 | SIMPLE | c | NULL | ref | ix_c2 | ix_c2 | 32 | func | 1 | 100.00 | Using where; Using index | +----+-------------+-------+------------+------+---------------+-------+---------+-------+------+----------+--------------------------+
二、型別轉換
1、字串轉整型
# 字元開頭的一律為0 root@test 18:44 > select convert("abc", unsigned integer); +----------------------------------+ | convert("abc", unsigned integer) | +----------------------------------+ | 0 | +----------------------------------+ # 'abc' = 0是成立的,因此查詢時等號右邊使用對應的型別很重要,0匹配出欄位字元開頭資料,'0'只匹配0 root@test 18:44 > select 'abc' = 0; +-----------+ | 'abc' = 0 | +-----------+ | 1 | +-----------+ # 數字開頭的,直接擷取到第一個不是字元的位置 root@test 18:45 > select convert("123abc", unsigned integer); +-------------------------------------+ | convert("123abc", unsigned integer) | +-------------------------------------+ | 123 | +-------------------------------------+
2、時間型別轉換
root@test 19:11 > show create table time_demo\G *************************** 1. row *************************** Table: time_demo Create Table: CREATE TABLE `time_demo` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `c1` datetime DEFAULT NULL, `c2` date DEFAULT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`id`), KEY `ix_c1` (`c1`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=5 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4 root@test 19:15 > select count(*) from time_demo; +----------+ | count(*) | +----------+ | 11 | +----------+ root@test 19:16 > select * from time_demo limit 4; +----+---------------------+------------+ | id | c1 | c2 | +----+---------------------+------------+ | 1 | 2022-01-08 00:01:01 | 2022-01-08 | | 2 | 2022-01-06 23:01:01 | 2022-01-06 | | 3 | 2022-01-06 00:00:00 | 2022-01-06 | | 4 | 2022-01-08 00:00:00 | 2022-01-08 | +----+---------------------+------------+ # 1.date轉datetime:末尾追加 00:00:00 root@test 19:11 > select * from time_demo where c1 between "2022-01-06" and "2022-01-08"; +----+---------------------+------------+ | id | c1 | c2 | +----+---------------------+------------+ | 2 | 2022-01-06 23:01:01 | 2022-01-06 | | 3 | 2022-01-06 00:00:00 | 2022-01-06 | | 4 | 2022-01-08 00:00:00 | 2022-01-08 | +----+---------------------+------------+ # 結果分析:c1是datetime型別,進行比較時,between and中的date型別會轉換成datetime # 即 where c1 between "2022-01-06 00:00:00" and "2022-01-08 00:00:00"; # 同 where c1 >= "2022-01-06 00:00:00" and c1 <= "2022-01-08 00:00:00"; root@test 19:42 > explain select * from time_demo where c1 between "2022-01-06" and "2022-01-08"; +----+-------------+-----------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------+ | id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra | +----+-------------+-----------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------+ | 1 | SIMPLE | time_demo | NULL | range | ix_c1 | ix_c1 | 6 | NULL | 3 | 100.00 | Using index condition | +----+-------------+-----------+------------+-------+---------------+-------+---------+------+------+----------+-----------------------+ # 格式化date轉datetime root@test 19:23 > select date_format("2022-01-08","%Y-%m-%d %H:%i:%s"); +-----------------------------------------------+ | date_format("2022-01-08","%Y-%m-%d %H:%i:%s") | +-----------------------------------------------+ | 2022-01-06 00:00:00 | +-----------------------------------------------+ # 2.datetime轉date:直接擷取date部分 root@test 19:47 > select date(c1) from time_demo limit 1; +------------+ | date(c1) | +------------+ | 2022-01-06 | +------------+ # 3.date轉time,沒有意義,直接變成 00:00:00