延時佇列前提
- 定時關閉空閒連線:伺服器中,有很多客戶端的連線,空閒一段時間之後需要關閉之。
- 定時清除額外快取:快取中的物件,超過了空閒時間,需要從快取中移出。
- 實現任務超時處理:在網路協議滑動視窗請求應答式互動時,處理超時未響應的請求。
- 應用在session超時管理:網路應答通訊協議的請求超時處理。
痛點方案機制
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一種比較暴力的辦法就是,使用一個後臺執行緒,遍歷所有物件,挨個檢查。這種笨笨的辦法簡單好用,但是物件數量過多時,可能存在效能問題,檢查間隔時間不好設定,間隔時間過大,影響精確度,多小則存在效率問題。
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而且做不到按超時的時間順序處理。 這場景,使用DelayQueue最適合了。
DelayQueue是java.util.concurrent中提供的一個很有意思的類。很巧妙,非常棒!但是java doc和Java SE 5.0的source中都沒有Sample。我最初在閱讀ScheduledThreadPoolExecutor原始碼時,發現DelayQueue的妙用。
本文將會對DelayQueue做一個介紹,然後列舉應用場景。並且提供一個Delayed介面的實現和Sample程式碼。
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DelayQueue是一個BlockingQueue,其特化的引數是Delayed。
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Delayed擴充套件了Comparable介面,比較的基準為延時的時間值,Delayed介面的實現類getDelay的返回值應為固定值(final)。
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DelayQueue內部是使用PriorityQueue實現的。
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DelayQueue = BlockingQueue + PriorityQueue + Delayed
DelayQueue的關鍵元素BlockingQueue、PriorityQueue、Delayed。可以這麼說,DelayQueue是一個使用優先佇列(PriorityQueue)實現的BlockingQueue,優先佇列的比較基準值是時間。
基本定義如下
public interface Comparable<T> {
public int compareTo(T o);
}
public interface Delayed extends Comparable<Delayed> {
long getDelay(TimeUnit unit);
}
public class DelayQueue<E extends Delayed> implements BlockingQueue<E> {
private final PriorityQueue<E> q = new PriorityQueue<E>();
}
DelayQueue內部的實現使用了一個優先佇列。當呼叫DelayQueue的offer方法時,把Delayed物件加入到優先佇列q中。如下:
public boolean offer(E e) {
final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
lock.lock();
try {
E first = q.peek();
q.offer(e);
if (first == null || e.compareTo(first) < 0)
available.signalAll();
return true;
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
DelayQueue的take方法,把優先佇列q的first拿出來(peek),如果沒有達到延時閥值,則進行await處理。如下:
public E take() throws InterruptedException {
final ReentrantLock lock = this.lock;
lock.lockInterruptibly();
try {
for (;;) {
E first = q.peek();
if (first == null) {
available.await();
} else {
long delay = first.getDelay(TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS);
if (delay > 0) {
long tl = available.awaitNanos(delay);
} else {
E x = q.poll();
assert x != null;
if (q.size() != 0)
available.signalAll(); // wake up other takers
return x;
}
}
}
} finally {
lock.unlock();
}
}
以下是Sample,是一個快取的簡單實現。共包括三個類Pair、DelayItem、Cache。如下:
public class Pair<K, V> {
public K first;
public V second;
public Pair() {}
public Pair(K first, V second) {
this.first = first;
this.second = second;
}
}
import java.util.concurrent.Delayed;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.concurrent.atomic.AtomicLong;
public class DelayItem<T> implements Delayed {
/** Base of nanosecond timings, to avoid wrapping */
private static final long NANO_ORIGIN = System.nanoTime();
/**
* Returns nanosecond time offset by origin
*/
final static long now() {
return System.nanoTime() - NANO_ORIGIN;
}
/**
* Sequence number to break scheduling ties, and in turn to guarantee FIFO order among tied
* entries.
*/
private static final AtomicLong sequencer = new AtomicLong(0);
/** Sequence number to break ties FIFO */
private final long sequenceNumber;
/** The time the task is enabled to execute in nanoTime units */
private final long time;
private final T item;
public DelayItem(T submit, long timeout) {
this.time = now() + timeout;
this.item = submit;
this.sequenceNumber = sequencer.getAndIncrement();
}
public T getItem() {
return this.item;
}
public long getDelay(TimeUnit unit) {
long d = unit.convert(time - now(), TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS);
return d;
}
public int compareTo(Delayed other) {
if (other == this) // compare zero ONLY if same object
return 0;
if (other instanceof DelayItem) {
DelayItem x = (DelayItem) other;
long diff = time - x.time;
if (diff < 0)
return -1;
else if (diff > 0)
return 1;
else if (sequenceNumber < x.sequenceNumber)
return -1;
else
return 1;
}
long d = (getDelay(TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS) - other.getDelay(TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS));
return (d == 0) ? 0 : ((d < 0) ? -1 : 1);
}
}
以下是Cache的實現,包括了put和get方法,還包括了可執行的main函式。
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap;
import java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap;
import java.util.concurrent.DelayQueue;
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import java.util.logging.Level;
import java.util.logging.Logger;
public class Cache<K, V> {
private static final Logger LOG = Logger.getLogger(Cache.class.getName());
private ConcurrentMap<K, V> cacheObjMap = new ConcurrentHashMap<K, V>();
private DelayQueue<DelayItem<Pair<K, V>>> q = new DelayQueue<DelayItem<Pair<K, V>>>();
private Thread daemonThread;
public Cache() {
Runnable daemonTask = new Runnable() {
public void run() {
daemonCheck();
}
};
daemonThread = new Thread(daemonTask);
daemonThread.setDaemon(true);
daemonThread.setName("Cache Daemon");
daemonThread.start();
}
private void daemonCheck() {
if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.INFO))
LOG.info("cache service started.");
for (;;) {
try {
DelayItem<Pair<K, V>> delayItem = q.take();
if (delayItem != null) {
// 超時物件處理
Pair<K, V> pair = delayItem.getItem();
cacheObjMap.remove(pair.first, pair.second); // compare and remove
}
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.SEVERE))
LOG.log(Level.SEVERE, e.getMessage(), e);
break;
}
}
if (LOG.isLoggable(Level.INFO))
LOG.info("cache service stopped.");
}
// 新增快取物件
public void put(K key, V value, long time, TimeUnit unit) {
V oldValue = cacheObjMap.put(key, value);
if (oldValue != null)
q.remove(key);
long nanoTime = TimeUnit.NANOSECONDS.convert(time, unit);
q.put(new DelayItem<Pair<K, V>>(new Pair<K, V>(key, value), nanoTime));
}
public V get(K key) {
return cacheObjMap.get(key);
}
// 測試入口函式
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
Cache<Integer, String> cache = new Cache<Integer, String>();
cache.put(1, "aaaa", 3, TimeUnit.SECONDS);
Thread.sleep(1000 * 2);
{
String str = cache.get(1);
System.out.println(str);
}
Thread.sleep(1000 * 2);
{
String str = cache.get(1);
System.out.println(str);
}
}
}
執行Sample,main函式執行的結果是輸出兩行,第一行為aaa,第二行為null。
延時佇列引數配置熱重新整理
配置中心勿噴,場景不一樣
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快取延時佇列的資訊都存在配置檔案中,比如快取數量配置、延時超時時間,事件的超時時間等等。當需要該這些配置的值時都需要重新啟動程式,改動的配置才會生效,有時候線上的應用不能容忍這種停服。
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Apache Common Configuration給我們提供了可以檢測檔案修改後配置可短時間生效的功能。具體用法如下:
import org.apache.commons.configuration.ConfigurationException;
import org.apache.commons.configuration.PropertiesConfiguration;
import org.apache.commons.configuration.reloading.FileChangedReloadingStrategy;
import org.apache.log4j.Logger;
public class SystemConfig {
private static Logger logger = Logger.getLogger(SystemConfig.class);
private static PropertiesConfiguration config;
static {
try {
//例項化一個PropertiesConfiguration
config = new PropertiesConfiguration("/Users/hzwangxx/
IdeaProjects/app-test/src/main/resources/conf.properties");
//設定reload策略,這裡用當檔案被修改之後reload(預設5s中檢測一次)
config.setReloadingStrategy(new FileChangedReloadingStrategy());
} catch (ConfigurationException e) {
logger.error("init static block error. ", e);
}
}
public static synchronized String getProperty(String key) {
return (String) config.getProperty(key);
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
for (;;) {
System.out.println(SystemConfig.getProperty("key"));
Thread.sleep(2000);
}
}
}